Pyramidal motor endleleni. Izimpawu zalesi indlela pyramidal

Ubuchopho bethu - a mnogokompleksnaya uhlelo esiyingqayizivele elawula kokubili sezinzwa futhi vestibular apharathasi, ukunyakaza, ukucabanga, ukukhuluma, ukubona nokuningi.

Lesi sihloko sizosisiza ukukhuluma ngendlela ingqondo elawula ukunyakaza yokuzithandela futhi okungalindelekile. Futhi ziyini kwezinso zezinzwa elihlobene ne umonakalo ohlelweni pyramidal zobuchopho.

Pyramidal futhi indlela extrapyramidal

uhlelo Pyramidal siqukethe pyramidal futhi izindlela extrapyramidal. Uyini umehluko? indlela Pyramidal, noma ukugeleza pyramidalis, - it is a indlela ukuthi lebhokisi izinzwa we- cortex obhekene motor umsebenzi, kanye nuclei we umnyango umgogodla nezinzwa cranial. Umsebenzi wakhe - ukulawula yokuzithandela imisipha ukunyakaza, edlulisa emaphakathi amasignali isimiso sezinzwa emzimbeni. Kodwa extrapyramidal, ilawula ingqondo equlekile ekhondishina ilungu elithile lomzimba wethu. Kuyinto lasendulo ezingasho isakhiwo ezijulile ebuchosheni, futhi amasignali yayo awaveli ingqondo.

Extrapyramidal futhi pyramidal - indlela nomfula. A ekuphumeni izindlela main obhekene yokudlulisa ulwazi ukwaziswa okulethwa yizinzwa ebuchosheni. Lezi zihlanganisa: Lateral umgogodla endleleni thalamic ehola cerebellar umgogodla futhi posterior cerebellar umgogodla.

indlela Pyramidal zobuchopho. isakhiwo

Basuke ihlukaniswe 2 izinhlobo: i cortico-umgogodla futhi cortical-izikhali zenuzi. Intambo Cortico-umgogodla unesibopho ukuhamba ibhuthi, amehlo cortico-zenuzi Izilawuli imisipha yobuso nokugwinya.

Kanjani cortico-umgogodla pyramidal indlela? Iqala indlela ngogesi cortex cerebral - endaweni ukuthi unesibopho nomsebenzi ephakeme engqondo ukwazi. Amagxolo siqukethe ngokuphelele oxhumene amanethiwekhi kwemizwa. Abangaphezu kwesigidi esingu-14 izinzwa basuke bagxila koqweqwe.

Imininingwane Hemispheric isabalaliswe ngendlela yokuthi konke kumayelana umsebenzi wemikhawulo aphansi, itholakala engxenyeni engenhla, nokuthi, njengoba kuya phezulu, kunalokho, in the izakhiwo aphansi.

Wonke amasignali kusukela izingxenye engenhla nengezansi koqweqwe lubuthwa futhi adluliselwe ku-capsule yangaphakathi. Khona-ke, ngokusebenzisa ubuchopho obuphakathi futhi ngokusebenzisa ingxenye maphakathi ugongolo ibhuloho aphuthelwe yezinzwa mbhoshongo medulla.

Lapha kukhona ekhelini: ingxenye enkulu le micu (80%) kuya kolunye uhlangothi lomzimba yakha pathway lateral cerebrospinal. Lezi amagatsha "inhlamvu" motoneurons, okungase adlulisele amasignali ungenwa noma imisipha kakade ngqo. Ingxenye ezincane lenqwaba fibre (20%) motoneurons innervate "siqu" ohlangothini.

Cortico-zenuzi pyramidal endleleni ekuqaleni udabula izakhiwo ubuchopho efanayo "umlingani" yakhe, kodwa kwenza Ukunqamula usuvele ubuchopho obuphakathi futhi uya izinzwa ebusweni.

izici yokwakheka ukuthi zibalulekile ukuze kuhlonzwe

indlela Pyramidal inezici ezithile yokulandelana kwayo ngokohlu, okuyinto ngeke zinganakwa lapho kubalulekile ukuthola kwasendaweni zokugula. Siyini isidingo esithile ukwazi?

