Ukudala kanye biography of Shillera Fridriha

I-classic eyaziwayo emhlabeni jikelele yezincwadi zomhlaba nguFriedrich Schiller. I-biography yakhe nomsebenzi wakhe wembula ubuntu bomhlubuki, indoda engazicabangi ngesikhathi sokungabi namthetho kwendawo yonke impahla yekosi yama-feudal. Impilo yakhe yokuphila yahlaba umxhwele ngisho nomuntu okhulu kakhulu, njengoba sizoxoxa kamuva. Ukuphila kombongi kanye nomdlali wezemidlalo uqobo kufana nomdlalo wesigameko, lapho iTalent ihlushwa khona ukucwaswa, ubumpofu kanye nempumelelo.

Abantu baseYurophu bakhethe iculo le-European Union ngokuthi "Ode to Joy". Beka umculo nguLudwig van Beethoven, wayezwakala ehloniphekile.

Ubuhlakani balo muntu buzibonakalise bukhulu: imbongi, umdlali wezemidlalo, u-theorist wezobuciko, umlindi wamalungelo abantu.

Wazalwa hhayi mahhala

Ngesikhathi uSchiller Friedrich ezalwa, isisetshenziswa sasisasebenza eJalimane.

Izihloko zamakhosi angama-feudal azikwazanga ukuhamba ngaphezu kwemingcele yezinto zabo ze-suzerain. Futhi uma kwenzeka lokho, ababaleki babuyiselwe ngamandla. Isihloko asikwazanga ukuguqula ubuciko bakhe, lapho "ayebanjwe" yinkosi yamakhosi, angashadi ngaphandle kwemvume yenkosi yakhe. Esimweni esinjalo sezomthetho esasihlwa ebusuku, esasifana nesikhumba sensimbi, kwakunguFriedrich Schiller.

Waba ngumdala, hhayi, hhayi ngenxa yomphakathi wakhe wanamuhla waseJalimane, kodwa naphezu kwalokho. UFriedrich, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, wakwazi ukungena ethempelini lezobuciko ngasemnyango, wavala kuye ngombuso onemivuzo ye-Middle Ages.

Ngo-1807 kuphela (uSchiller wafa ngo-1805), iPrussia yaqeda isisetshenziswa.

Abazali

I-biography kaSchiller iqala eWürttemberg Duchy (edolobheni laseMarbach-on-Neckar), lapho azalwa khona ngo-10.11.1759 emndenini wesiphathimandla, umsizi wesimiso uJohn Caspar Schiller. Unina wesibongo sesikhathi esizayo wasuka emndenini wabamakhemisi nabaninikhaya. Igama lakhe kwakungu-Elizabeth Dorothea Code. Ekhaya labazali bakhe, kwakunomqondo wobumpofu obuhlanzekile, obunembile nobuhlakani.

Ubaba nomama kaJohn Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (yilo igama eligcwele le-classics) babenokholo kakhulu futhi ngomoya ofanayo wakhuphula izingane. UPapa wendlovu ezayo, owayevela emndenini wewayini wezilwane, wayenelungelo lokuthola imfundo yezokwelapha. Waba yisikhulu nenkosi yakhe, indoda ehlakaniphile, kodwa hhayi mahhala. Washintsha indawo yakhe yokuhlala, isikhundla, ngokulandela intando yenkosi yakhe.

Imfundo:

Lapho umfana eneminyaka emihlanu, umndeni wathuthela edolobheni elifanayo leLorch. Ubaba wakhe wayesekhona njengomqashi oqashwe ngokusemthethweni. Kwaphela iminyaka emithathu isonto likaFriedrich lokuqala kanye nemfundo yokusiza abantu lanikezwa nguMfundisi Lorch, indoda enomusa eyakwazi ukuthakazelisa umfana ngesiLatini, isiGerman kanye nekatekism.

Lapho uSchiller oneminyaka engu-7 ehambisa nomndeni wakhe eLudwigsburg, wakwazi ukufunda esikoleni saseLatini. Lapho eneminyaka engama-23, insizwa efundisiwe yahamba ngokuqinisekiswa (ilungelo lokuthola isidlo). Ekuqaleni wayephupha ekubeni ngumfundisi, elandela ukukhathazeka kwabafundisi bakhe.

Isiphephelo se-feudal

I-biography kaSchiller ebusheni bakhe yaba yinkinga yokuhlupheka ngenxa yokuhluleka kwentando kaDuke waseWürttemberg. Wala uSerf wakhe ukuba atadishe esikoleni sempi sezomthetho njengommeli. USchiller akakwazanga ukuphila impilo engavamile, wayengaziqondi izifundo. Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, le nsizwa yileyokugcina ekubalweni kweqembu labangane abangu-18.

