Ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni zokwahlulela ngobuchule: incazelo kanye izici

Ukuze amacala obugebengu, civil kanye nezokuphatha Ubuchwepheshe zomthetho zahlukahlukene ngokwemvelo. Ngakho-ke, uwafake kohlaka ejensi kahulumeni ngaletinye tikhatsi sehluleka. Ngokuvamile zifeza izinqubo ukuthi kuyabekwa kaningi.

Ngokuvamile kukhona isimo uma udinga ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni luhlolo forensic. Cabangela lezi zimo, kanye ukusebenza kwenhlangano lapho iqhutshwa.

Lapho ephendukela non-state isikhungo forensic?

Isidingo kulezi zinhlangano kuphakama lapho ejensi kahulumeni efanele sikhungathekile kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni abaphendukela kulezi zimo ezilandelayo:

• uma kufanele luhlolo is hhayi lwenziwa ezikoleni zikaHulumeni;
• izinqubo nokwenzeka, kodwa ochwepheshe abasebenza ngokweqile nabacindezeleke kakhulu noma ngingekho ngenxa yokugula, iholide, nezinye izizathu;
• enkantolo, umphenyi kanye abathintekayo ufuna sasiqhutshelwa ukuhlolisisa ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni olunzulo endaweni ethize, njengoba kukhona abasebenza Uchwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe;
• isisulu, umsolwa noma obekwa icala, nezinye izinhlangano bangabaza ukungakhethi abasebenzi somphakathi.

Law, esikhundleni salokho, akuvimbeli ukubandakanywa kulezi zinhlangano.

ziqu

Izinga zalezi zinhlangano, yebo, ezahlukene. Ngokuvamile basebenzisa Ochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe kakhulu imfundo ezifanele. ochwepheshe Abasebenzi kuzo kancane. Kodwa cishe ngaso sonke abasebenzi abangase babe nesifiso sokuthandana ukuhlola izimo eziyinselele kakhulu.

Ngokuyinhloko, ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni luhlolo forensic liyadingeka ezindabeni ekuqhutshweni civil kanye ukulamula umbango, futhi "ababusi" babekwa icala lokuhlela emacaleni obugebengu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lezi zinhlangano ngokuvamile sigijime kakhulu kunezinye izinhlangano eziphethwe uhulumeni. Ngaphezu ubuchwepheshe, zinikeza kwamanye amasevisi, ezifana Sinike iseluleko ukuze amabhizinisi nabantu ngabanye.

Ngokomthetho, lolu hlobo umsebenzi wenziwa ngaphandle kwelayisensi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, Ochwepheshe ephezulu umsebenzi isiqu iphrofayli ezifanele inhlangano luhlolo iyona umsebenzi okhokhelwayo main.

Ngezinye izikhathi lezi zikhungo amiswa ezikhungweni zemfundo ephakeme. Khona-ke abasebenzi othisha osolwazi eminyangweni forensic. Le nhlangano isebenza ngaphansi eMoscow State Law Academy ngaphansi kwegama "Commonwealth MGUA ochwepheshe."

ochwepheshe

ochwepheshe Forensic kungenzeka abasebenzi esigcwele noma ukuthola isimo leso sinqumo inkantolo ukuqhuba ucwaningo endabeni ethile. Khona-ke udumo sikhungo, okuyinto esimisiwe uchwepheshe. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we kubonisa idatha, imfundo, umsebenzi nokuhlangenwe nakho komsebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkantolo unesibopho ukubheka kwekhono umuntu, kanye qinisekisa ukuthi yokuntuleka yaba nesithakazelo kuleli cala. Lezi zimfanelo plus umnqopho ziyadingeka ukuze sifeze lesi uhlobo umsebenzi.

Ochwepheshe kanye uchwepheshe izikhungo

Ekusebenteni, kwenzeka ukuthi le miqondo emibili axutshwa. Yilokhu okwenzekayo uma isinqumo akubonisi idatha uchwepheshe, kungagcini kuphela izinto ezidingekayo lesikhungo.

