Imicabango ngemvelaphi Earth. Umsuka wegama amaplanethi

Umbuzo Lokudabuka Zomhlaba, amaplanethi yesimiso sonozungezilanga sisonke ukhathazekile abantu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Kunezinganekwane eziningi ngokuphathelene imisuka eMhlabeni usukela e kubantu abaningi basendulo. IsiShayina, abaseGibhithe Sumerians, amaGreki kwadingeka umbono wabo siqu kwetinhlavu emhlabeni. Ekuqaleni nkathi yethu, umbono wabo ukuzikhohlisa indawo nemfundiso yenkolo ukuthi brooked akukho ukuphikisa. EYurophu yenkathi ephakathi, ukuzama ukuthola iqiniso ngezinye izikhathi yaphela ngo imililo ye Yokuqulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki. Incazelo yokuqala yesayensi yenkinga usebenza kuphela ekhulwini XVIII. Ngisho kwamanje, akukho olulodwa umsuka umbono Zomhlaba, onikeza indawo yokuvela kwezinto ezintsha futhi ukudla ingqondo yonke into eziyibonayo.

izinganekwane lasendulo

Man - a into eziyibonayo ekubeni. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu bahluka ezilwaneni hhayi kuphela isifiso siqhubeke siphila kuleli zwe esibi zasendle, kodwa futhi ngomzamo akuqonde. Eqaphela ubukhulu Imininingwane phezu emvelo uqobo, abantu baqala idolize izinqubo. Ngokuvamile, kuba abakhileyo ezulwini kuthiwa selokhu kwasekelwa umhlaba.

Kunezinganekwane eziningi ngokuphathelene imisuka woMhlaba emakhoneni ezahlukene iplanethi babe ngokuphongoza nomunye. Ngokusho izinkolelo nabaseGibhithe lasendulo, ke achanyuselwa kusuka amaqanda we engcwele, sleplennogo unkulunkulu Khnum ubumba abavamile. Ngokusho izinkolelo abantu lingasempumalanga yalesi siqhingi, ezweni onkulunkulu badoba aphume olwandle.

chaos theory

Siyakuqonda esiseduzane amaGreki umbono wesayensi owawuthandwa lasendulo. Ezingqondweni zawo, ukuzalwa umhlaba of Chaos primordial, egcwele nenye amanzi, umhlaba, umlilo futhi emoyeni. Lokhu kufanelana ne umbono wesayensi owawuthandwa ka umsuka postulates Earth. izakhi ezixutshiwe nemiyalezo ezijikisiwe, ukugcwalisa zonke izinto. Kodwa emva kwesikhathi esithile, usikhuphule ezinzulwini esiphithiphithini primordial wazalwa Umhlaba - unkulunkulukazi Gaia, futhi umngane wakhe kuze kube phakade, isibhakabhaka - unkulunkulu Uranus. Ndawonye, bagcwalisa komkhathi ezingaphili ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zokuphila.

Inganekwane efanayo kwamiswa China. Chaos kuyinto Hun-tun, egcwele izakhi emihlanu - izinkuni, metal, umhlaba, umlilo namanzi - ejikeleza esime iqanda ku yonke enkulu kakhulu futhi engenamkhawulo, kodwa ke engazalwanga unkulunkulu Pan Gu. Phaphama, wathola ababemzungezile ebumnyameni nje ezingaphili. Futhi iqiniso lokuthi wayecindezeleke kakhulu. Iqoqa amandla akhe, unkulunkulu Pan Gu amaphutha igobolondo neqanda-nezinxushunxushu, ukukhulula izimiso ezimbili: yin ne-yang. I Yin esindayo wabohla yokwenza umhlaba, ukukhanya and Yang lula sathandwa phezulu, ukwakha esibhakabhakeni.

Imfundiso ekilasini kwetinhlavu Umhlaba

Umsuka wegama amaplanethi ngokukhethekile umhlaba, ososayensi yesimanje wafunda ngokwanele. Kodwa zikhona eziningi izimpikiswano eziyisisekelo (efana lapho benza amanzi), okubangela eshubile. Ngakho-ke, isayensi yonke buyashintsha, ukutholakala omusha ngamunye iba isakhi ku isisekelo somhlaba umsuka umbono.