1. Ingxenye yezinzwa indlela corticospinal kuka esiphambanweni lateral phezu njengokuyigugu, ngisho nasezigabeni commissure ezimhlophe engu- we umgogodla intambo ingxenye, lapho uphela.
2. Iningi imisipha nomzimba kulawulwa ababili ama- zobuchopho. Lena Ukuvikelwa ezibalulekile. Uma kwenzeka sohlangothi noma unhlangothi yalezo ziguli uxilongwe "hemiplegia" singalondoloza umzimba uqonde.
3. I Imicu yotshani ubuchopho ibhuloho endaweni izindlela corticospinal zihlukaniswe nezinye Imicu yotshani - indlela cerebellar. imishayo ahlukaniswe hamba kusuka kwebhuloho. Kule ndaba, ukunyakaza ukuphazamiseka kwempilo okuthile ngokuvamile zihlakazeke. Nakuba focus sokugembula kungaba eyodwa.

Izimpawu zalesi indlela pyramidal ngezinye izikhathi bha, njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni ka-ukukhubazeka yezingalo nemilenze ephansi, isibonelo. Kodwa ngesinye isikhathi lokho kunzima ukuthola imbangela. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela isandla semfene amancane motor amakhono nize kudokotela.

izimpawu umonakalo. amazinga

ukubonakaliswa Clinical ukwephulwa conductive pyramidal indlela zincike kahle hle ukuthi yiziphi umnyango kukhona umonakalo izinzwa. Zikhona amazinga eziningana umonakalo motor umsebenzi ovela ukukhubazeka okuphelele iziyaluyalu kuqhathaniswa evumayo.

Ngakho, Neurology ikhomba amazinga ezilandelayo nolokubhujiswa pyramidal indlela:

1. Central monoparesis (ukukhubazeka). Ukwephulwa asezindaweni cortex cerebral (kwesobunxele noma kwesokudla).
2. hemiparesis Central. I capsule kwangaphakathi njengoba yayinjalo.
3. Abahlukahlukene kushintshana hemiplegia - Endaweni ethintekile stem ingqondo.
4. ukukhubazeka nemilenze. Omunye izindophi ohlangothini emgogodleni.

ukukhubazeka Central nobuchopho ilimaze capsule futhi cerebral hemispheres libhekene yokuthi umsebenzi imisipha sinqamukile ngakolunye uhlangothi isihlobo umzimba endaweni lesion. Phela, isimiso sezinzwa isebenza ukweqa pyramidal indlela. Okungukuthi, le micu ukuthuthela eceleni noma lateral indlela umgogodla. Esikhathini umdwebo lula kubonisa ukuthi indlela pyramidal, umumo womzimba eye okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla, kwenza Ukunqamula bese sidlulela.

Uma umonakalo umgogodla intambo lateral kwesigaba iphazamiseke imisipha ohlangothini olufanayo, lapho umonakalo.

Neuropathology. ukukhubazeka neuropathy emaphakathi

Yezinzwa ngaphansi ngesibonakhulu like izintambo. Umsebenzi wabo ibaluleke kakhulu emzimbeni. Uma ihlukumeza conductivity, imisipha kwezinye izindawo zomzimba ngeke bakwazi ukuthola amasignali e-ingxenye ethile yochungechunge sezinzwa. Lokhu kuzokwenza kubangele ukukhubazeka. Ukukhubazeka ihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili: emaphakathi kanye neuropathy.

Uma i- omunye emaphakathi motor izinzwa e-"inethiwekhi", kukhona ukukhubazeka emaphakathi. Futhi lapho inkinga nge-peripheral motor nerve ukukhubazeka kuyinto neuropathy.

Lapho udokotela ukukhubazeka flaccid uyaphawula ukwehla imisipha iphimbo kanye nokwehla oqinile yemisipha. ikhaliphe umsipha uzophinde kungancipha noma zinyamalale ngokuphelele.

