Umjikelezo eziphilayo. Indima eziphilayo emjikelezweni yemvelo

Kuleli phephandaba, siphakamisa landelana cabanga you, yini umjikelezo begazi. Yiziphi imisebenzi yayo futhi kubalulekile eziphilayo eplanethini yethu. Siphinde alalelwa umthombo wamandla ukuqaliswa yayo.

Yini enye okudingeka ukwazi ngaphambi cabanga umjikelezo begazi, wukuthi iplanethi yethu yakhiwa izingqimba ezintathu:

• lithosphere (igobolondo eliqinile, ukukhuluma cishe, izwe sihamba phezu);
• hydrosphere (okuyinto zihlanganisa zonke amanzi, okungukuthi, kolwandle, emifuleni, ezilwandle, njalo njalo);
• emkhathini (imvilophi gaseous, umoya esiwuphefumulayo).

Phakathi zonke izingqimba imingcele ecacile, kodwa ngaphandle komsebenzi bayakwazi ukungena nomunye.

Ukusakazwa izidakamizwa

Zonke lezi izingqimba eziyimisebenzi uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Uyini umjikelezo begazi? Lokhu kwenzeka uma impahla ihamba kulo lonke uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, okungukuthi enhlabathini, emoyeni, izinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kwegazi okungapheli ibizwa ngokuthi umjikelezo begazi. Kubalulekile ukwazi yonke nalokho acale abuye agcine endzaweni izitshalo.

Ngu ngebhayisikili izinto ezifihlakele inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kangaka. Noma yimuphi izinto kusukela enhlabathini nasemkhathini singene izitshalo, bese kwezinye izinto eziphilayo. Kwabe sekuthi ngo-izidumbu ngazo amuncwa umzimba, uqale ngenkuthalo ukukhiqiza nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi, okwathi ngemva kwalokho yokugcina akhethiwe phandle. Singasho ukuthi le nqubo, azwakalisa ubuhlobo zonke emhlabeni. Organisms nihlanganyele, njengoba nje nathi zikhona namuhla.

Isibhakabhaka kwakungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi, njengoba sazi. Ngaphambili, umoya wethu imvelo kwakuhluke kakhulu okwamanje, okungukuthi, u ayegcwele carbon dioxide kanye ammonia. Pho-ke, kunabantu abasebenzisa umoyampilo? Kufanele simbonge eluhlaza okungase kubangele isimo somoya wethu ozungeze umhlaba kwadingeka kwezinhlelo uhlobo lomuntu. Air futhi zimuncwe yizimila ezidla uhlaza, bona zifakwe intandokazi yezilwane ezidla ezinye. Lapho nezilwane zifa, kuba izinsalela zabo okwenziwa nezilwanyana ezincane. Yilokho uphendulela humus kudingekile kakhulu ekukhuleni kwesihlahla nasekuvezeni. Njengoba ubona, indingilizi ivaliwe.

Umthombo wamandla

umjikelezo eziphilayo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle amandla. Yini noma ubani ungumthombo wamandla lenhlangano lokhu impambano? Yiqiniso, umthombo wethu ukushisa amandla ilanga inkanyezi. umjikelezo eziphilayo kumane akunakwenzeka ngaphandle umthombo wethu ukushisa nokukhanya. Ilanga heats:

• emoyeni;
• emhlabathini;
• izimila.

Phakathi Ukushisa, amanzi ukuhwamuka kwenzeka, oqala buthelela emkhathini njengoba ifu. Zonke amanzi ekupheleni ukubuya surface eMhlabeni ngesimo lina noma iqhwa. Ekubuyeleni kwakhe, yena lingene inhlabathi, kanye nezimpande zaso abancela ezihlahla ezihlukahlukene. Uma amanzi iye kwadingeka isikhathi ukungena ngokujulile kakhulu, kuvuselela komhlaba, futhi ezinye ngokuphelele ubuyela imifula, amachibi, izilwandle nasolwandle.

Njengoba yaziwa, lapho ukuphefumula thina athole umoya-mpilo futhi ngamakhala-carbon dioxide. Ngakho, amandla elanga ISIHLAHLA kwesokudla futhi kabusha carbon dioxide ne-oksijini emuva emkhathini. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-photosynthesis.