Adume usosayensi Soviet Otto Yulevich Shmidt, aka Polar Research, uye babeqoqana zonke imibono eyayisinesikhathi ehlongozwayo kanye kuhlanganiswe kubo ngezigaba ezintathu. Eyokuqala kukhona eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma esekelwe postulate kwetinhlavu ilanga, amaplanethi, izinyanga kanye lezinkanyezi ezinomsila kusuka impahla eyodwa (mafu). It is Voitkevich hypothesis, Laplace, Kant, Fesenkov ezimayini muva ebukeziwe Sobotovich nabanye ososayensi ezaziwayo.

Ikilasi yesibili ehlanganisa imiqondo owawuthi kwakumiswa amaplanethi ngokuqondile ndaba welanga. Lena umsuka ososayensi Umhlaba hypothesis Jeans Jeffreys Multona futhi Chamberlin, Buffon nabanye.

Futhi ekugcineni, ekilasini lesithathu lihlanganisa ithiyori, hhayi ekuhlanganiseni ilanga namaplanethi imvelaphi ezivamile. Umbono edume kunazo Schmidt. Ake sicabangele izici ekilasini ngalinye.

hypothesis Kant sika

Ngo 1755 German sefilosofi Kant, umsuka Umhlaba kafushane bachazwa futhi ngalendlela: i yonke kokuqala ehlanganisa umile uthuli ka nokuminyanisa ezahlukene. Gravity alethwe ukunyakaza kwabo. Senzeka kokuzifaka komunye nomunye (accretion umphumela), ekugcineni okuholela ukwakheka ihlule emaphakathi ashisayo - ilanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho kuyizinhlayiyana ukushayisana kuholele ukujikeleza kwelanga, futhi nalo efwini uthuli.

Esikhathini yokugcina kancane kancane kwakheka ezithelo ahlukene izidakamizwa - imibungu amaplanethi esizayo emhlabeni lapho wesifunda ezakhiwe iziphuphutheki ezinjalo. Obakheka ngale ndlela Umhlaba ekuqaleni khona aso kungathi abandayo.

umqondo Laplace

sezinkanyezi French nesazi sezibalo Laplace ehlongozwayo inguqulo ethé ukuhluka kancane, echaza umsuka Umhlaba iplanethi futhi kwamanye amaplanethi. Uhlelo elanga, ngokombono wakhe, kwakhiwa kusuka ashisayo esigaxeni gaseous nge kweqembu izinhlayiya maphakathi. Yena baphotha futhi onomfutho ngaphansi kwethonya adonsela phansi. Lapho indlu eyengeziwe, ijubane ukujikeleza we esigaxeni okuhlumayo azungeze ke ehlutshiwe off izindandatho zazo isihlakazeka ku amaplanethi prototypes esizayo. Isinyathelo sokugcina kokuqala igesi ashisayo emelelwa amabhola ukuthi kancane kancane selehlile futhi eqina.

Ukuntuleka kokukhulumisana Kant futhi Laplace sika hypothesis

Hypothesis of Kant futhi Laplace, zichaza imvelaphi Umhlaba iplanethi, babe ovelele kule cosmogony kuze ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Futhi waba nendima lesichubekako, silokhu sikhonza njengamaphayona esikhathi isisekelo isayensi, ikakhulukazi komhlaba. I ethile eyinhloko ukungakwazi imicabango ukuchaza nokusabalalisa ngaphakathi isimiso sethu sikanozungezilanga umfutho emincane (CDM).

