Abakhiqizi abadume kakhulu

Ngalinye isakhiwo kukhona umklami. Lokhu akuvame ukukhunjulwa ngisho nalapho uvakashela odume ngobuhle bawo noma ukuqala kwezakhiwo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, izakhiwo eziyaziwa kakhulu zithonya ukuthuthukiswa kwesiko ezingekho ngaphansi kwababhali nabaculi. Bamba imibono ekhona emoyeni futhi banikeze ifomu elibonakalayo. Izakhiwo ezibonisa ukuthi iyini inkathi yenkathi, isimo sayo sengqondo kanye nefilosofi eyinhloko, iba yinto yobuciko. Mayelana nabantu abanikeza umhlaba wabo, futhi bazoxoxwa ngezansi.

Umgqugquzeli wezinhlakanipho

Abaqambi abadumile kakhulu besikhathi esidlulile baye bafisa amagama abo, badala izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu, badume ngobuhle babo namakhulu eminyaka kamuva. Omunye wabo nguGiotto di Bondone. Umdwebi nomdwebi wase-Italy wazalwa ngo-1267. Waba ngumuntu omusha wezobuciko obuhle, wabeka isisekelo sesikole sase-Italy sokudweba. Ama-Frescoes nezithombe zeGiotto babethandwa nguLeonardo da Vinci noMichelangelo.

Ngezinye izikhathi ubizwa ngokuthi ukubhala kweCapella del Arena ePadua, kodwa hhayi bonke abacwaningi abavumelana nalokhu. Ngokungangabazeki, i-Giotto yakha amafresco ehlobisa i-cathedral. Indalo eyinhloko yokwakhiwa kwekhono yensimbi yinsimbi ye-Santa Maria del Fiore, i-cathedral yaseFlorence. UGiotto akazange aphile ukuze agcwalise ukwakhiwa - ngo-1337, lapho efa, wamisa kuphela isigaba sokuqala saleso sakhiwo.

Umcabango omkhulu

U-Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) uvame ukuphakamisa uhlu lwe "Abakhiqizi Abahle Bomhlaba". I-Italy edumile kwakuyizithombe, umcabangi, umculi nombongi. Phakathi kwemvelo yayo yendalo ivela eMedici Chapel, iLatrentian Library, isakhiwo seSonto laseSt. Lorenzo. Ngokweprojekthi yakhe, kwakhiwa indlu yaseRoma yamaSenator ne-Palace of Conservatives. Emklamo walezi zakhiwo, uMachelangelo wasebenzisa i-warrant enkulu kakhulu, ngesandla sakhe sokukhanya, wangena emfashini. Umakhi wasebenza ohlelweni lweSt. Peter's Cathedral edumile eRome. Namuhla uMichelangelo ubiza ngokufanele omunye wamakhosi amakhulu kunomlando wesintu.

UGiovanni Lorenzo Bernini

Abakhiqizi abadumile base-Italy abapheli lapho. Umlandeli kaMichelangelo nguGiovanni Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680). Wayengeyona nje isakhiwo, kodwa nomdwebi nomculi. UBernini wayehlukaniswa amandla okuhlanganisa zonke izinhlobo ezintathu zobuciko, ekwakheni indawo eyodwa yokubuka. Kanye noFrancesco Borromini noPietro da Cortona, wabeka izisekelo zokwakha izakhiwo ze- baroque.

Esinye sezidalwa eziyinhloko zikaBernini yiProjekthi yaseSt. Peter's Square. I-colonnade phambi kwethempeli elidumile liyi-brainchild yomdwebi. Wasebenza ezakhiweni zezwe nezenkolo. Lapho edala lesi samuva, uBernini wayevame ukusebenzisa imithombo ekhanyayo efihliwe ukuthuthukisa umbono okhishwa yi-service. Ungumbhali wamanzi amaningi aseRoma, ngaphandle kwalokhu namuhla kunzima ukucabanga uMuzi Ongunaphakade.

I-Palladian evela emndenini ka-Adamu

Manje sizohambisa eScotland isampula yekhulu le-18. Lapha ngo-1728 uRobert Adam wazalwa, omunye wabamele abakhulu kakhulu be-classicism yaseBrithani. Wayengumbuso wasePalladian, abalandeli be-classicism zakudala ezakhiweni. Izici ezidingekayo zesitayela kwakuyi-symmetry eqinile nokusetshenziswa kwamagayoni akhululwe phakathi no-Antiquity.

