Iyini imbangela ukungabi nenzalo interspecific nzalo? Izibonelo nzalo interspecific

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu bavele bakhexe lapho bebona nangobuhle nokuhlukahluka kwezinto izitshalo ezizungezile, ikakhulukazi izimbali. ukunambitheka zabo nokuba nesisa endleleni bonke ubudala baye samuntu kothando, ubumsulwa, ukubonakaliswa imizwa. Kancane kancane, le ndoda yaqaphela ukuthi akakwazi bajabulele leli amafomu akhona kakade lezi zilwane ezinhle, kodwa futhi ukuba azibandakanye kumiswa yabo. kwaqalisa isikhathi zokuzalanisa izitshalo Ngakho, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwezinhlobo ezintsha izici isize kakhulu futhi ebalulekile genotypes futhi phenotypes. isayensi ababili, ukusebenza ndawonye ngalolu daba, ephethwe zinga kuzuzwe umphumela kumnandi - kuba zofuzo kanye wezitshalo.

Into cwaningo wezitshalo

Botany - isayensi study konke mayelana izitshalo. Okusho ukuthi:

• morphology;
• zofuzo;
• zomzimba;
• nokwakheka;
• systematics.

Lokhu isiyalo sihlanganisa zonke izici zokuphila flora, kusukela izinqubo zangaphakathi emishinini yokuphefumula, photosynthesis nasekuvezeni izithombo zaso ezintsha, futhi liphetha ngamazwi ezihlukahlukene zangaphandle zezici phenotypic.

Lena ngenye yama-sciences endala, eyabonakala ukuthuthukiswa indoda. Growing isithakazelo izidalwa simngungile, ngakho zokuhlobisa eziluzungezile, kwaba umuntu ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphezu ubuhle, bekulokhu ihlale iwumthombo namandla kakhulu ukudla, izithako okwelapha, zokwakha. Ngakho-ke wezitshalo - isifundo esiphathelene nezinto eziphilayo okuthiwa zasendulo impela, incwadi ebaluleke, ezihlukahlukene futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi eplanethini yethu - izitshalo.

zizalela isitshalo

Nge kwesikhathi kanye ukunqwabelana ulwazi theory mayelana nesakhiwo salezi zidalwa kusuka ngaphakathi, indlela yabo yokuphila futhi izinqubo ezenzeka kuyo, kwaba iyatholakala nokuqonda okuhluzekile ngendlela lokuxhaphaza ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwazo. Nomfutho isayensi yezakhi zofuzo, okuyinto ivumela cwaningo chromosomal izinto ezahlukene ukuwela kubo nomunye, ukuthola imiphumela okuhle nokubi, khetha inzuzo futhi kudingekile. Lokhu kwenziwa Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba ukutholakala elandelayo.

1. kokukhulelwa Double ezitshalweni.
2. Ukuvula lwe-mitosis futhi meiosis.
3. Kutfutfukiswa amasu cross-zizalela.
4. Heterosis, inbreeding futhi outbreeding.
5. Sokuqonda isimiso sezakhi zofuzo zezitshalo.
6. izifundo Biomolecular of the ukwakheka kwezicubu namaseli.
7. Okutholakele emkhakheni Cytology futhi Histology.

Yiqiniso, lokho akuyona yonke preconditions, okuyinto babe sebekhonze njengamaphayona ekuqaleni ukunyakaza enamandla kanye nokuthuthukiswa zizalela izindlela ukusebenza izitshalo.

Hybridization kanye izici zayo

Enye igama inqubo Ukunqamula - hybridization. Indlela yokusebenzisa lesi simanga libizwa hybridological. Lapho efika okokuqala isicelo ucwaningo lwakhe, Gregor Mendel. ucwaningo yakhe edumile uphizi zonke wesikole uyazi.

Ingqikithi lonke inqubo ewela phakathi amafomu umzali sizale heterozygous ngezizathu okuyinto kuyothiwa hybridomas. Kulesi kokuzalela izinhlobo athuthukiswe ezahlukene. Basuke akhethwa okusekelwe izici ngazinye ezihlukahlukene, zinhlobo noma uhlobo lwe. Sekukonke, kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko izinqubo ezinjalo.