MKP lichazwa ngokuthi umkhiqizo isisindo ibanga ukusuka enkabeni yalo ohlelweni bese ijubane layo uma igijima ukujikeleza. Ngempela, kusekelwe eqinisweni ukuthi ilanga linezakhi ezingaphezu kuka-90% mass isiyonke kohlelo, kufanele okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi CDM. Eqinisweni, Sun has% 2 kuphela CDM iplanethi Imininingwane efanayo, ikakhulukazi giant, abanalo esisele 98%.

ithiyori Fesenkov

Lokhu ukungqubuzana ngawo-1960 wazama ukuchaza Soviet usosayensi Fesenko. Ngokusho inguqulo yakhe ngemvelaphi Omhlaba, Ilanga namaplanethi akhiwa kokucindezelwa we esigaxeni giant - ". Globules" Nebula kwadingeka indwangu azinasisindo sakhiwa ngokuyinhloko hydrogen ne-helium ne-esincane Izakhi ezisindayo. Ngaphansi amandla adonsela phansi e maphakathi globules star emise uvele ukuqina - ilanga. Kuyinto ukuphotha ngokushesha. Ngenxa ukuvela ketshezi solar ku ezungezile gas-uthuli imvelo, kwekhabhoni impahla eyenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile. Lokhu kwaholela ekulahlekelweni isisindo salo namaplanethi ilanga igiya wadala bakha ingxenye enkulu yabamemezeli MCR. Kumiswa amaplanethi aphethwe accretion esigaxeni.

Eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma Multona futhi Chamberlin

US abacwaningi Multon sezinkanyezi futhi sokuma Chamberlin ezihlongozwayo umbono ocatshangelwayo efanayo ngemvelaphi Umhlaba nesimiso sikanozungezilanga, owawuthi amaplanethi kwakhiwa kusukela material igesi amagatsha lemiklamo, "silingo" of the Sun inkanyezi engaziwa, eyaqala beseduze naye.

Ososayensi bebelokhu yethulwa kuleli cosmogony umqondo "planetesimal" - ihlule wafingqa umoya ovela ketshezi yokuqala eyaba imibungu amaplanethi asteroyidi.

izahlulelo Jeans

isazi sezindikimba ezisemkhathini British J. Jeans (1919) wasikisela ukuthi indlela zelanga kwenye inkanyezi zokugcina wadonsa protrusion cigar emise, okuyinto kamuva yahlukana yaba ezithelo ehlukile. Futhi kusukela maphakathi ingxenye mkhulu we "ugwayi" wawubumba amaplanethi ezinkulu, futhi emaphethelweni - amancane.

hypothesis Schmidt

Ezindabeni iphuzu yokuqala umbono ngo-1944, Schmidt uzwakalise umsuka Umhlaba theory. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi umbono meteorite eyaziwa ke ngokwenyama futhi izibalo lusekelwe abafundi usosayensi odumile. By endleleni, ngo umbono we ukwakheka Sun akubhekwa inkinga.

Ngokwe-theory, ilanga omunye izigaba lentuthuko athunjwa (ngamthatha) abandayo igesi-uthuli ifu meteoric. Ngaphambi kwalokho-ke possessed ezimbalwa kakhulu ifu CDM ijikeleziswa ngesilinganiso abalulekile. Ngo oqinile ensimini okudonsa ka Ilanga laqala kwamangqamuzana Meteor ifu mass, ukuminyana kanye nosayizi. Ingxenye impahla meteoritic budalulwa, ezinye, ngenxa accretion izinqubo akha amahlule-imibungu amaplanethi iziphuphutheki yabo.

Kulesi hypothesis, ngemvelaphi nokuthuthuka Zomhlaba, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukucindezeleka okubangelwa "ama-solar wind" - solar ingcindezi ngemisebe, okucasulayo izingxenye igesi ukukhanya azungeze sonozungezilanga. kwakhiwa Ngakho Umhlaba wayengumuntu umzimba abandayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho ukufudumala elihlobene ne ukushisa radiogenic, kwamangqamuzana okudonsa nezinye izinhlobo zamandla yangaphakathi planethi. Big ethile hypothesis abacwaningi bakholelwa ilanga okungenzeka aphansi kakhulu lungabanjwa lokhu ifu Meteor.