Cabangela lesi sibonelo lapho ubuchwepheshe zenhlalo-wokusiza wamyala ukuba ubambe womfundisi elisesikhundleni esiphezulu enyuvesi wamiswa njengephayona elivamile. Ukulungiswa waveza lezi abantu. Futhi naye saba ukungena ngemvume nesitatimende iwaranti. Kodwa isivumelwano mayelana inkonzo senziwa yini naye, futhi kusukela inkampani eqashiwe, lapho efika imali. Ngokwemvelo, izimo ezinjalo zingase awaphumeleli ekutshaleni ukungabaza ngokuthi imiphumela luhlolo, okuyinto kwenzekeni. Ngakho-ke, kufanele uqaphele futhi isivumelwano nomuntu othize noma nasenhlanganweni osekuyisikhathi isimo isikhungo uchwepheshe.

Olunye ucwaningo uma sethula okulandelayo. Ukuze ukuhlola lo mseshi ebuzwa LLC. Inhlangano, kwacaca ukuthi, kahle ngokwalo kuphela njengofakazi oyisazi. CEO ethunywe Ukutadisha umsebenzi walo futhi wamchazela umthwalo. Nokho, isiphetho umphumela ukuzivikela wadalula kokungabaza ngesisekelo ukuthi inkontileka kwaphethwa ngokuthi nenhlangano ngesimo inkampani. It ayihambisani isimo inhlangano uchwepheshe. Ngakho, i-CEO akanawo igunya lenhlangano uchwepheshe futhi babengenalungelo uqobo ukucacisa wemfanelo umsebenzi walo. Ngakho-ke, izenzo ezinjalo abantwana azamukeleki.

isazi izikhungo

Kukhona amafemu amaningi akhangisa ngokwabo nokunikeza isevisi Ukubuyekeza kontanga. Kodwa masingakhohlwa ukuthi umgomo oyinhloko wabo - commercial. Ngesikhathi Abaqondisi zalezi zinhlangano awekho ngaphansi amalungelo nezibopho ukuthi ube uchwepheshe izikhungo abaphathi. Ngokuvamile, ukuze bafeze imisebenzi Kula mahhovisi ehilela Ochwepheshe zangaphandle ngolwazi oludingekayo, nsuku nezivumelwano.

Ngakho-ke kudingekile ukuba baqonde isimo esemthethweni. Incazelo inikezwa ISiphakamiso 5 isigaba 60 Ikhodi. Ngokusho lokhu, isikhungo uchwepheshe ibona ukusungulwa orientation forensic lapho ukukhiqiza forensic ngokomthetho samanje.

Ngakho, kufanele kucatshangwa ukuthi isikhungo ukuthi ngaphansi komthetho we-civil kuyinto engenzi nzuzo. Inzuzo akusiyo injongo main. Forensic uchwepheshe imisebenzi ngokwemvelo ayikwazi ezaziqondiswe ngokuyinhloko izinzuzo. Ngakho-ke, kuba inhlangano commercial kumele futhi.

Isibonelo uchwepheshe izinhlangano

Nokho, uma inhlangano elinefomu ngokomthetho komsebenzi inkampani ochwepheshe abangakwazi ukufeza ubuchwepheshe efanele, yebo, kungaba futhi kufanele senze kanjalo kubo. Into esemqoka - ukugcina konke okusemthethweni, imiphumela yocwaningo akuyona imibuzo.

Ngakho, ke uyawuthanda idumela elihle kakhulu ephrofayelini Ltd, lapho zokwahlulela non-state ukwakhiwa ngobuchule - "Garant Expert". Isebenzisa Ochwepheshe ephezulu ikilasi. Futhi yingakho inkampani ngokuvamile omethembayo ukuba afeze eyinkimbinkimbi kunazo ongqondongqondo bafunde.

Enye inhlangano ngokulinganayo ihlonishwe kuyinto "Centre yokuhlolwa zokwahlulela nonstate" Inkomba "." Le nkampani inikeza ngamasevisi ngu eziphuthumayo kokuqhuba, ubunjiniyela, ubunjiniyela kagesi nezinye izifundo. Ukuze afeze eziningi yohlobo lwazo wathola ilayisense. Centre yokuhlolwa zokwahlulela nonstate "Inkomba" saziwa iziphathimandla zokwahlulela, ama-ejensi kahulumeni kanye nezinye izikhungo zomphakathi, kanye izinkampani ezinkulu eRussia nakwamanye amazwe.

ikhomishana

Ngokwe-PP we 20.12.2006 Ephakeme Arbitration Court idethi, ngaphansi inombolo 66, luhlolo yomphakathi futhi okungezona forensic kungaba kwenziwe kuzo zonke izinhlangano, noma kungaba abantu abathintekayo possess AZANI! Ekhethekile.