1. Outbreeding, noma outbreeding. Libonisa ukuthi kokuqala amafomu sabazali ezakho okufanayo zilwane, uhlobo lwe noma ezihlukahlukene. Lokho akusho uneminye nokuzwelana. Lokhu Ukunqamula ingenye ethandwa kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile kakhulu kuholela heterosis e ezifanelekayo ukufuya imigqa okumsulwa.
2. Inbreeding noma inbreeding - hybridization esihlobene zinhlobo okuqondene zohlobo olulodwa noma uhlobo lwe, ekilasini. Le ndlela isetshenziswa ukuzizuzela labantu kunoma iyiphi izimpawu ewusizo, kuhlanganise phenotypic. Lapho kwenziwe kahle aphume inbreeding okuphindaphindiwe ingathola okumsulwa zofuzo isitshalo imigqa.

Lezi zinhlobo ngokumitha kwemihlambi ngaphakamisa babe izinhlobo ezincane eziningi ngaphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, omunye uhlobo outbreeding kubhekwe crossbreeding - hybridization phakathi izinhlobo.

Ngaphezu izinhlobo zabantu, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene iziphambano. Bakhandwa wachaza ngokuningiliziwe futhi wafunda ngisho by Mendel, Morgan Thomas nezinye izazi zezakhi zofuzo emakhulwini eminyaka adlule.

izinhlobo beyizalaniselana

Thola izinhlobo eziningana eziyisisekelo abantu hybridization.

1. Monohybrid noma elula. Eqala sabazali kokuzalela Umumo ukwakha siyinzalo lokuqala wenziwa esisodwa.
2. Two-hybrid - kuthathwe njengesisekelo abazali kuhluke amabili namabhuzu izimpawu.
3. Buyela - a hybrid of lokuqala iziphambano isizukulwane nabantu yasekuqaleni umzali.
4. Poligibridnoe, noma kabili - isizukulwane sokuqala abantu baqhubeka hybridize nomunye, nokulandelela nezinye izinhlobo nezinhlobo.

Zonke izinkambu zimakwe zinhlobo sinokubaluleka esimweni ngasinye ethize. Okusho ukuthi, kwabanye izitshalo Ukunqamula kunalokho elula ukuze uthole umphumela oyifunayo. Kodwa abanye adinga eziyinkimbinkimbi poligibridnaya ikhishiwe hybridisation ukuthola ezifiselekayo, futhi uvikelekile ku-ke emphakathini.

Nzalo ka izizukulwane ezahlukene

Ngenxa yalokho, yimuphi kokuzalela noma ngenye kwakhiwa inzalo. Izici ukuthi kwathatha abazali bayakwazi ukuzibonakalisa ngezindlela ezingafani.

Ngakho, izici isizukulwane nzalo lokuqala phenotypically njalo iyunifomu, njengoba kufakazelwa ngomthetho Mendel (ngowokuqala) futhi ucwaningo yakhe uphizi. Ngakho ngokuvamile ukuze uthole umphumela ofanayo ofuna konke ngesikhathi esisodwa, ulisebenzise monohybrid uhlobo hybridization.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, bonke zezinhlobo okwalandela kakade Hlanganisa izindawo, ngakho kukhona eqhekeza e okungu ezithile. recessives manifest iphazamise izinqubo mutational. Ngakho-ke, okubaluleke kakhulu umsebenzi womuntu ezimbonini, kwezolimo yayo, lo wokuqala ukuthola izitshalo isizukulwane.

Isibonelo esingokoqobo: uma inhloso ukuthola utamatisi ophuzi kuphela ngenxa Isikhathi sesizini, esiphambanweni kufanele kube phuzi futhi zibe bomvu utamatisi elibomvu kodwa kumele kutholakale ngaphambili kusukela umzali ophuzi. Kulokhu, isizukulwane sokuqala ngokuqinisekile kuyoba iyunifomu - izithelo yellow utamatisi.

nzalo Interspecific: isici

nzalo Interspecific yilezo etholakala ngokuzikhandla outbreeding noma owela ezikude. Lokho umphumela kokuzalela abantu okuqondene zinhlobo ezahlukene, ukuze bathole entsha ezinezici kusengaphambili futhi izakhiwo.

