Yethilamu: kwezokwakha neziqondiso

Yethilamu - lesi sakhiwo ubunjiniyela oluxube ezifana kwesakhiwo njengoba base (noma isakhiwo phansi), isakhiwo engenhla, amanzi izakhiwo, roadbed, kanye ebusweni komgwaqo.

ikhodi isakhiwo

Ukulungisa subgrade - esigabeni sokuqala ukwakhiwa tram amathrekhi. Uma kuwebhu ubekwe endleleni, le longitudinal emseleni yokumba, uma izindlela basesimweni leaf ezisondelene, bese udala indunduma noma kude.

Okulandelayo embondelene ngaphansi-wesitimela ukwesekwa kanye isikebhe sizinze. Bakha kumila umzila tram. Lezi zinsimbi kukhona belele longitudinal, le belele noma ifreyimu izakhiwo. Okusimamisa ukhethe amatshe, isihlabathi noma amatshe esihle.

indlela unomphela - kungcono komzila, okungenxa yezimo ezikhethekile zokusebenza ingxenye (. iziphambano, kuletha abantu abayimbijana, yokuwela nokunye), iziqobosho, okuyinto enzelwe ukuxhuma komzila nangaphansi-wesitimela izisekelo (pads, Linings nezihluthulelo, spikes, othayi, ngezikulufo, njll ...) noxhumana kagesi.

Ukuze ususe komhlaba kanye amanzi emvula ageleze izindawo efakiwe.

Umgandayo selibekiwe phakathi komzila nangaphandle uma tramroad esisogwini endleleni. I enamathela kungenzeka itshe kuvuleke, asphalt ukhonkolo, amatshe noma enezisekelo zikakhonkolo.

Ubukhulu isakhi ithrekhi

Umngcele we-eyinhloko ububanzi ithrekhi. Lokhu imvume phakathi ubuso ukusebenza zezinhloko wesitimela, kulinganiswa perpendicular longitudinal ithrekhi axis. On iginqika ithrekhi athathwe njengoba ilingana usayizi 1524 mm (standard Russian wesitimela gauge). Ezindaweni nge ugobile noma egoba ukulandelela ububanzi zingandiswa ngokuhambisana engaba ukuvula noma ijika.

Amasayithi kabili ithrekhi isiqondiso lamapulangwe nenhlangano namakalishi ububanzi (2600 mm) kanye lamashumi ezidingekayo emkhatsini kwabo (600 mm). Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinhlelo ezibanzi intertrack izikhala isekela contact izintambo, ububanzi ezivamile ubuncane ngesikhathi sawo phambili esithathwayo elilingana 3200 mm, evamile - 3500 mm. Ephambi kwezinduna izisekelo ububanzi intertrack izikhala akufanele kube ngaphansi kuka-3550 mm.

Lapho ebeka tram ithrekhi ububanzi langempela okuhleliwe intertrack izikhala phakathi izimbazo kuyoshaya izindlela ngokulinganisa.

Indawo futhi isabelo

Ngokusho mithetho, tramways walubeka alley isitokwe noma okusisizayo endleleni emaphethelweni, ngokungabi bikho - phakathi. On kwaleli chibi, imigwaqo emikhulu noma emigwaqweni bephethe traffic kwelinye direction kuthiwa kuvuleke indlela kanye kolunye uhlangothi endleleni.

Kukhethwa ikakhulu ngesikhathi indawo izindlela ngci lonke web traffic. Akukhona njalo nokwenzeka: indawo evulekile, ikakhulukazi emadolobheni amakhulu, akwanele.

Ngu aphoyintimenti tram amathrekhi zihlukaniswe zibe:

• isevisi (wabeka ezindaweni edepho futhi phakathi imizila tekusebenta futhi emadepho);
• isikhathi (igibele esifushane ukulungisa imisebenzi);
• yokusebenza (main tram imigqa).

yethilamu Operating wabeka kaningi ngezindlela ezimbili. ithrekhi Single ezibekwe izindawo lapho akunakwenzeka ukuba ahole indlela zombili izinkomba.

Njalo umshayeli kumele wazi ukuthi amathrekhi tram awacatshangwa ingxenye isiqeshana umgwaqo, kodwa kukhona isici esihlukile komgwaqo. Ngakho-ke, ngisho komzila elihlobene ne-yezimoto umugqa izinkomba azihloselwe uzihambise imoto trackless. Ukuhamba ithrekhi tram ezimweni ezikhethekile kulawulwa Imithetho DD.

