Solubility - Iyini?

Chemistry - isayensi ezithakazelisayo futhi kunalokho eziyinkimbinkimbi. imigomo yayo futhi imiqondo basibona singabantu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, futhi akuzenzakaleli ngaso sonke isikhathi, ukuthi zisithinta futhi yini ukuthi lichaza ukuthini. Omunye imiqondo le iyona solubility. Leli gama kabanzi imfundiso yokuziphendukela izixazululo, futhi ekuphileni kwansuku zonke sibhekana ukusetshenziswa kwalo ngoba sizungezwe lezi zixazululo efanayo. Kodwa kubalulekile kungasiko nokusetshenziswa kwegama elithi, njengoba labo imihlola ngokomzimba ukuthi limelela. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuqhubeka engxenyeni eyinhloko indaba yethu, ngokushesha phambili ku yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, lapho Svante Arrhenius futhi Wilhelm Ostwald zavela le imfundiso yokuziphendukela dissociation electrolytic.

indaba

Iqala ukutadisha izixazululo futhi solubility inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ngokomzimba of dissociation. Kuyinto elula ukuba baqonde Nokho, bakudala kakhulu futhi ingxenye kuphela amaphuzu uqondane ngokoqobo. Ingqikithi yalo mbono ukuthi solute ngokufaka isixazululo ubola ku izinhlayiya icala ngokuthi ama-ion. Lezi zinhlayiya futhi ukucacisa nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali yesixazululo futhi ezinye impahla yayo ngokomzimba, kuhlanganise conductivity kanye abilayo, ukuma futhi crystallization.

Nokho, i-eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma eziyinkimbinkimbi okuyinto sicabangele uhlelo njengoba isixazululo, lapho izinhlayiyana nihlanganyele kanye akha okuthiwa solvates - ion sizungezwe dipoles. Dipole - ngokuvamisile molecule hlangothi, okuyinto oppositely icala izingongolo. Dipole ngokuvamile molecule kuphela. Uma isixazululo, lo solute ancibilikisa ku ion futhi dipoles bakhangwa athomu oppositely icala, eyodwa ehlobene nabo ekugcineni, kanye nezinye imincintiswano - ngokulandelana nezinye oppositely icala maqondana ukuphela kwayo. etholwe Ngakho solvates futhi - molecule kuthiwa Unamekwe nge namanye amangqamuzana hlangothi.

Manje asikhulume okuncane mayelana ngokuyisisekelo le mibono ngokwayo, futhi sibheke ngokuseduze.

imfundiso yokuziphendukela izixazululo

Ukwakheka izinhlayiya ezinjalo zingachazwa ngezinqubo imihlola eziningi ezingeke echazwe usebenzisa theory classical izixazululo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi sokushisa kwemini ukuphendula siphela. Ngokombono kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela Arrhenius, kunzima ukusho ukuthi kungani noma usuhlakazekile sokuthi unesimo kwenye ukushisa ezingase zimuncwe futhi kukhishwa. Yebo, kukhona ukubhujiswa eheleni crystal futhi ngakho-ke, amandla owenziwe kanye Ikhambi Ngaleso noma selehlile noma ezikhishwe kwamazinyo ngenxa amandla ngokweqile izibopho zamakhemikhali. Kodwa ukuchaza akunakwenzeka, ngoba uhlala engaqondakali ukwehluleka indlela ngokombono theory classical. Uma theory isicelo isixazululo zamakhemikhali, kuba sobala ukuthi amangqamuzana kuphela e izimbotshana wedging grilles, ababhubhise ngaphakathi kwalo, kungathi ngaphandle "uthango" ion solvate igobolondo.

Esigabeni esilandelayo kwethulwa sizobheka ukuthi solubility futhi konke okuphathelene lesi silinganiso obonakala ulula futhi enembile.

Umqondo solubility

Intuitively kucace ukuthi solubility kubonisa kahle ukuthi into ziyoncibilika kuphela inikezwe. Nokho, ubunjalo solute siyazi ngokuvamile encane kakhulu. Kungani, isibonelo, wokulinganisa akuyona oncibilikayo emanzini futhi usawoti - kunalokho? Zonke ndaba kuyinto ngamandla izibopho ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni. Uma izibopho banamandla, kungenxa yalokhu, lalezi zinhlobo ayikwazi Nqamula ku-ion, kanjalo ukubhubhisa crystal. Ngakho uhlala zingaxazululeki.

Solubility - kuwuphawu ambalwa of ekuboniseni lokho ingxenyana solute kwenziwa ngendlela izinhlayiya solvated. Inani layo incike ubunjalo solute kanye kuphela. Solubility emanzini izinto ezahlukene zihlukile, kuye isibopho phakathi ama-athomu e-molecule. Izinto nge covalent izibopho babe solubility eliphansi kakhulu, kanti nge ionic - aphakeme.