Ngale ndlela, abantu abakule mboni, ukuhlaba izitshalo eziningi ezibalulekile ezolimo kanye Ornamental kuye kwakhishwa, futhi ukukhethwa kwezilwane ezifuywa kwezinhlobo eziningi ezintsha zezilwane.

Izibonelo zezinto eziphilayo ezifana

Izibonelo nzalo interspecific phakathi izitshalo:

• zernokormovaya kakolweni;
• Triticale - kakolweni rye;
• Rye emise wheatgrass;
• kakolweni-elimusnye;
• izinhlobo eziningana ugwayi kanye nabanye.

Uma sikhuluma izilwane, njengoba abameleli abaningi kungaba zilandise njengesibonelo:

• iminyuzi (ihhashi nembongolo);
• Liger - ebhubesini tigress;
• rackelhahn - grouse emnyama futhi capercaillie, nabanye.

Inkinga eyinhloko hybridizations yokuthi inzalo noma oyinyumba noma non-iphila. Yingakho abantu baye basungula futhi ithuthukiswe eziningi izindlela ukuze nginqobe lezi zici. Phela, uma umphumela oyifunayo etholwe, kubaluleke kakhulu hhayi nje ukukulungisa, kodwa futhi ukwethula sesithole eziphilayo ezinjalo.

Iyini imbangela ukungabi nenzalo interspecific nzalo?

Izizathu lezi zinkinga zisekelwe izinqubo meiosis futhi mitosis, okungukuthi anaphase lapho-chromosomes ziyahlakazeka zingene izinti iseli. Kuleli qophelo, ngamunye wabo ngifuna pair yayo homologous. Njengoba zakha lonke chromosome futhi chromatid eba karyotype ezivamile i umzimba.

Kodwa labo abaphiwe Fusion kwenzekani kusukela izinhlobo ezahlukene sabazali, kungenzeka lokuhlangana izakhiwo ezinjalo incane noma kungenzeki nhlobo. Yingakho kukhona inhlanganisela ongacabangi wezinhlamvu futhi njengoba abantu yi baba oyinyumba noma non-iphila. Okungukuthi, izakhi zofuzo, eqinisweni, babe engahambelani.

Uma sibheka mangqamuzana futhi ukuthola ukuthi yini imbangela inzalo ka nzalo interspecific, impendulo wukuthi kuba izigaba engahambelani DNA kusukela nucleus amaseli bese mitochondria. Ngenxa yalokho, akukho conjugation lezakhi zofuzo nenqubo meiotic.

Lokhu kuholela nemiphumela ebuhlungu e zokuzalanisa izitshalo, futhi owela futhi zizalela zinhlobo futhi izinhlobo ezintsha zezinto eziphilayo. Ikakhulukazi ngokuvamile kwenzeka ngo izitshalo. Ngakho-ke, ukuthola isivuno izitshalo hybrid kungenzeka kanye kuphela, okuyinto kuphazamise kakhulu ekuthuthukeni kwezolimo.

Uma kuba sobala ukuthi ososayensi, isizathu inzalo ka nzalo interspecific, umsebenzi asebenzayo ukuthola izindlela ezithize ukubhekana nazo izimbangela. Lokhu kwaholela ekusungulweni izindlela eziningana ukuze kuqedwe inzalo ngabanye.

Izindlela zokunqoba ukungazali

Indlela eyinhloko ukuthi wakhetha ukubhekana nezinkinga yezinto eziphilayo, kanje. Ngo isinyathelo chromosome meiotic washintsha lapho izigxobo cell, it is ifakwe isakhi esithile esikhethekile - colchicine. Ukhuthaza nokuqedwa sesigcilikisha lokuphotha (cell isikhungo). Ngenxa zonke Ama-chromosomes e ahlale esitokisini efanayo, kunokuba awela ezahlukene. Manje etholakalayo conjugation khulula phakathi ngazimbili homologous, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kuyinqubo ejwayelekile meiosis esikhathini esizayo.

Kanjalo, izingane evundile kuba lula futhi fruiting ngemuva kwalokhu e iziphambano nge ezihlukile. Ngokuvamile, kusetshenziswa le ndlela kuba zokuzalanisa izitshalo, uye ngokuthi polyploidy. It lasetshenziswa kuqala ososayensi bethu Karpechenkovym. Ngakho wavuka ngowokuqala evundile hybrid iklabishi isithombo.