Kuhlukile ngesikhathi ukukhubazeka emaphakathi. Khona-ke kukhona hyperreflexia, kukhuphuke imisipha ithoni, ngezinye izikhathi kunezindlela contractures.

esingamahlalakhona Pyramidal e izinsana. izizathu

Izimpawu motor ukungakhuli e ingane Uyi ukudikiza eziyinqaba, noma kukuhambele ehlukile kunamanye izingane - ku tiptoe; noma azilungile kulungiselelwa stop. Izizathu zalokhu isimo ingane kungaba:

• nokungathuthuki yobuchopho (umgogodla noma ubuchopho);
• sokuzalwa umuntu elimele, uma elimele parietal Lobe zobuchopho noma stem ubuchopho, ukuhlukumeza endleleni pyramidal nakanjani ngeke;
• izifo lezinceku isimiso sezinzwa.
• hypoxia;
• ukopha cerebral ngemva kokubeletha;
• izifo, ezifana meningitis noma arachnoiditis.

Ukwelashelwa omdala izidakamizwa ngokuya. Kodwa izingane kungcono kakhulu ukusebenzisa izindlela ezifana ukwelashwa ngokomzimba, massage and amavithamini. Uma kungekho ithumba ebuchosheni noma ezinye kungadaleka ingozi embi kakhulu, onyakeni wokuqala wokuphila liyathuthuka.

Paresthesia futhi myoclonus

Ukwephula yomgogodla wesibeletho kuholela paresthesia. Lokhu peripheral libhekene thuthuva sezinzwa. Umuntu yezimanga musa ukhohlwe isikhumba ukuzwela noma umuzwa ukushoshozela emzimbeni. Paresthesia iphathwa ngosizo ukutshopa, ukwelashwa ibhukwana noma Physiotherapy. Futhi-ke, udinga ukususa imbangela peripheral.

Elinye ipheshana ukunqotshwa pyramidal, futhi ngenxa yalokho, motor umsebenzi - kuyinto myoclonus - jerking okungalindelekile.

Myoclonus zitholakala ngezinhlobonhlobo eziningana:

• ukusikwa myoclonic ngamaqembu ahlukene imisipha Rhythmic;
• velopalatinnye ukunciphisa - Ukwehliswa okungazelelwe ulimi arrhythmic, noma umphimbo;
• myoclonus postural;
• cortical;
• myoclonus ekuphenduleni motor umsebenzi (abasubathi).

Myoclonus, noma myoclonus cortical - isifo emsipheni endleleni conductive okubangelwa ukuphazamiseka ezindaweni motor zobuchopho. Okusho ukuthi, ekuqaleni endleleni pyramidal. Uma "ukwehluleka" cortex, izimpawu imisipha ukufinyelela kakade uhlanekezelwe.

Nokho kubangela motor thuthuva pyramidal indlela kungase kube kuntuleka i-magnesium, kanye nokucindezeleka psycho-ngokomzwelo noma ngokomzimba, kanye nezinye izinto eziningi. Ngakho-ke, uphethwe abeke udokotela emva kokuhlola i-MRI.

Ukuhlonza Ukugula iziyaluyalu

Projection phansi kuyinto indlela pyramidal, Enyuka okufanayo ingenye okuhambisa amasignali ngomzimba ukuze emgogodleni we CNS. Falling, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, it okuhambisa amasignali kuya izinzwa ingqondo.

Ukuhlola ukuthi yimaphi ama uhlelo kuthintwa futhi wabahlulela ngezinga elingakanani, isazi sezinzwa ngesikhathi inhlolovo ihlola iqoqo imingcele ephathelene kanye nemisipha, nezihlanganiso, futhi izinzwa ikhaliphe.