Ngo-1776, wathuthela esikhungweni sezokwelapha, lapho izifundo zakhe zimthanda khona. Kodwa ekufundiseni imithi wayethandwa yizifundo ezilandelayo - ifilosofi, izincwadi. Ngo-1777, iphephabhuku elihloniphekile lamaJeremane IziKronike lashicilela ukubunjwa kokuqala kwe-Schiller osemusha, i-ode ethi "The Conqueror", ebhalwe ngokulingisa imbongi oyithandayo uFriedrich Klopshtok.

I-biography ka-Schiller, ngale ndlela elandela kusukela ngenhla, akuyona indaba "enkulu". Umfana ongazange ahambisane nomyalelo wokuba ummeli wayethandi umlawuli wombusi. Uthando lwakhe oneminyaka engu-29 ubudala we-Academy wathola isikhundla esisodwa sokudokotela wezemvelo, ngaphandle kwesigaba sezikhulu. U-Despot wacabanga ukuthi wakwazi ukuphula impilo yendoda ehlazekile, kodwa uFriedrich Schiller wayesevele ezwa amandla athalenta yakhe ngaleso sikhathi.

Ithenda ikhombisa

Umdlali we-playwright oneminyaka engu-32 ubudala wabhala umdlalo othi "The Robbers". Akekho ummemezeli ovela eStuttgart ozibophezela ukuphrinta umsebenzi omkhulu kangaka wesigqila, ngokwesaba ukungqubuzana noMbusi onamandla onke waseWürttemberg. Ukuphikelela, ezimemezela emphakathini, yanyatheliswa nguFriedrich Schiller ngokwakhe. I-biography yakhe njenge-playwright iqala ngalo msebenzi.

Isihloko esingathandeki, owashicilela idrama ethi "The Robbers" ngezindleko zakhe, wayenqobile. Futhi iFate yathumela isipho. Umngane womthengisi wamletha ndawonye no-art connoisseur uBaron von Dahlberg, umqhubi we-Mayngem ohola phambili. Idrama ngemuva kokuhlelwa okuncane ibe yinto evelele yenkathi elandelayo yezemidlalo ePrussia!

Umbhali uhlanganisa isibindi, ukhuluma nge talent. Ngesikhathi esifanayo uSchiller ushicilela iqoqo lakhe lokuqala lezinkondlo "Anthology for 1782". Kubonakala sengathi ufinyelela noma yikuphi ukuphakama! Ufuna ukuncintisana esikoleni sabakwaS Swabian neGotthald Steidlin, owayekade ekhulula "Iqoqo leMus." Ukuze anikeze isithombe sehlazo eqoqweni lakhe, imbongi ibonisa indawo yokushicilelwa kwedolobha laseTobolsk.

Ukuhlukunyezwa nokuphunyuka

I-biography ka-Schiller ngaleso sikhathi yabhalwa indiza yokuya e-county of Palatinate. Kulesi sinyathelo esiyingozi, wanquma ngo-22.09.1782 kanye nomngane wakhe uSticher, umculi nomculi. UMbusi waseWürttemberg wayengenakunyakaziswa ngesifiso sakhe sokuguqula i-classic yesikhathi esizayo ibe yisisebenzi sombuso.

USchiller ugwetshwe amasonto amabili endlini yokulinda ngoba ushiye leli bandla ukuze eze emnyangweni wezinkundla zeThe Robbers. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wayenqatshelwe ukubhala.

Abangane babengekho ngaphandle kwesaba besaba yizinkolelo zeArchduke. U-Schiller ushintshe igama lakhe ku-Schmidt. Ngakho-ke, bahlala ngaphandle komuzi waseMannheim, kodwa endaweni yokucwaninga "Hunting Lodge" yedolobhana lase-Oggersheim.

USchiller uthembele ukuthola umdlalo omusha obhaliwe, i-Conspiracy of Fiesco eGenoa. Kodwa-ke, imali yayinzima kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esempofu, waphoqeleka ukuba acele usizo oluvela kuHenrieta von Valcogen. Ngomusa wavumela i-playwright ukuba ihlale endaweni yayo engabonwayo.