Indalo ka-Adamu ine-handwriting ephawulekayo ebonakalayo. Zibonakaliswa ukukhanya nobuhle, ukubukeka okuvamile kwezakhi ze-Gothic Revivalism. Umklami waqala lokho okuthiwa u-Adam isitayela. Wayekwazi ukuhlanganisa izinto eziyisisekelo ze-classicism ngokunethezeka, njengokungathi wayehlala phakathi kwezindala zasendulo futhi wazi ukuthi abadali bakhe bacabanga kanjani.

Kuze kube manje, ezimbalwa zobuciko bokuhlelwa kuka-Adam bezigcinwe ngendlela yabo yangempela. Phakathi kwabo kukhona indlu yangasese yeKedleston Hall eduze kwedolobha laseDerby. Eminyakeni yamuva, umakhi wasebenza kakhulu e-Edinburgh. Ngokweprojekthi yakhe, isakhiwo seyunivesithi sakhiwa kulo muzi.

Abadwebi abavelele baseRussia

Futhi ezweni lethu elizungezile ngesikhathi esifanayo wadala uVasily Bazhenov. I-theoretician yokwakha, uthisha nomculi, wakhetha i-classicism wabeka izisekelo ze-Russian-pseudo-Gothic. I-Bazhenov yakha izakhiwo eziningana ezithakazelisayo eMoscow naseSt. Petersburg. Esinye sezakhiwo ezidume kakhulu enhlokodolobha yanamuhla - iPaskov House - yakhiwe ngokusho kwayo. Indalo ka-Bazhenov ayifinyelelanga nanamuhla.

Futhi isakhiwo sokuqala saseSt. Petersburg kwakuyiDenenico Trezzini. Waphelela umfudlana omusha wangena emklamo waseRussia, eze naye amasiko aseYurophu. I-Trezzini ingumbhali wenani elikhulu lezakhiwo ezidala ukubukeka kwePetersburg evamile. Lezi zihlanganisa iNdlu yasehlobo yasePetru Omkhulu, uPeter noPaul Cathedral, ukwakha amaKholeji ayishumi nambili, lapho namuhla kuyunivesithi.

ESt. Petersburg eminyakeni ehlukene esebenza futhi abadumile bezakhiwo zaseRussia uNicokolai Alexandrovich Lvov, u-Alexander Glebovich Uspensky, uMikhail Grigorievich Zemtsov nabanye. Owokugcina ogama lakhe lingumfundi waseTrzzini. UZemtsov waba ngumqambi wokuqala waseRussia eMfuleni waseNeva. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe ekuqaleni isitayela samaBaroque iSonto likaSimeon no-Anna, i-Cascade "Golden Mountain" ePaki Eliphansi lasePeterhof, iphrojekthi yePhalamende yase-Anichkov kanye neChristian Transfiguration, eyakhiwa kabusha ngemva komlilo.

Abakhi beSoviet

Abambalwa abakhiqizi abavelele basebenze kanye ne-USSR. Ama-rationalists, aphethwe nguNikolai Ladovsky, abazama ukufeza ukuzimisela ekwakhiweni kwefomu nokubunjwa, bathathelwa indawo yi-constructivists ababebheka ukuthi ukusebenza kubaluleke kakhulu kunokwenziwa kwe-aestheticization. Abameleli abaqhamuka kulabo abagcina babe ngabafowethu uVesiny. Umkhondo omkhulu eMoscow wasala uMikhail Vasilyevich Posokhin, owayengumakhi omkhulu we-capital kusukela eminyakeni engama-60 kuya ekuqaleni kwama-80. Ngibonga, i-Palace of Congresses, isakhiwo se-CMEA, imishini yezemidlalo yama-Olympic njalonjalo kuvele emzini.