Agunyaziwe aqondisa ku tramways

kuvunyelwe ngokugcwele iqhinga ku komzila for kagesi - kwalokhu kuhlangana.

DD imithetho uvumele traffic amathrekhi tram, kuphela uma:

• ukuthi akuphi kwesokunxele umshayeli;
• zingabantu ezingeni elifanayo kanye endleleni;
• kanye nokuhamba imoto ehamba ohlangothini olufanayo.

It bavunyelwe ukuhamba izimoto phezu komzila ohlangothini olulodwa uma bonke imizila endleleni matasa kuwo. Kodwa ngezinye izimo ezifanayo kufanele wadala for ukudlula abushelelezi trams. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho ephuma amathrekhi tram ingacishwa ngezibonakaliso ezifanele traffic.

izenzo TC kungavunyelwe phezu tramways

Isijeziso ngeke angakhishwa izenzo esilandelayo umshayeli:

• ukuhamba ku komzila, ibekwe ukuba ilungelo imoto;
• ugibele ithrekhi tram elise noma ngezansi noma ngaphezu komgwaqo;
• phumela ezayo tram amathrekhi (ngoba ungase ulahlekelwe ilungelo ukushayela imoto);
• U-turn phezu komzila ngokusebenzisa ohlangothini lokunene.

Ngaphezu kwalokho unswinyo uzobe eziphoqelelwe ezimba indiva izimpawu zomgwaqo kanye / noma mshini isetshenziswa ebusweni komgwaqo. Lezi zihlanganisa izimpawu 3.19; 4.1.1; 4.1.2; 4.1.4, kanye mshini 1.1; 1.2.1 futhi 1.3.

Siyashintsha futhi esonta

Njengoba kubonakala kahle imithetho ka-DD, imoto ihamba ezindleleni ngoba kagesi bavunyelwe baxoxe, futhi kungenzeka isatshalaliswa ohlangothini lwesobunxele futhi ujike (ngesikhathi esifanayo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukudlula kagesi), kuhlanganise zeqe umgwaqo ngokusebenzisa yemigwaqo.

I ijika kwesokunxele uvunyelwe DD imithetho uma:

• Azikho mshini umugqa phezu komgwaqo;
• Tram ithrekhi iwukuba ilungelo imoto ezingeni elifanayo kanye komgwaqo.

Ukuqala iqhinga, qiniseka ukuthi ezokuthutha kagesi ayisasebenzi. Ukuzungelezisa wenziwa kuphela nge-engela kwesokudla. Ukuhluleka ukwenza njalo okulingana ukuthuthela isiqondiso ezayo, lokho kusho ahlawuliswe ruble 5000. Kwesinye isikhathi lokhu kuholela off the isignali baphendukela ngaphambi kokuphela kwalesi iqhinga.

Ungenza ukujika kanje:

• qiniseka ukuthi amathrekhi tram badlulisela nesiqondiso imoto akuzona ukuze nangaphezulu / ngezansi endleleni, nokuthi izimpawu kanye mshini umgwaqo ovimba iqhinga, abekho;
• akhale (uma kunesidingo), kagesi;
• lungisa tram ilandelela ohlangothini olulodwa;
• ukufaka isignali baphendukela, wenze U-turn;
• Ukucisha isignali baphendukela.

Uma kushintsha e tramways kuvunyelwe (izimo ezichazwe ngenhla), i-kuyomfica akuvunyelwe. Ngoba akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuhamba emgwaqeni ophahlwe yizindlu okuphambene.

Kwesokudla ujike ngokusebenzisa tramways imithetho elawula elandelayo. Ngokuqondene nokugcwaliseka kwalesi iqhinga imoto kumelwe athathe ilungelo kude. Qala ukujika kwesokudla kusuka ku-track for kagesi akuvumelekile.

amaphutha Kunokwenzeka Ithuba

Omunye main - lo iqhinga iqala endleleni, hhayi ithrekhi tram. Ugibe kulokhu singanikezwanga. Sikhuluma nje ngokudalwa esiphuthumayo. Uma uqale kahle ukuvula, kukhona amathuba olukhulu ukungqubuzana imoto ehamba imikhondo yayo iqonde.