Kodwa akulona njalo kungenzeka ukuba baqonde ukuthi ukubaluleka kwengosi kuba solubility enkulu futhi yini lincane. Ngakho-ke, esigabeni esilandelayo sizodingida ukuthi kusho ukuthini iyona solubility izinto ezahlukene emanzini.

ukuqhathanisa

Emvelweni, kukhona okuningi kumakhemikhali awuketshezi ketshezi. Okuningi ayisekho izinto okunye elingasebenza njengesibuko zakamuva phezu ukufinyelela kwezimo ezithile, ezifana isimo esithile wokuhlanganisa. Kuyacaca ukuthi uma idatha collect ku solubility komunye nomunye umbhangqwana ngamunye "ketshezi ziyoncibilika - kuphela" akwanele kulo lonke iphakade, ngoba kuvela inombolo enkulu inhlanganisela. Ngakho-ke, kwenzeka ukuthi emhlabeni kuphela jikelele kanye standard amanzi. Sakwenza lokho ngoba kuvamile kunalo lonke eMhlabeni.

Ngakho, etafuleni yamanzi solubility emakhulwini amaningi ezinkulungwane izinto ibilokhu iyawakha. Sonke silubonile, kodwa ifomu esifushane futhi kuyaqondakala. Amaseli we etafuleni aqoshwe izinhlamvu zimise izidakamizwa encibilikayo okungukuthi zingaxazululeki noma kancane oncibilikayo. Kodwa kukhona itafula ezikhethekile ngaphezulu kulabo sina uyaqonda chemistry. Kube umthwalo zezinombolo ukubaluleka wabonisa solubility e amagremu ilitha isixazululo ngasinye.

Manje ake sibheke ukuthi imfundiso yokuziphendukela into ezifana solubility.

solubility-chemistry

Kangakanani inqubo Ukuqedwa ngokwayo, siye sekuxoxiwe kulezi zingxenye odlule. Kodwa nakhu ukuthi, isibonelo, ukubhala konke ngesimo yokusabela? Konke ngakho ayilula kangako. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-Ukuqedwa ukusabela acid kwenzeka hydrogen ion nokuxhumana ngamanzi ukwakha hydronium ion, H ₃ O ^+. Ngakho, ngenxa HCl yokusabela ezothando kungaba:

HCl + H ₂ O = H ₃ O ⁺ Cl ^-

Solubility nosawoti, kuye isakhiwo sabo, njengoba kunqunywa yawo yamakhemikhali ukuphendula. ifomu wokugcina incike isakhiwo usawoti kanye nezibopho ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni elithwala yayo.

Thina esiphethweni kanjani ukurekhoda imidwebo the solubility nosawoti emanzini. Manje isikhathi sesifikile ukuba ukusetshenziswa esiwusizo.

isicelo

Uma uhlu ikakhulukazi ezimweni lapho lesi silinganiso kuyadingeka, akwanele iminyaka eyikhulu. Ngendlela ecashile, ngokusebenzisa ke ungakwazi ukubala nezinye amagugu ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu kwisifundo sanoma imuphi isixazululo. Ngaphandle-ke asikwazanga ukwazi emakamu esiqondile ketshezi, umsebenzi wayo akakwazi letichubekako tekuhlola kwekutsi izidakamizwa uyokwelapha noma ukubulala umuntu (ngisho amanzi angaphephile ukuphila in inqwaba).

Ngaphezu umkhakha chemical kanye nezobuchwepheshe, kuvisisa kutsi solubility kuyadingeka ngisho ekhaya. Ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa oyifunayo ukukhiqiza, uthi, isixazululo supersaturated into. Ngokwesibonelo, kubalulekile ukukhiqiza zinhlayiya usawoti lapho zenza umsebenzi wesikole ingane. Ukwazi solubility usawoti emanzini, singayeka kalula thola ukuthi kungakanani kuyadingeka ukugcwalisa esitsheni, uqala kwenze futhi ifomu zinhlayiya kusukela overabundance.

Ngaphambi kokuba ngiphethe uhambo lwethu olufushane ku chemistry, ake sixoxe ngalokho imiqondo ezimbalwa ezihlobene solubility.

Yini enye engingabuye ezithakazelisayo?

Ngokubona kwethu, uma usufinyelele kwesigaba, cishe kakade wayazi ukuthi solubility - akuyona nje ongaziwa chemical kobukhulu. Kuyinto isisekelo nezinye izinto eziningi. Phakathi kwabo: emakamu, umsebenzi, dissociation njalo, pH. Futhi lokhu akuyona uhlu oluphelele. Cishe usuke wezwa okungenani eyodwa yala mazwi. Ngaphandle lolu lwazi, ubunjalo izixazululo, ukutadisha okwaqala ngokubekwa nokuqedwa, asikwazi ukucabanga-chemistry yesimanje kanye physics. Yini physics? Ngezinye izikhathi i-physics futhi iphatha izixazululo, ukukala conductance sabo futhi usebenzise nezinye izakhiwo zabo ukuze ivumelane izidingo zakho.

isiphetho

Kulesi sihloko, sahlangana nomphathi wazo imiqondo chemical ezifana solubility. Kumelwe ukuba kwakunzima Imininingwane ngempela ewusizo, njengoba iningi lethu lingakwazi neze sicabange okushiwo ezijulile inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela izixazululo, ayinaso isifiso shí imininingwane eyengeziwe esifundweni somuntu yayo. Kunoma ikuphi kuyasiza kakhulu ukuqeqesha ubuchopho bakho, ukufunda okuthile okusha. Ngemva esaphila indoda kumelwe "ukufunda, ukutadisha ukufunda futhi."