Ukuthola alkenes

Alkenes - kuyinto hydrocarbon unsaturated acyclic, okuhlanganisa double isibopho carbon ama-athomu eyodwa kuphela. Bakha homology olulodwa eziyinkimbinkimbi (inombolo) ebonisa ukuthi enkompolo kwesibalo ifomula CnH2n. Ngokwesibonelo, ifomula kulolu chungechunge sokuqala izinto - ethylene - C2H4, ifomula lesihlanu irowu pentene - C5H10, decene yeshumi - C10H20.

Athomu carbon kulezi izinto ebukhoneni isibopho double esimweni hybridization sp², ngaleyo ndlela, i-engeli Valence we ukwakheka kwama-molecule kuyinto 120 °. I alkene elula ethylene unesimo esifana ifomula C2H4. uchungechunge Homologous ka alkenes nokubonakalisa amagama abo, okuyinto akhiwa kwalokho esihambelanayo Isiqalo.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukulungiswa alkenes kunqunywa ngokuphelele yawo yamakhemikhali izakhiwo kanye nezici. Ngokwesibonelo, labo ezithinta zama-athomu amabili carbon zokuhlanganisa ukudala isomers. Ngakho kukhona iphethini owakhiwa iqiniso lokuthi ezinkudlwana-athomu carbon equkethwe alkene ethize, kulapho uyakwazi ukwakha isomers.

Izakhiwo zanoma lezi zakhi futhi kuncike isikhundla ochungechungeni homologous. Ngokwesibonelo, encibilika iphuzu, abilayo iphuzu kanye kwabantu ngoba ethylene kuthiwa ngokulandelana -169,1, -103,7 futhi 0,5700. Amapharamitha efanayo ekhulwini lesishiyagalombili ochungechungeni alkene - octene - bayalingana, ngokulandelana, -101,7, -121,3 futhi 0,7140.

Okokuqala ukuthola alkenes senzeka ngo 1669 lapho umthaki wemithi waseJalimane noBhekere wammisa ngu umthelela sulfuric acid ku utshwala. Ngalesi sikhathi usosayensi akakwazanga ukukhomba igesi sasikhipha, ngakho akamnikelanga igama, futhi ibizwa ngokuthi nje "emoyeni." Kamuva, "emoyeni noBhekere" in ncamashi ngendlela efanayo, futhi wathola Dutch Deyman Potts Van Troostvik e 1795. Lesi sikhathi, ososayensi baye wachaza ngokuningiliziwe izindlela zabo kulungiselelwa alkenes, ubanikeze igama elehlukile - ". Igesi maslorodny" Leli gama wazalwa ngoba, ngesikhathi yokusabela chlorine ukwakha uketshezi oily, kuphela kamuva esabizwa ngokuthi dichloroethane wemithi kusukela France Antuanom Furkrua.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka eledlule kaJ Gay-Lussac wathola ukuthi i-ethanol kuhlanganisa, ngaphezu langempela "maslorodnogo" igesi namanzi ama-molecule.

J. Dumas futhi P. Bull ngo-1928 wavula ukuthola alkenes kusukela ETHYL chloride. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi isikhathi eside kakhulu, osokhemisi ayikwazanga kahle ukubhala formula kwakwakhe. Kuphela 1848 ugunda baholela ukuba ethylene futhi iqoshwe njengoba S4N4.

Emvelweni, kukhona cishe akukho alkenes. Ethylene omele elula yochungechunge homologous, kuyinto ifomu le-hormone kwezinye izitshalo.

alkenes Lower ziyingozi futhi kungaba e lokuhlala eliphezulu kubangele nomphumela kwezidakamizwa. Endabeni ka ukungenisa alkenes ephakeme kungabonakala nasemkhakheni Ukudlikizela futhi umgudu edema.

Ubukhulu , isisindo yamangqamuzana inquma abilayo futhi encibilika lezi zakhi futhi yabo isimo uquqaba. Alkenes ngokulandelana ukusuka kweyokuthoma ukuya wesine ochungechungeni - umoya ovela eyesihlanu nesikhombisa athathe isimo woketshezi, olandelayo - ukudla okuqinile. Ngaphandle kokukhetha, zonke alkenes akuzona oncibilikayo emanzini kodwa kahle oncibilikayo ezihogelwayo.

Ngaphansi kwezimo zamanje, kunezindlela eziningi ezahlukene ukukhiqiza alkenes. Ngakho, ukuze Izindlela alkenes esikhiqiza, faka umkhakha mikhuba.

Indlela eyisisekelo izinga lokushisa eliphezulu okhanda amanye amathuba kwemifantu inqubo okubandakanya igesi yemvelo kanye hydrocarbon compounds eziqukethwe kawoyela ongahluziwe. Maqondana ne-ephansi, kungenzeka ukusebenzisa indlela futhi le amanzi emzimbeni ka alcohols.

I-laboratories futhi usebenzise le ndlela, kodwa lapha ukusabela uqhutshwa khona acid eqinile nazo asetshenziswa izindlela Kuhlanganisa Hoffmann kanye Chugaeva. Ukuze uthole ezinye izindlela Kuhlanganisa ukuphendula zihlanganisa Burda, okuyinto nokuqedwa uxhumano lokudlulisa.

Alkenes nalolo impahla eluhlaza for zamakhemikhali umkhakha, asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza oluningi zamakhemikhali. Ngakho ukuthola alkenes kuyinto isiqondiso esibalulekile yentuthuko promyschlennosti chemical kuwo wonke amazwe anezimboni.