Inkinga ezichazwe ngenhla, lapho ucwaningo inikezwa Ltd, wakuphindaphinda nochwepheshe imfundo isikhungo. Ukuze ugweme ukungalungi, isifundo kumele inikezwe umuntu othile - uchwepheshe. Inhloko yenhlangano ubophekile ukuyichazela umthwalo. Ngakho, inkantolo kufanele uhlole nganoma iyiphi isikhungo khona nelungu lomsebenzi unolwazi nemakhono ladzingekile.

isitifiketi

Iqiniso lokuthi inqubo ovunyelwe ukusebenzisa ubufakazi lochwepheshe abasebenzela isikhungo ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni ubuchwepheshe zomthetho, kungaba ngokuphawulekayo ukunweba ububanzi yokuthola ubufakazi yezomthetho.

Lona sekuwumsebenzi kubalulekile ikakhulu lapho wangena kule isitifikedi field e-Russia. Ngenxa yalesi RFTSSE ngaphakathi Ministry of Justice wadala sikhungo izitifiketi yokuzithandela. Kulokhu, it:

• ukuhlolwa futhi uncome nokusebenzisa izindlela eziqondile ekukhiqizeni yokuhlolwa forensic;
• ukuhlola kwekhono le ochwepheshe bese uqinisekisa ke.

Inqubo kwenziwa ngokomthetho "Technical Regulation". Lapho uchwepheshe imisebenzi yabo ngokusebenzisa amasu ezivamile ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ziqu ezikhungweni kokubili isimo futhi non-state, kuyasiza ukuqinisekisa imiphumela esinembile, onokwethenjelwa futhi reproducible. Umzimba esiqinisekisa iyona Russian Federal Centre yokuhlolwa zokwahlulela nonstate (Inkomba (eMoscow) - 109028) ngaphansi Ministry of Justice. Kafushane - RFTSSE.

Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, ihlolwe futhi wakhipha izinto methodological, ngemihlahlandlela uchwepheshe imisebenzi ngaphakathi ezweni. Sebenzisa futhi namazinga omhlaba. Ngokwesibonelo, zilandelwa ngu ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni luhlolo forensic phesheya ngemuva kokuphumelela kokutjhejisiswa kwezikhungo esifanele ngokuhambisana ISO 17025 amazinga e-Russia ke uya ngaphansi inombolo ISO /-IEC 17025-2000.

imfuneko yokugcina wazibonakalisa ngobubanzi okuningi ngaphandle kwamazinga amazwe ngamazwe. Futhi ngo-2008 bamukela entsha GOST R ngaphansi inombolo 52960 - 2008. ikhomba nezimfuneko ezithile ukuze imishini for laboratories kanye nabasebenzi. Ukunakwa main ikhokhelwa ukuqeqeshwa.

Nge isitifiketi esikhungweni ithuba ukuze kuqashwe izinga lomsebenzi kanye ochwepheshe batusa kakhulu owayeyazi kahle ethile kuncike ukhetho amajaji. Isazi ngokuyinhloko esikalini ngokuvumelana neziqu, ulwazi futhi zanqwabelana isipiliyoni professional yabo.

Non-State Forensic Centre, ngokuvamile usebenza imithetho efanayo inhlangano kanye nokuphathwa, futhi State. Emiqulwini yayo kusho ukuthi ibhizinisi core yiso Luhlolo forensic nosizo kule nqubo. Futhi kule oda kanye nemiyalelo ye abafanele ecacisiwe amalungelo, imisebenzi kanye nezibopho ikhanda, izisebenzi zayo nazo zonke ezinye izindaba eziphathelene nomsebenzi professional bureau forensic.

isikhungo Private: amalungelo nezibopho ikhanda

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umthetho ayiqukethe ulwazi amalungelo nemisebenzi yokuba inhloko isimo yokubika lenhlangano uchwepheshe, eqinisweni kungaphansi amandla efanayo inhloko kahulumeni. Ngakho, imithwalo yakhe yemfanelo ihlanganisa:

• ucwaningo ikhomishane eyodwa noma iqembu elithile lochwepheshe onokwazi ngokwanele ukuba ukuphendula imibuzo ephakanyiswe yikhotho;
• ukucacisa esiqokiwe umthwalo uchwepheshe ngokunginika isiphetho zamanga futhi uthathe kuwo okubhaliselwe ngakho;
• ukuqapha isikhathi ukukhiqizwa, kanye ukuphelela kanye nekhwalithi umsebenzi, ngesikhathi esifanayo hhayi kwaphazamiseka inqubo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso ngokuzijamela uchwepheshe;
• usukulungele ukuthumela umbono uchwepheshe nge ezifanele ngokumisa izinto zokwakha umuntu cwaningo;
• siqinisekisa ukuthi ubumfihlo banoma inqubo kanye imiphumela yocwaningo.

Ltd., a ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni Centre for Forensic Examination, okuyinto wenza isivumelwano luhlolo kungadinga ejensi ugunyaziwe buyisela izindleko ezihlobene:

• isinxephezelo yokugcina izindawo luhlolo, inhlangano ezokuthutha;
• yokuhamba endaweni oya kuyo;
• isitoreji emva luhlolo;
• ekucwileni ezikweletini imililo, ukuqhuma noma enye nemiphumela okuye kwabangelwa izifundo ephezulu ingozi.

Njengoba for nye amalungelo nezibopho, kufanele zilungiswe ngokuhambisana nalokho isimo Research Center yokuhlolwa zokwahlulela nonstate. Ngakho, uchwepheshe kuyakuba mathupha nesibopho ngamabomu akunika ejele zamanga ngaphansi komthetho osebenzayo. Kodwa ekhanda, njengoba umthetho, umthwalo wemfanelo impahla yenkonzo yawo abampofu, ngoba nguye ngemvume imibhalo elihambisana nalesi sihloko eziphathelene nenqubo.

Bhalisa ku isibopho sezomthetho

Lunini umbuso noma non-state ukuphenya kokwahlulela, umthetho uchwepheshe ukuthatha okubhaliselwe ukuthi waxwayisa mayelana umthwalo lobugebengu isiphetho ngamabomu amanga. Lokhu kwenziwa kwifomu ekhethekile.

Uma wenze ngobuchule ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni zokwahlulela ngaphandle isikhungo ukhathazekile, idokhumenti Kumele ungene ngaphambi kokuqala isifundo ngesikhathi lapho umphenyi ukunika lowo muntu ngesinqumo inqubo aphoyintimenti.

ochwepheshe ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni ngokuvamile esiphelweni, okungukuthi, e-ezethula ingxenye, aveze ukuthi waxwayisa umthwalo lobugebengu.

Ukubhalisela

Abanye ochwepheshe ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni abangenayo isimo usomabhizinisi ngamunye, izitembu self-eyenziwe onikelwa kamuva imibhalo efanele. Yiqiniso, bayavuma lokhu ephepheni akukwazi esisemthethweni.

Ukubhaliswa kumele ibunjwe elinye ifomu futhi sihlale ne umseshi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuphetheni umbhalo singanikezwanga. Kufanele aqukethe ulwazi kuphela isixwayiso mayelana lobugebengu umthwalo Uchwepheshe wathola futhi wonke amalungelo Babachazela kuye.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lo ukuthenga ingagcinwa etilongweni, kodwa ababulawa kahle. Ikhombisa isikhundla, igama kanye nedatha abaphathiswe luhlolo, nalapho esivulela amalungelo, imisebenzi kanye nezibopho. Lapha kufanele kube lusuku nekusayina kwathishelanhloko uchwepheshe.

isiphetho

Ngakho, forensics kuyinto isinyathelo ehlanganisa isabelo izinsalela, ucwaningo netiphetfo ukudweba usebenzisa ulwazi ekhethekile. Centre yokuhlolwa zokwahlulela nonstate, ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi umzimba aziswe, inqubo ukumiswa - ngakolunye uhlangothi, kumelwe banamathela yonke imininingwane kwecala. Kungenjalo, ucwaningo kungaba inadmissibility.

Uma esimisiwe, isibonelo, ukuhlola ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni izinsalela, kuyancomeka ukuba ucacise lemininingwane ngesinqumo isazi esithile. Khona-ke amalungelo bonke abahlanganyeli ecaleni ifinyelelwe.