Eyesibili iphutha elivamile - Ephendukela tram ilandelela kolunye uhlangothi. Kulokhu, umshayeli kuyinto ephule imithetho ebekiwe DD, isigaba 9.6, okungukuthi, kwenza travel nokunyakaza tramways kolunye uhlangothi.

Ngokuvamile imoto uku ezayo tram ithrekhi akuyona ububanzi. Kulokhu, kusho amaphoyisa omgwaqo umhloli uyakufanelekela le iqhinga njengoba kokuhamba ku ezayo traffic tram traffic. Futhi lokhu Yebo, kuholele emihle.

Kusekhona kwenzeka iphutha ngesikhathi ijika ngokusebenzisa ohlangothini lwesobunxele, lapho imoto emile. Esimweni esinjalo, kuba efiselekayo ukuqala iqhinga, lapho izimoto (emile futhi eyayembuleka) kukhona emgqeni efanayo. ukujika okunjalo kusukela ngo izikhala ezihambisanayo kunciphisa kungenzeka ukushayisana.

Empambana empambana angahlelekile

DD imithetho uyivumele kuphela ezimweni lapho:

• ezokuthutha kagesi (ngakwesokudla kwe umshayeli), futhi uhamba imoto endleleni, kokubili uzokwenza ukujika kwesokunxele;
• Tram (esisogwini ohlangothini lwesokunene imoto) kanye imoto ehambayo luhamba luye ohlangothini olulodwa ukuze kwalapho, kodwa imoto baqhubeka ukuhambisa ngqo;
• ezokuthutha kagesi kuya kwesokudla umshayeli bazocula ukujika esingakwesokunxele, ngenkathi imoto trackless uqhubekela emgceni locondzile.

Uma ufaka i-kuhlangana kwanqunywa kusukela izigaba koMthethonqubo kumaka DD 5.10; 5.15.1 futhi 5.15.2 elawula ukunyakaza imichilo noma okubonisa indlela eya ezinyakazayo reverse, izinhlawulo kokushiya indlela ezokuthutha kagesi ezodingeka, ngoba asivumelekile. Ithuba Right okumelwe kwenziwe ngaphandle kokuwela komzila tram.

kanjani uvula uma umgwaqo futhi yethilamu ukulandelela ohlangothini olufanayo? I iqhinga bavunyelwe uma leyo ndlela ezingeni. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukujika esesisele owazenza tramways njengoba izinto zizoshintsha. Okunye traffic kungenziwa izimpawu 5.15.1 wabonisa; 5.15.2 noma umgwaqo mshini 1.18.

Uma kukhona irobhothi noma isilawuli womgwaqo

Kulokhu, lapho unika amandla isignali noma isenzo komhloli kokubili izindlela zezokuthutha Sibona ine inzuzo ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokubheka iziqondiso zawo ukunyakaza ngokukhululekile. Nokho, uma inikwe amandla, nemicibisholo oluhlaza esigabeni asizayo evimbela traffic kanye nezimpawu zomgwaqo electrotransport uyakunika indlela izimoto ezihambayo kwezinye iziqondiso.

Bangaki kuyodingeka bakhokhe

Inani Isijeziso ukoniwa phezu tramways incike kobukhulu ukoniwa. Khona-ke abakhululiwe "ezibizayo" iningi - ukushayela imoto amathrekhi kolunye uhlangothi. Ngoba isigwebo ruble 5000 noma bokuhlukaniswa zokushayela isikhathi esingangezinyanga eziyisithupha. Kodwa noma loko koniwa eqoshiwe ikhamera yevidiyo, umshayeli uzothola off esihle nje.

Isijeziso ukweqa ebusweni futhi strip okuqhubekayo ehlukanisa ithrekhi kujantshi kusukela endleleni. Kungenzeka DPS umhloli umane axwayisa ngayo, futhi angase akhiphe esihle ruble 500.

Inani elifanayo zizokhokhiswa umshayeli ehamba tram ilandelela eya ohlangothini olulodwa, kodwa kwaphazamiseka ukuhamba kagesi.

