Hydrides - kuyinto ... hydrides Isicelo

Ngamunye wethu ubhekene imiqondo kwale sayensi, efana ne-chemistry. Ngezinye izikhathi ayefana ukuze kunzima ukuhlukanisa eyodwa ukusuka kwenye. Kodwa-ke kubalulekile ukuthi ukuqonda konke kubo, ngoba ngezinye izikhathi ukungaqondani ngenxa kuholela esimweni silly kakhulu, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukuze amaphutha esingenakuthethelelwa. Kulesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngokuthi iziphi hydrides, okuyingozi futhi yiziphi akuzona, lapho esetshenziselwa khona nendlela etholakala. Kodwa siqale nge uhambo olufushane ku umlando.

indaba

Indaba yakhe iqala kokutholakala hydrides hydrogen. Lo msuka ekhulwini le-18 wathola uHenry Cavendish. Hydrogen is ukuba zifakwe eyaziwa yokwakheka amanzi futhi isisekelo zonke ezinye izakhi of ishadi lesikhathi. Siyabonga kuye, khona kungenzeka organic compounds kanye eziphilayo eplanethini yethu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-hydrogen luyisisekelo compounds eziningi wezinto ezingaphili. Lezi zihlanganisa acid lezisekelo zalo, kanye eyingqayizivele kanambambili hydrogen compounds nezinye izakhi - hydrides. Idethi zamagama yabo yokuqala akuyona ngokuqondile eyaziwa, kodwa hydrides non-metallic bebelokhu baziwa kunendoda kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo ngaphezulu. Okuvame kakhulu wabo - emanzini. Yebo, amanzi - kuba hydride oxygen.

Futhi kule ekilasini zihlanganisa ammonia (ingxenye main ammonia), i-hydrogen sulfide, i-hydrogen chloride, nokunye okunjalo. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe mayelana izakhiwo izinto kusukela lesi sigaba ahlukahlukene futhi okumangalisayo compounds kuzoxoxwa ngawo kulesi sigaba esilandelayo.

izakhiwo

Hydrides - Esikhatsini lesinyenti amagesi. Nokho, uma sithatha hydrides metal (zingabantu engazinzile ezimweni ezivamile futhi sisabele ngokushesha kakhulu ngamanzi), kungaba ukudla okuqinile. Ezinye zazo (isibonelo, i-hydrogen bromide) khona isimo uketshezi.

Incazelo jikelele isigaba omkhulu izidakamizwa kumane nje akunakwenzeka, ngoba bonke bangabakhulekeli ezahlukene futhi, kuye ngokuthi nto, oyingxenye hydride, ngaphezu hydrogen, babe nezici zabo ezingokomzimba ezahlukene nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali. Kodwa kungenziwa yizigaba, kwakwakhe lapho into efana nalokho. Ngezansi sibheka eceleni ekilasini ngalinye.

hydrides ionic - kuyinto hydrogen kwakwakhe ne alikhali noma ane-alikhali emhlabeni izinsimbi. Zimelela esitebeleni elimhlophe okuqinile, ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile. Lapho Ukushisa, lezi zakhi kuthiwa ukubola onesigqi zabo abamelwe ne-hydrogen ngaphandle encibilika. Omunye ngaphandle - kuyinto LiH, okuyinto liyancibilika ngaphandle noqhekeko bafudumale eqinile uphendukela Li futhi H _2.

Metal hydrides - ekhuthaza ushintsho metal. Isikhathi esining impela babe Ukwakheka onhlobonhlobo. Zingaba khona njengoba isixazululo esiqinile hydrogen kwensimbi. Futhi banayo isakhiwo crystal we metal.

Ngu hydrides covalent kungokwalabo nje uhlobo kuvamile kunalo lonke eMhlabeni: hydrogen compounds nge-non-izinsimbi. Wide endaweni nokusakaza lezi izinto ngenxa azinze okusezingeni eliphezulu, njengoba covalent izibopho yiwo anamandla kakhulu kunazo chemical.

Njengoba isibonelo, i-silicon hydride ifomula: Sih _4. Uma ubheka kulo ivolumu, sithola ukuthi i-hydrogen Friend kakhulu udonse ephakathi Silicon athomu kanye electron yayo efanayo offset nalokho. Silicon has a electronegativity ngokwanele ezinkulu, ngakho-ke, uyakwazi ukuheha kakhulu ama-electron kuma enkabeni yalo, ngaleyo ndlela sinciphise obuphelele Isibopho phakathi futhi athomu eduze. Futhi njengoba wazi, omfushane uxhumano, ngakho-ke unamandla.