Ukuphila ngaphansi kwegama elingamanga

Kusukela ngo-1782 kuya ku-1783, uMnu .. wafihla umnikazi wezakhiwo ngaphasi kwegama elenziwe nguDkt. Ritter Friedrich Schiller. I-biography yakhe kule nkathi ichazwa ngokuphila komuntu okhishiwe, owakhetha ingozi ukuze akwazi ukuthuthukisa ithalenta lakhe. Uhlola umlando futhi ubhale imidlalo "Louise Miller" no "The Conspiracy of Fiesco eGene". Ngesikweletu somngane wakhe, u-Andrew Streicher, wenza imizamo emikhulu kumqondisi weMannheim Theater, uBaron von Dahlberg, wakhuluma ngomsebenzi womngani. USchiller wabhalela ibhononi ngemidlalo yakhe entsha, futhi uyavuma ukuzibeka!

Phakathi nalesi sikhathi (1983) le ndawo ivakashelwe nguHenrieta von Valcogen nendodakazi yakhe encane uCharlotte. U-Schiller uthandana nentombazane futhi ucela umama imvume yokumshada naye, kodwa uyanqatshwa ngenxa yobumpofu bakhe. Wathuthela eManheim ukuze alungise imisebenzi yakhe yokukhiqiza.

Ukuthola inkululeko. Ukuthola isikhundla esimisiwe

Uma umdlalo othi "I-Conspiracy of Fiesco e-Genoa" yenzeke esiteji seMannheim Theater njengendlela yokukhiqiza ejwayelekile, "uLouise Miller" (obizwa ngokuthi "Ubuqili Nothando") uletha impumelelo enkulu. Ngo-1784, uSchiller wajoyina umphakathi waseJalimane, ngenkathi ethola ilungelo lokubhalisa isimo sakhe, waba isihloko sePalatine, futhi ekugcineni udweba umugqa ngaphansi kokushushiswa kwe-Archduke.

Yena, onombono wakhe ekuthuthukisweni kwezemidlalo yaseJalimane, uhlonishwa njengendlalifa yokudlala edumile. Ubhala umsebenzi wakhe "Itheyetha - indawo yokuziphatha," eyaba yinto ejwayelekile.

Ngokushesha, uSchiller uqala ukuthandana nomfazi oshadile uCharlotte von Kalb. Umlobi othembele ekufundisweni kwemvelo wayehola indlela yokuphila yama-bohemian. Umlobi osemusha wayebheka le ndoda njengengcindezi yakhe elandelayo ekulandeleni kokunqoba kwabesifazane.

Wethula uSchiller kuDarmstadt no-Archduke Karl Augustus. Kuye, i-playwright ufunde isenzo sokuqala somdlalo othi "Don Carlos". Emangalisa futhi ehlonishwa ithalenta yombhali, ubukhulu bunikeza umlobi isikhundla someluleki. Lokhu kunikeze i-playwright isimo sesimo senhlalo, asisekho. Nokho, lokhu akuzange kushintshe impilo yakhe.

Ngokushesha, izingxabano zikaSchiller futhi ziqeda inkontileka nomqondisi we-Mannheim Theatre. Uyabheka umlobi wezinto zakhe ezithintekayo ezithembele ekuthandweni kwakhe nangemali yakhe, ezama ukucindezela uSchiller.

I-Leipzig yamukela imbongi eyinqaba

Noma kunjalo uFriedrich Schiller wahlala enganeliseki ekuphileni. I-biography yakhe akuyona okokuqala ukulungiselela ukushaya empilweni yakhe. Ngenxa yobumpofu, uMargarita Schwan, indodakazi yomthengisi wenkantolo, wenqaba ukumshada. Nokho, maduzane impilo yakhe iyashintsha ukuze ibe ngcono. ELeipzig, umsebenzi wakhe waziswa.

Isikhathi eside umculi wezokudlala uhambele kabi abalandeli bomsebenzi wakhe, ehlelwe emphakathini ogijimelwa uGottfried Kerner. Wanikezelwa ngokweqile (akazange aphinde akhokhe isikweleti sama-guilders angama-200 ashicilelwe ukushicilelwa "Abaphangi"), umbhali waphendukela kubabongi bakhe ngesicelo sosizo lwezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ngokushesha wathola imali evela eLeipzig edingekayo ukuze akhokhe izikweletu zakhe futhi athuthele lapho ehlonishwa khona. Ubuhlobo noGottfried Kerner baxhumeka ekilasini konke ukuphila kwakhe konke.

17.04.1785 Shiller ufika edolobheni lokungenisa izihambi.

Ngalesi sikhathi, i-classic iyawa okwesithathu, kodwa futhi ayiphumelelanga: UMargarita Schwan uyamphika. Abashiya ekudumeni okumnyama kwama-classic bawuthonyelwa ngokuzuzwa ngumzuzi wakhe, uGottfried Kerner. Udikibala umngane womlingani wokuzibulala, kuqala ukumemela uFrederick emshadweni wakhe noMine Stock.