Imoto stop on imithetho tramways traffic ibhekisele ukwephulwa kanye ethuneni lakhe. Namuhla, kuyinto "ayelingana" ruble 1500. Enhloko-dolobha kanye Petersburg salokhu ukwephulwa kuyodingeka bakhokhe ruble 3000.

Abashayeli abavuma zungeza isithiyo ngezindlela kagesi okuhlukile, kumelwe kulungiselelwe ukukhokha isamba inkululeko nengxenye ruble ayizigidi. Futhi akukho sezimoto emgwaqeni, akukho sezimoto akuyona ukungaziphathi kahle izaba: kungukuthi njengenkondlo ebonisa ukuthi siyini isithiyo. Uma umshayeli wayeka kuphindiselwe ukoniwa esifanayo, Ikhodi Administrative ivumela ukuphuca kuye kwelayisensi ukushayela izinyanga ezingu-12. Futhi uma lokhu icala camcorder, isijeziso luyanda ruble 5 000. Inani elifanayo yokuthola (futhi mhlawumbe wayencisha ikhadi) elinde umshayeli ukuya nokubuya isithiyo ukuthi lingadlula ngaphandle kokuma endleleni izimoto kagesi.

Ngezinye izikhathi, umshayeli unesizathu esihle ukumphoqa ukuba ukwephula kuchazwe. Nokho, ukufakazela inhlonipho yabo, babe izinkantolo.

zomgwaqo

Cishe njalo, alazi umshayeli isigebengu. Ezimweni ezingavamile kakhulu, iphutha elala umshayeli tram. Ngokwesibonelo, ingabe kushiyelwa esiteshini, hhayi ebuka izinhlangothi, noma ukuhamba waqala obomvu (noma ophuzi) isignali traffic.

Into yokuqala ukuthi kumele kwenziwe umshayeli, ingqondo ingozi, - ukwenza indlela yokuhamba kagesi. Ngoba pay elahlekile inkampani inzuzo yezokuthutha - enkulu ezibizayo. Ngokuvamile, inkantolo eyenza isandla ummangali futhi inikeza amanani okweqa ruble 10 000. Ngakho-ke avtoyuristy belulekwa ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo njengoba ingozi tram khulula ilandelela ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka.

Uma kwenzeka izinto zokuthutha kagesi engakathenjiswa umshado, kudingeka ngokushesha ukuthatha idatha lofakazi, ukudweba uhlelo abalimale ezingozini zomgwaqo, mhlawumbe ebhekisela iyiphi into engaguquki, ukuthatha izithombe ezimbalwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene nokulandela igatsha eliseduze we amaphoyisa omgwaqo. Uma isimo sivuma, awukwazi ukusebenzisa nokuhlola, imithetho zamanje neziqondiso uyivumele.

angahlangani

Ride on nemizila tram, kuhlanganise kolunye uhlangothi, uvunyelwe ngesikhathi yesondlo umsebenzi olulodwa / multi-kwindlela endleleni. Kulokhu, traffic amaphoyisa nabahloli ngeke ukuhlela yafakwa kwenye ukuthi kungathatha phezu tramways esiphikisayo.

Futhi efana detour amaphoyisa omgwaqo Unelungelo ukunikela ngenxa enkulu traffic yengozi. Kodwa kulezi futhi efanayo izimo, badinga ulungise ukunyakaza imoto.

Tram imigca Umendo Abathandi

E-Moscow, phezu ukuvuselelwa lewebhu w. Abathandi. Manje lapha kukhona komzila bafake nemithi, okwenza kube lula ukwandisa ukuthi lingakanani ijubane lokuya izimoto. Kodwa ukulungisa tramways akupheleli. Manje umkhankaso "igagasi oluhlaza" for izimoto kagesi. Lena isiqondiso olukhethekile amarobhothi futhi motion izinzwa. Kugcine ubukele kusondela ezokuthutha ezinkulu. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, kanye trams, futhi abashayeli ulahlekelwe isikhathi sokuhamba yokuwela kahlanu ezincane, trams akudingeki ulindele ukuba ujike "green" ngesikhathi amarobhothi futhi umshayeli ukuba ame "okubomvu" ngesi-ukungabikho tram odlulayo. Kokulinganisa "igagasi oluhlaza" lithole Izibuyekezo eminingi emihle. Ngakho-ke, ikhambi ehlakaniphe kangaka izofakwa kulo enhloko-dolobha.