Imibono kwezimayini Sobotovich

Umlando Lokudabuka eMhlabeni namanje ekujabulisayo ososayensi. Esanda kutholakala (ngo-1984) futhi E. B. Rudnik Sobotovich ethulwa version ayo umsuka amaplanethi ilanga. Ngokombono wabo, qalisa izinqubo efwini igesi-uthuli wakwazi ukukhonza njengephayona eduze supernova ukuqhuma. izenzakalo ezalandela, ngokuvumelana abacwaningi, zazimi kanje:

1. Ngaphansi umphumela ukuqhuma isiqale kokucindezelwa we esigaxeni kanye kumiswa bunch central - ilanga.
2. Sun okubuya IRAs idluliselwe amaplanethi kagesi noma convective omawala-by.
3. Waqala ukwakha giant izindandatho efana Saturn indandatho.
4. Ngenxa yalokho we accretion izindandatho impahla planetesimals uqala ukuvela ke kwakhiwa ezweni lanamuhla.

Lonke ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwenzeka endaweni ngokushesha okukhulu - ngaphakathi engaba iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-600.

Kumiswa isakhiwo eMhlabeni

Kukhona ukuqonda ezahlukene ukulandelana kumiswa izingxenye kwangaphakathi kule planethi yethu. Ngokusho komunye wabo, Protoearth emelelwa unsorted nhlanganisela yensimbi-silicate impahla. Esikhathini esizayo, ngenxa adonsela phansi ngokuhlukana iphutha ku-core yensimbi nesiphuku silicate - into accretion eyohlobo. Abasekeli accretion heterogeneous bakholelwa ukuthi refractory wokuqala uye zanqwabelana yensimbi core, bese unamathela kuso fusible ngaphezulu silicate izinhlayiya.

Kuye isixazululo sale nkinga singaxoxa ngezinga kwembulunga kokuqala Earth. Ngempela, ngokushesha ngemva lasungulwa iplanethi waqala ashisise ngenxa nobumbano sezici ezimbalwa:

• Planetesimals bombardment of ubuso bayo, okuyinto ubephelezelwa ukuvela ukushisa.
• Ukubola enemisebe isotopes, kuhlanganise alumina iDemo isotopes wahlala iodine, plutonium nabanye.
• Adonsela phansi kugcwele kwamangqamuzana (uma sicabanga a accretion eyohlobo).

Abanye abacwaningi bathi, ngalesi usaqala iplanethi kumiswa izingxenye zangaphandle kungaba esimweni eduze ukuncibilika kwezinguzunga. Iplanethi isithombe Umhlaba ngabe unjani ibhola red-hot.

Ukusikwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukwakheka amazwekazi

Omunye imicabango lokuqala umsuka amazwekazi Kwakungunyaka ukusikwa, lapho isakhiwo entabeni exhumene Ukupholisa ngomoya Umhlaba nokwehlisa engaba yayo. Ukuthi isisekelo ekuseni izifundo umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. On osekelwe kuyo le sokuma Austrian E. Suess synthesize zonke ekhona ngesikhathi ulwazi mayelana isakhiwo koqweqwe umhlaba wokulandisa "I-Face Zomhlaba". Kodwa ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX. kunobufakazi bokuthi kwenye ingxenye ungqimba lomhlaba onomfutho kwesinye - ngilulekela. Imfundiso ukusikwa ekugcineni zigoqiwe ngemva kokutholakala radioactivity futhi khona uqweqwe woMhlaba ezikhona enkulu izakhi enemisebe.

ukugudluka kancane kancane kwamazwekazi

Esikhathini ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. hypothesis abasafufusa of ukugudluka kancane kancane kwamazwekazi. Sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi waphawula ogwini ukufana yeNingizimu Melika Afrika, i-Afrika kanye eNhlonhlweni ye-Arabhiya, ezwekazini laseNdiya nase-Afrika, kanye nabanye. Eyokuqala uma kuqhathaniswa idatha Pilligrini (1858), kamuva Bihanov. Umqondo ukugudluka kancane kancane kwamazwekazi ukuthi owasungulwa izazi zokuma komhlaba American Taylor futhi Baker (1910) kanye German geophysicist kanye nesangoma Wegener (1912). sekela Kugcine lo mbono e wokulandisa yakhe "The Origin of Amazwekazi futhi Oceans", esanyatheliswa ngo-1915. I-agumenti ukuthi ishiwo ekusekeleni lo mbono:

• Inkulumo efanayo lamatshwayo amazwekazi nhlangothi zombili Atlantic, kanye amazwekazi akhelene-Indian Ocean.
• ukufana Bezakhiwe kuya amazwekazi eduze izigaba Geological ka Late Paleozoic futhi Early rocks Mesozoic.
• I izinsalela zamathambo zezitshalo nezilwane, ebonisa ukuthi izitshalo lasendulo nezilwane ezihlukahlukene amazwekazi eningizimu kumiswa iqembu elilodwa: is ikakhulukazi kufakazelwa izinsalela zamathambo izibankwakazi lystrosaurus uhlobo ezitholakala e-Afrika, India nase-Antarctica.
• idatha Paleoclimatic: isibonelo, khona iminonjana ice Late ikhava.

Kumiswa uqweqwe eMhlabeni

Umsuka nokuthuthukiswa komhlaba atehlukaniseki wokwakha entabeni. Wegener wagomela ukuthi amazwekazi yakhiwa uquqaba amaminerali kuqhathaniswa ukukhanya, njengoba uma elintantayo ku eyisisekelo plastic esindayo basalt impahla embhedeni. Kusolwa ukuthi ungqimba wokuqala ezondile impahla granitic kusolakala ehlanganiswa sonke Earth. Kancane kancane, ubuqotho bakhe ukuthi uphazanyiswe amabutho olwandle okudonsa of the Moon kanye Sun ayisukumele ebusweni iplanethi kusukela empumalanga kuya entshonalanga, kanye amabutho centrifugal kusukela ukujikeleza Earth, ezithinta kusukela yizinto zokuphasa izingongolo zokuthwala yenkabazwe.

Granite (mhlawumbe) kwaba supercontinent olulodwa, Pangea. It yayikhona kuze phakathi kwenkathi Mesozoic futhi uqulekile kwesikhathi Jurassic. Abasekeli balobu hypothesis kwaba umsuka usosayensi Umhlaba Staub. Khona-ke kwaba khona inyunyana amazwekazi we Nenkabazwe - Laurasia, futhi inyunyana ye amazwekazi Nenkabazwe eningizimu - Gondwana. Phakathi kwabo babevaleleke kwamadwala Pacific Ocean phansi. Ngaphansi amazwekazi overlie kolwandle magma lapha bekene ezihambayo. Laurasia futhi Gondwana wathutha atishaye nenkabazwe ke izingongolo. Lapho kokuthuthela supercontinent yenkabazwe frontally onomfutho, ngaleyo ndlela baphokophelele mass ezinhlangothini Pacific. Lezi zinqubo Geological abaningi abacabanga eziyinhloko yakha amabanga ezinkulu entabeni. Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela maqondana yenkabazwe kwenzeka kwaze kwaba kathathu: ngesikhathi Caledonian, Hercynian kanye Alpine orogeny.

isiphetho

On isihloko kumiswa sonozungezilanga ekhiqizwa eziningi lenemaciniso, izincwadi zezingane, izincwadi ezifanele. Umsuka wegama Umhlaba izingane ngamazwi alula ngokweqile izincwadi. Kodwa uma uthatha izincwadi engu-50 edlule, kuyacaca ukuthi ezinye zezinkinga ososayensi abaningi banamuhla baye wabheka ezinye indlela. Cosmology, yokuma komhlaba nesayensi ezihlobene kungukuthi emi namanje. Siyabonga ukuba anqobe Umhlaba isikhala abantu vele ukuthi sibonakala Umhlaba isithombe iplanethi esemkhathini. ulwazi okusha kudala incazelo entsha imithetho yonke.

Kusobala ukuthi ukudalwa nezinxushunxushu yasekuqaleni Zomhlaba, Sun namaplanethi babehileleke ezinamandla bemvelo. Akumangalisi-ke ukuthi okhokho lasendulo ukuqhathanisa nabo ipumelelo Onkulunkulu. Ngisho ngokomfanekiso akunakwenzeka ukuba sicabange umsuka Earth, izithombe ngokoqobo Cishe kwakuyothatha Udlule fantasies kwakwakhiwa kakhulu. Kodwa le izinsimbi ulwazi letigcogcwe ososayensi, kancane kancane bakha lonke isithombe emhlabeni.