Iyini imbangela inzalo ka nzalo interspecific, thina usuyitholile kakade. Ukwazi uhlobo inkinga, kwakunokwenzeka ukudala izindlela ezimbili ngaphezulu ukuxazulula ke.

1. Izitshalo impova impova kusuka umzali oyedwa kuphela. Le ndlela ivumela ezizukulwane eziningana ngabanye hybrid, evundile. Kodwa ke ngemvume noma kunjalo uyabuya, kanye nabantu usuphinde oyinyumba.
2. Impova nzalo ku isizukulwane sokuqala impova abazali.

Njengamanje, izindlela ezingaphezu emzabalazweni abadalwanga, kodwa umsebenzi kulesi siqondiso abazenzi.

Iminduze kanye nzalo yabo

Lwenhlanzeko nobumsulwa, izimbali zokudabuka ngenxa yosizi asebashona, abameleli mnene futhi ezicashile lily - lily. Lezi zitshalo siyigugu indoda ngoba emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ilandelana. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kuphela ezinye izinhlobo ungazange sezisunguliwe! Ngokwemvelo, lezi zinyoni wabathinta, futhi.

Umphumela waba nokuqedwa amaqembu eziyisishiyagalolunye izinhlobo hybrid zazo ndiyaza ubuhle izici phenotypic! Phakathi kwabo endaweni ekhethekile kuhlala emibili omele engavamile kakhulu futhi ethandwa:

• nzalo Oriental;
• Lily OT-nzalo.

Cabangela izici amaqembu amabili futhi abanike incazelo.

nzalo Oriental

Kuyinto kunazo zonke kwezingu-abasafufusa hybrid imbali. biology yabo akahlukile eyomunye amalungu. Ubukhulu ezikhulayo izinkomishi ongafinyelela 31 cm ububanzi, kanye Umbala lihlukile. ezihlukahlukene enhle kakhulu Nippon, esesikhundleni izimbali ezimhlophe ne esikhulu ngombala pink. Amacembe baye crimped.

idatha plant ukuphakama kuyahlukahluka kufika ku-1.2 m. Lokhu kubenza bakwazi ukufika kuwo ibanga 20-25 cm kusuka komunye nomunye futhi yakha yokhalo enhle ukuqhakaza. Zonke amalungu aleli qembu zikhipha ukunambitheka enamandla kakhulu.

Orienpity

Lona RT-lily nzalo isifinyezo ezakhiwe igama eliphelele okuyinto: ukuma Oriental-ijabulise. Babuye ngokuthi izihlahla lily ngenani eliphezulu kakhulu zezitshalo izimbali ezinkulu. Kokunye stem kuya ku-2.5 metres ubude kungase zimiswe kunangendlela 25 (30 cm) izimbali ukuthi elimnandi kakhulu futhi egqamile.

Lokhu kuvumela leli qembu nzalo ukuba bemthanda balimi, nakuba hhayi wonke umuntu angabhekana ngayo ngokuphumelelayo endaweni ezizalela. Kuthatha kahle kakhulu kanye kokwehla efanele ukuthi lezo zinhlobo sizakhele futhi sizale.

Sunflower kanye nzalo yayo

sunflower nzalo zingafani ngokoMthetho imbewu nokuvuthwa. Ngakho, ukukhululwa:

• yokuvuthwa (zingakapheli izinsuku ezingu 90);
• zakuqala-ukukhula (kufika izinsuku 100 kuya);
• kuyinto maphakathi (kuze kufike izinsuku ezingu 110).

imbewu hybrid futhi sinikeze ukungalingani. Amafutha okuqukethwe kanye isivuno ihlukile futhi kuncike isikhathi nokuvuthwa. Ukuqhubeka isitshalo emhlabathini, ayanda izinga isivuno. Kunezinhlobo eziningana ezivamile emhlabeni nzalo zalesi sitshalo, kakhulu yafuna kwezolimo.

1. Tunka.
2. Bosphorus.
3. Rocky.
4. PR64A15.
5. Jason.
6. Phambili.

Phakathi izinzuzo zabo eziyinhloko:

• nesomiso ukubekezelelana;
• izifo kanye izinambuzane;
• yezilimo;
• high quality imbewu;
• fruiting ezinhle.