Isibopho ionic

Ukwakheka isibopho chemical kuhilela inqubo ukuhanjiswa electron ukuminyana, ekuqaleni kwakungekaNkulunkulu kuya kuma-atom ezahlukene. Ngenxa yokuthi ama-electron, kuthiwa ngaphandle elihlobene ne-core kancane, eliqinile, futhi enze indima ayisisekelo ukwakheka kwakwakhe. Isibalo uxhumano, ezakhiwe athomu e enkompolo okuyinto, ngokuthi Valence. Ngakho, iqhaza ekwakhiweni electron ngenxa okubhekiselwe Valence electron. Ngokuya amandla kukhona ama-athomu ukuzinza ezahlukene. Esitebeleni kunazo nguye ezingeni zangaphandle kukhona electron ezimbili noma ayisishiyagalombili (inani lemali). Leli zinga Bazobe kubhekwe ephelele. amazinga anjalo siphelile isici ama-athomu eziqukethwe amagesi zasebukhosini. Kule ndaba, ezimweni ezivamile, zingabantu esimweni igesi monoatomic, amakhemikhali inert.

Ukuze uthole ezinye izakhi-athomu nobuntu amazinga sidle. Lapho yokusabela chemical kwenzeka zangaphandle amazinga ukuze uyigcwalise. Lokhu kungenxa electron ukufinyela noma okunamathiselwe, kanye ngokwakha umusi ezivamile. Ngakho, kwakheka covalent kanye kunenze nisondelane ionic. Izakhiwo ama-athomu lapho ebonakaliswa befuna ukuthola ukuzinza electronic amagugu zangaphandle. Kuzoba noma-electron ezimbili, noma vosmielektronnoy. Lo mthetho kubhekwa isisekelo imfundiso yokuziphendukela isibopho zamakhemikhali.

Kumiswa kwakwakhe kwenzeka, ephelezelwa ukukhethwa imali ngokwanele ezinkulu zamandla. Ngamanye amazwi, uxhumano kumiswa wenziwa exothermically. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kukhona izinhlayiya entsha (ama-molecule) ngokuvamile ifa ukuzinza okukhulu.

Electronegativity kuyinkomba ezinkulu ubunjalo abasafufusa nezokuxhumana. Lesi sici kubonakala ikhono ukuheha electron-athomu nezinye ama-athomu.

Ukukhangwa electrostatic phakathi ion - kuba ionic chemical isibopho. ukuxhumana okunjalo kungenzeka phakathi ama-athomu nge electronegativity ezahlukene ngokucijile. isibopho ionic yakha okuhambisanayo compounds ionic. Zakhiwa molecule ngabanye kuphela isimo umusi. isibopho ionic e zezakhi we crystalline (okuqinile) isimo yakhiwa ukusabela ion (emihle nemibi) ahlelwe njalo. Kulokhu, amangqamuzana bengekho.

Zezakhi izimpawu isibopho ionic, kwakheka izakhi subgroups main amaqembu 1,2,6,7. compounds ezinjalo abambalwa. Zihlanganisa, isibonelo, kufanele kufake usawoti wezinto ezingaphili (NH4Cl), saltlike izinto eziphilayo (ama nezinye nosawoti).

covalent Nonpolar yabo bonke abakhululekileyo nabayizigqila ionic kuyizinto ezimbili eqile ukusatshalaliswa kwabantu electron. Ngoba isici sokuqala phakathi ukusatshalaliswa efanayo iyunifomu izinhlayiya (ama-athomu) Ubuhlobo obuseduze ezimbili efwini electron. Esakhuluma ngayo le ndaba, le ionic electron ifu fanele cishe ngokuphelele komunye ukuzulazula kwama-athomu. Nokho, iningi compounds ukusabela kukhona ezingeni Lesisemkhatsini. Ngamanye amazwi, akha polar covalent isibopho.

Ukusabela ukuthi kwenzeka ngenxa ukwakheka electron ngazimbili wabelane, kuyinto covalent. Covalent isibopho wabonakala ngenxa ukuxhumana kwama-athomu nge electronegativity ezahlukene, lokho kubhekwa njengokuzijabulisa polar. I kwabantu electron umbhangqwana kunenze nisondelane electron is elivulela athomu, okuyinto eletkrootritsatelnost ngaphezulu. Njengoba izibonelo molecule ezifana H2S, NH3, H2O, nabanye. Kulezi compounds, ukubukeka zokuxhumana covalent (elimboze izindawo ezibandayo kanye nonpolar) kungenxa electron ayibhangqiwe uxhumano nomsebenzisi ama-athomu.