Lesi sigaba esilandelayo sizoxoxa umehluko phakathi hydrides kusuka nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali ngokuya reactivity zamakhemikhali.

chemical izakhiwo

Lesi sigaba futhi hydrides kuwufanele luhlukaniswe amaqembu efanayo esikhathini esidlule. Futhi sizoqala kanye izakhiwo hydrides ionic. Umehluko omkhulu kwezinye ezimbili kulelo amatasa uxhumana ngamanzi ukwakha hydrogen ne ukukhululwa alikhali gas. Hydride yokusabela - amanzi kuyinto ngempela kuqhume, ngakho uxhumano uvame egcinwe ku-inyumbazane umswakama. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amanzi ngisho eziqukethwe emoyeni kungase kubangele ushintsho yingozi.

Sibonisa okungenhla ukuphendula kwesibalo e Isibonelo izinto ezifana potassium hydride:

KH + H ₂ O = Koh + H ₂

Njengoba singabona, konke ulula. Ngakho-ke, sicabanga ukusabela mnandi sici nezinye izinhlobo ezimbili simchazela izinto.

Ngomqondo onabile, nezinye kugucuka ukuthi singakhonzi kuthathwe ngaphandle, nobuntu zonke izinhlobo izinto. Avame basabela zensimbi oxides, metal obumba, noma ngamanzi noma hydroxide (okokugcina kuyisici sobuntu ane-alikhali futhi ane-alikhali-umhlaba izinsimbi).

Enye ukuphendula ezithakazelisayo - noqhekeko ezishisayo. It kwenzeka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu futhi usinika ekwakhekeni metal ne-hydrogen. Asazi ukugxila okunjena, njengoba sekuvele ihlaziye ku izigaba odlule.

Ngakho, sahlola izindawo zalolu hlobo compounds kanambambili. Manje kubalulekile ukukhuluma mayelana nokulungiselela yabo.

Ukuthola hydrides

Cishe bonke hydrides covalent - ayizakhi zemvelo. Ziyakwazi esitebeleni ngempela, ngakho musa bawe ngaphansi kwethonya amabutho angaphandle. Nge ion nensimbi hydrides konke kancane more xaka. Abanaso ezikhona emvelweni, ngakho kufanele kuhlelwe umqondo. Lokhu kwenziwa kakhulu ukumane: by ukusabela hydrogen ne element nokuxhumana ukuthi luyadingeka ukwamukela hydride.

isicelo

Ezinye hydrides akudingeki isicelo esithile, kodwa iningi - abaluleke kakhulu ngemboni ejenti. Ngeke bangene imininingwane, ngokuba kwaba yilowo nalowo wezwa ukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, i-ammonia isetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi, futhi kuyinto impahla esisemqoka sokuthi kukhiqizwe yokufakelwa amino acid kanye organic compounds. Ukusetshenziswa hydrides eziningi kukhawulwe izici amakhemikhali yabo izakhiwo. Ngakho-ke, basuke isetshenziswa ucwaningo laboratory.

Isicelo - kwesigaba ebanzi kakhulu lesi sigaba izidakamizwa, ngakho yayiba amaqiniso jikelele. Inkulumo eyalandela enesihloko esithi uzokutshela eziningi kanjani kithi, ayengenalo ulwazi efanele, ukudida ayinangozi (noma okungenani eyaziwa) ndaba phakathi kwabo.

eminye imibono eyiphutha

Ngokwesibonelo, abanye bakholelwa ukuthi i-hydrogen hydride - into eyingozi. Uma ungakwazi ukuyibiza izidakamizwa ke akekho umuntu owenza. Uma sicabanga, i-hydrogen hydride - kuyinto hydrogen kwakwakhe ne-hydrogen, futhi kungakho - H _2-molecule. Yiqiniso, le gesi yingozi, kodwa inhlanganisela ne-oksijini. Njengoba injalo emsulwa akusiyo yingozi.

Kukhona okuningi zezihloko usithe. Bawela horror indoda engavamile. Nokho, njengoba umkhuba imibukiso, iningi labo ayinangozi futhi isetshenziselwa yasekhaya.

isiphetho

Chemistry World omkhulu, futhi sicabanga ukuthi, uma kungekhona ngemva kwalokhu, ngemva kwezinye izihloko eziningana, uzobona wena. Yingakho-ke kunengqondo ukuba egxilile esifundweni sakhe nekhanda lakhe. Humanity ivule eziningi ezintsha kanye nakakhulu ayikaziwa. Futhi uma unomuzwa wokuthi akukho ezithakazelisayo emkhakheni hydrides, wena benza iphutha elikhulu.