Wafudumala ubungane futhi wasinda enkingeni enkulu engokomoya, wabhala i-ode elimangalisayo "Injabulo" nguF. Schiller ngomshado womngane wakhe.

I-biography yomlobi oye waxazulula isimemo seKernner efanayo emzaneni waseLoshwitz, eduze noDresden, ibhalwe ngemisebenzi emangalisayo: "I-Philosophical Letters", idrama elithi "Misanthrope", idrama eguquliwe "Don Carlos". Ngokukhiqiza ukudala lesi sikhathi sikhumbuza ekwindla kaBoldinsky yePushkin.

I-Schiller iba idumile. Umdlali wezemidlalo ulahla isiphakamiso esivela ku-Theater Theater ukubeka imidlalo yakhe. Izinkumbulo ezinhle kakhulu zobunzima ngokubambisana kanye nokuphumula ne-Mannheim Theater.

Isikhathi se-Weimar: ukuhamba kokusungula. Isifo sofuba

Ngo-21.08.1787 weza kuWeimar ngesimemo somlobi uChristoph Wiland. Uhamba nenkosikazi, umngane omdala, uCharlotte von Kalb. Njengoba ehlangene emphakathini ophakeme, wethula uSchiller kubalobi abahola phambili baseJalimane uJohn Herder noMartin Wieland.

Umlobi uqala ukushicilela lo magazini "Thalia", ephrintiwe "eJalimane iMercury". Lapha, cishe iminyaka eyishumi, uhamba ekuhlakanipheni, uthatha ukuzifunda emkhakheni womlando. Ukwaziswa kwakhe kuyakwazisa kakhulu, futhi ngo-1788 waba nguprofesa eNyuvesi yaseJena.

Ukhuluma emlandweni wezwe kanye nezinkondlo, ihumusha i- "Aeneid" Virgil. USchiller uthola umholo wama-talenta angu-200 ngonyaka. Lokhu kuyinzuzo encane kakhulu, kodwa kumvumela ukuba ahlele ikusasa lakhe.

Umbongi uzimisele ukuhlomisa impilo yakhe futhi ushade noCharlotte von Lengefeld. Kodwa eminyakeni emine kamuva, isiphetho silungiselela ukuhlolwa okusha: ukukhuluma ezithameli ezibandayo nokuthola inkontileka kumfundi wakhe, unesifo sofuba, uFriedrich Schiller. Amaqiniso anesithakazelo ku-biography yakhe abonisa ubuhlungu, ubuqotho buntu. Izifo ziyaqeda umsebenzi wakhe wokufundisa, ama-rivets alala embhedeni, kodwa isikhathi esivame ukuzuza isibindi sabantu esithulile.

Isiteji esisha sesiphetho

Njengokungathi ngamandla amakhulu, abangane bayamsiza esikhathini esiyinkimbinkimbi. Ngisho namanje, lapho ukugula kukaSchiller kwaholela ekungenakwenzeka kokusebenza, umlobi waseDenmark uJens Baggens wanxusa iPrince Holstein no-Count Schimmelmann ukuba bakhethe abantu abavamile ukuba baphathe isibonelelo sezinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa.

Insimbi kanye nokusiza ngezezimali kuzokuphakamisa isiguli esilulayo ezinyaweni zakhe. Wayengakwazi ukufundisa, futhi umngane wakhe, umshicileli uJohn Kott wanikeza ithuba lokuthola. Ngokushesha uSchiller uqhubekela esiteji esisha sokudala. Uyamangala ngokuqala ngesenzakalo esibuhlungu: imbongi yabizwa ngubaba owayeshona, owayehlala eLudwigsburg ngaleso sikhathi.

Lo mcimbi kulindelwe: ubaba wayegula isikhathi eside futhi wayegula kakhulu. Ama-Classics, ngaphandle komsebenzi we-filial - ukutshela uyise, naye wakhuthaza ithuba lokumbamba futhi aduduze odadewabo nonina, ababengabonanga iminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye!

Mhlawumbe yingakho engazange ahambe naye, kodwa kanye nomkakhe, obesesikhundleni.

Ukuhlala ezweni lakubo, imbongi uthola ukuvuselela okungokomoya okukhulu - ukuthuthukisa ubuciko.