Neurologist uqhuba lezo zinqubo zokuxilonga:

• ihlola uhla motion wonke amalunga;
• hlola ikhaliphe ezijulile, ngifuna, kungakhathaliseki ikhaliphe sokugembula ;
• eqinisekisa ukuthi konke emsipheni ebusweni;
• Kukala conductivity kagesi kwemisipha, nekhono oyizalayo;
• ihlola amandla kwemisipha;
• futhi unesibopho ukubheka ukuthi kukhona sokugembula Kufinyeta clonic.

Lapho isazi sezinzwa uhlola ububanzi motion, uqala uhlole kuqala emalungeni emikhulu, bese ihlola nokuhlawuliswa. Okungukuthi, kuqala ahlole ngokuhlanganyela ehlombe ke endololwaneni futhi esihlakaleni.

Ukunqotshwa kwe-indlela cortico-zenuzi

indlela Pyramidal kuyisisekelo konke ukunyakaza komzimba, hhayi kuphela imisipha, kodwa futhi ubuso. I axons of ebusweni Izinzwa adlulisele amasignali ezahlukene imisipha. Cabanga imininingwane. core motoneurons Dual imisipha innervate we pharynx, amalaka, ulwanga elithambile, ngisho imisipha emphinjeni engenhla. Motoneurons we emsipheni trigeminal unesibopho umsebenzi ezinye izicubu masticatory nalabo upha isitshengiselo ukuze wehlise eardrum. Hlukanisa Izinzwa ukunciphisa imisipha yobuso lapho thina smile noma uhwaqabale. Lokhu izinzwa zilingise. Elinye iqembu imisipha obhekene ukuhamba emehlweni nezinkophe.

okuholela namangqamuzana ezinzwa ukunqotshwa ubonakale "ongaphansi" imisipha kuye. Lomgomo kusekelwe wonke pyramidal endleleni. Neurology emsipheni ebusweni kuholela nemiphumela ebuhlungu kakhulu. Nokho, ukuhamba zamehlo nokugwinya ngokuvamile agcinwe.

Kuhle kokusho ukuthi ekuvaleni isamba imisipha yobuso ukulawula ingxenye yobuchopho kwenzeka kuphela uma uyoshaywa futhi sokunene nesobunxele Nenkabazwe. izinzwa Iningi ebusweni zilawulwa ilungelo, kanye imisipha isiqu. Sohlangothi olulodwa sawela Imicu yotshani utholwa kuphela engxenyeni engezansi ebusweni, okungukuthi nemisipha yolimi kanye umhlathi ongezansi.

Ukunqotshwa kwe-ezindaweni motor cortex cerebral

Lapho ngenxa ukuhlukumezeka motor ezilimele endaweni cortex ka omunye ama-, umuntu paralyzes uhlangothi. Lapho ezilimele zombili ama-, ukukhubazeka zamazwe amabili. Uma lezi zikhungo uhlangabezana injabulo, kubangelwa Ukudlikizela wendawo noma enkabeni yedolobha. ukuquleka njalo kungase kubonise ukuthuthukiswa isithuthwane.

Izimpawu zalesi indlela pyramidal ezingeni stem ingqondo

Njengoba ezingeni stem ubuchopho (medulla futhi Pons) kwenzeka Ukunqamula endwangwini, lapho kokunqotshwa zalezi zakhiwo gamiplaziya seziyenzeka kakade ngakolunye uhlangothi emzimbeni. Lokhu uphawu libizwa kushintshana ukukhubazeka.

indlela Pyramidal luyisisekelo emihle motor amakhono. Uma ngisho kancane ezilimele ubuchopho stem, ahlupheke ukunyakaza encane iminwe.

Kukhona syndromes eziningi ezahlukene, ngokucacile futhi ngokuningiliziwe echaza ukwephulwa ezithinta umsebenzi owawenziwa indlela pyramidal: Avellisa syndromes, Schmidt, Wallenberg-Zakharchenko nabanye. Izimpawu lezi syndromes dokotela ongasenza ngokuvamile ukucacisa indawo esiqondile kokunikezwa kwe-indlela conductive ukuze cwaningo.