Amaphayona wesitayela

Izindlu zabadwebi abadumile besikhathi sethu zihlukile ekudalweni kwesikhathi esidlule ngokuhlelwa kwe-eclecticism. Uma isitayela semitha engemuva ye-Renaissance noma i-Modern Times ilula, izakhiwo zanamuhla zivame ukuhlanganisa izici ezihlukahlukene. Noma kunjalo, i-eclecticism ayizange izalwe endaweni engenalutho: ithola izici zezitayela, eziningi zazo ezakhiwe ngekhulu leminyaka elidlule.

Enye yezinkomba ezithandwayo kakhulu ezakhiweni zanamuhla ubuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Uphayona wesitayela uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi uNorman Foster (owazalwa ngo-1935) kanye ne "Bureau of the Four" yakhe. Wakha isikhumulo sezindiza e-Hong Kong, i-Millennium Bridge ne-skyscraper yaseMary-Ex eLondon. Phakathi nokwakhiwa kwalesi sigaba sokugcina, igobolondo elibizwa ngokuthi i-shell, elakhiwe umakhi waseRussia u-Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov (1853-1939), lisetshenziselwa, uFoster, ngokwamkelwa kwakhe, ebheka isithombe sakhe. I-Shukhov yakha amapayipi okuqala wamafutha kanye nezokungcebeleka ezweni lethu. Amagobolondo anezinsimbi ezisetshenziselwa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo kamuva abe yinye yezinto ezizithandayo zabameleli be-hi-tech. Ihhovisi likaFoster laklama izakhiwo eRussia: ukwakha kabusha isiqhingi saseNew Holland, manje esakhiwa yiMoscow-City MIBC.

Ngokuhambisana nemvelo

Ngokuphambene nobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, bekhazimulisa ubukhulu bokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe, isitayela se-bio-tech siphakamisa ukudala izakhiwo ezingaphikisani nemvelo, kodwa uqhubeke. Abakhiqizi abaningi abadumile besikhathi samanje bahlonipha lo mbono. Umsunguli wesitayela ngu-Antonio Gaudi (1852-1926). Iningi lezinto ezidalwa umklami odumile waseSpain useBarcelona. Imisebenzi yakhe - iSigodlo saseGüell, iNdlu yaseMila, iCasa Batlló - ayikwazi ukudideka nanoma yini. Kubonakala sengathi baphila, bahambe. Umthombo wokuphefumulelwa wenkosi kwakungokwemvelo. Ngakho-ke uketshezi okhethekile kwezakhiwo, ukungabi nemigqa eqondile, imilo engavamile nemifanekiso. Ngokusho komklamo wakhe, iThempeli loMndeni Oyingcwele lisafana nendlu yesihlabathi.

Ukufuna ubunye nemvelo kuyimfanelo ehlukanisa imiklamo yabadwebi abadumile ababhekwa njengabalandeli bakaFrank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959). Ubhekwa njengomunye wezibalo ezithonya kakhulu ezakhiweni zangaphandle. UWright wadala umqondo "wezakhiwo zokwakha." Imiqondo ephakathi yale mbono yayiyiqiniso nobubunye nemvelo. Izakhiwo ezidalwe yiWright ziqhubeka nokuhlala kwemvelo, zibhekwa izinhlelo ezivulekile, ukusetshenziswa kwezixhobo zemvelo, izici ezakhayo ezibolekwe emathempelini asendulo aseJapane.

I-Modernism ne-Functionalism

ULe Corbusier (1887-1965) naye uyibalo elilinganayo. Indalo kanye nemisebenzi yomdwebi waseFrance wanika umhlaba umhlaba wokwakhiwa kwesimanje nokusebenza. Izakhiwo ezakhiwe nguLe Corbusier azilutho ukuthola. Zihlukaniswa ngamabhuloki amathathu-ntathu akhuphukile ngaphezu komhlaba, amaphahla aphezulu, ama-facades ahloliwe, okuthiwa amafomu mahhala. Zonke lezi zici ngokushesha ziyingxenye ebalulekile yokwakhiwa kwesimanje.

Yiqiniso, akuzona zonke izakhiwo ezaziwayo ezibalwe ngenhla. Ukulandisa kungenziwa kuqhubeke isikhathi eside, futhi uhlu luvuselelwa njalo. Abaqashi abaziwa kakhulu esikhathini esiphila kuzo, bavame ukuvula imisebenzi yamakhosi eminyaka edlule, abangakhohlwa ngokungenakufanele.