Inyanga nengxenye ngemuva kokungcwaba kukayise, wavakashela i-alma mater, esikoleni sempi. Wamangala kakhulu ukuthi wayengumfanekiso wabafundi. Bamhlangabeza ngentshiseko: phambi kwabo bema umlando - uSchiller Friedrich, inombolo yombongi 1 ePrussia. I-classic ethintekile ngemuva kwalolu hambo yabhala umsebenzi wakhe odumile othi "Izincwadi Zemfundo Ye-Aesthetic of Man".

ELudwigsburg izibulo lakhe lazalwa. Ekugcineni uyajabula. Kodwa uneminyaka engu-7 kuphela yokuphila ...

Isimbongi sabuyela edolobheni laseYen, sihlala esimweni sokukhula kokudala. Ithalenta lakhe elibonakalayo likhanya ngamandla avuselelwe! U-Schiller, ngemva kokutadisha okujulile komlando weminyaka eyishumi, inkolelo yezincwadi, i-aesthetics, iphinda ibuyele ezinkondlweni.

Wakwazi ukuheha wonke ama-poet best of Prussia ukuze bahlanganyele emagazini "Ory." Ngomnyaka ka-1795, emkhombeni wakhe, izinkondlo zefilosofi zanyatheliswa: "Dance", "Izinkondlo Zokuphila", "Hope", "Genius", "Ukuhlukaniswa Komhlaba."

Ukubambisana neGoethe

Phakathi kwezimbongi ezamenywa nguSchiller kumagazini othi "Ory" kwakunguJohn Wolfgang von Goethe. Imiphefumulo yabo yokudala yangena ku-resonance eyashukumisela ukudalwa kwamaparele amaningi angabalulekile kusukela emgodleni wezincwadi zesiJalimane ezindala zekhulu le-18.

Babenombono ofanayo wokubaluleka komnotho we-Great French Revolution, izindlela zokuthuthukisa izincwadi zesiJalimane, ukucubungula ubuciko besendulo. UGoethe noSchiller bagxeke ukwelashwa kwezincwadi zenkolo zanamuhla, ezombangazwe, ezokuzijabulisa nezokufihlakela. Ezincwadini zabo kwakubonisa ukuziphatha kwamaphutha nokuziphatha. Isimbongi esinobuhlakani obuningi, abakhetha ukuqondiswa kwabo ngokwabo, baqhudelana phakathi kwabo ekuthuthukiseni kwayo:

• Kusukela ngoDisemba 1795 - ukubhala ama-epigrams;
• Ngo-1797 - ekubhalweni kwe-ballads.

Izincwadi ezinobungane eziphakathi kukaGoethe noSchiller yisibonelo esihle kakhulu sobuciko be-epistolary.

Isigaba sokugcina sobuciko. Weimar

Ngo-1799 uFriedrich Schiller wabuyela ku-Weimar. Imisebenzi eyabhalwa nguGeethe yakhonza ukuthuthukiswa kwezemidlalo yaseJalimane. Zaba yisisekelo esiyinkimbinkimbi sokudalwa kwe-best theater yaseJalimane - Weimar.

Nokho, amandla kaSchiller aphelile. Ngo-1800 wagcwalisa ukubhala kwengoma yakhe ye-swan - inhlekelele "uMaria Stewart", ukwakheka kwemibono ejulile, ephumelelayo neyomphakathi emphakathini.

Ngo-1802, umbusi wasePrussia wathanda ukuhlonishwa kwezimbongi. Noma kunjalo uSchiller waphendula ngalokhu. Iminyaka yakhe ekhulile futhi evuthiwe yayigcwele ubunzima, futhi manje umhlonishwa osanda kwenziwa wenza sengathi wayefa. Wayefuna ukuba abantu benqaba isihloko esingenasidingo, kodwa wasamukela, ecabanga kuphela ngabantwana bakhe.

Wayevame ukugula, ahlushwa yi-pneumonia engapheli. Ngokumelene nalesi sizinda, isifo sofuba esamholela ekufeni okungakaze kube yileli talenta futhi eneminyaka engama-45 kwanyuka.

Isiphetho

Ihaba ukuthi amaJalimane walithanda izimbongi kuzo zonke izikhathi baye futhi ngeke Iogann Gete futhi Friedrich Schiller. Izithombe lesikhumbuzo wake isibonisi abangane bakho ababili abahlala Weimar, ijwayelekile zonke German. Ukuzinikela kwabo usizo kakhulu izincwadi: zabuna bemletha Indlela zobuntu obusha, kufinyeta imibono Enlightment, Romanticism kanye Classicism.