Imijikelezo lomjikelezo yemvelo

Asiqale le ngxenye welithi "inqubo yemvelo". Kuyinto mkhuba eyinsakavukela. Asikwazi ukubona isigqi yemvelo, okuyizinto futhi yakhiwa izinqubo yezinto eziphilayo, njalo okuphindaphindiwe ngezikhawu ezithile.

Inqubo yemvelo kungabonwa yonke indawo, kuba esivela kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni iplanethi. Futhi ingxenye wonke amazinga kwenhlangano. Okungukuthi, ngaphakathi kwengqamuzana, futhi uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, singakwazi ukugcina lezi izinqubo. Singakwazi ukuthola ukuthi lingubani izinhlobo eziningana (nowe) izinqubo yezinto eziphilayo:

• diurnal;
• DSA;
• ezithile zonyaka;
• minyaka yonke;
• zisetshenziswa;
• eminyaka.

Buphawuleka kakhulu imijikelezo yonyaka. Sithobele kubo, njalo futhi yonke indawo, kuwufanele nje ukucabanga ngalo mbuzo.

amanzi

Manje sikumema ukuba ucabangele umjikelezo yemvelo ngokwemvelo emanzini njengesibonelo, uxhumano ezivamile kakhulu kuyiplanethi yethu. It has izici eziningi ukuthi uyivumele iqhaza izinqubo eziningi phakathi nomzimba, nangale. Kusukela umjikelezo we H ₂ O ngokwemvelo kuncike empilweni wazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ngaphandle kwamanzi, besingeke sikwazi ukuzibona, futhi iplanethi kuyofana ehlane ezingaphili. Kuyinto bakwazi ukubamba iqhaza kuzo zonke izinqubo ezibalulekile. Kungenzeka ukuba sifinyelele kulesi siphetho: zonke izidalwa eziphilayo we iplanethi enguMhlaba nje kudingeka amanzi ahlanzekile.

Kodwa amanzi njalo ngenxa iyiphi inqubo ike yatheleleka. Pho-ke, ukunikeza ngokwabo nge umthombo wamanzi okuphuza ahlanzekile? Lo muzwa esizalwa nawo ukhathazwa Kufanele simbonge leyo khona kwalowo umjikelezo ofanayo amanzi. Sesizibhekile ngesikhathi konke lokhu kwenzeka kanjani. ehwamukile Water, angena kanjani amafu namathonsi emvula (imvula noma iqhwa). Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i- "Umjikelezo wamanzi". Kusekelwe izinqubo ezine:

• ukuhwamuka;
• ukufingqa;
• kwezulu;
• sokukhipha amanzi.

izinhlobo ezimbili umjikelezo wamanzi yilezi: ezinkulu nezincane.

carbon

Manje sizobheka ukuthi begazi carbon umjikelezo ngokwemvelo. Kubalulekile ukwazi futhi ukuthi iyini iphesenti lomcebo oluthatha indawo 16 kuphela. Kungase kwenzeke ngesimo yedayimane graphite. A iphesenti lidlula ayisishiyagalolunye amaphesenti amalahle. Carbon is ngisho kufakwe umkhathi, kodwa nokuqukethwe kwalo lincane kakhulu, mayelana 0.05 amaphesenti.

Esikhathini uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, ngenxa carbon wadala eziningi ezibangela ezahlukene organic kudingeka kubo bonke eziphilayo eplanethini yethu. Cabanga inqubo ye-photosynthesis: izitshalo okumunca isikhutha emkhathini futhi kabusha ke, ngenxa yalokho, siba ezihlukahlukene organic compounds.

phosphorus

Inani lomjikelezo ongizalayo ngokwanele ezinkulu. Ngisho noma sithatha phosphorus, butholakala izinombolo ezinkulu emathanjeni, kubalulekile ukuba izitshalo. Umthombo oyinhloko - kuyinto nokunganaki. Kungatholakala kubhalwe kwamadwala igneous. Izinto eziphilayo ukwazi ukuyithola kusukela:

• emhlabathini;
• kwemithombo yamanzi.

Litholakala emzimbeni womuntu, okungukuthi, ingxenye:

• amaprotheni;
• nucleic acid;
• ithambo;
• lecithin;
• phytin nokunye.

Okungukuthi phosphorus kuyadingeka yokugcina amandla emzimbeni. Lapho kufa umzimba, ke iphindela emhlabathini wayo noma olwandle. Lokhu kwenza emadwaleni kumiswa ocebile phosphorus. Lokhu kubalulekile emjikelezweni biogenic.

nitrogen

Manje sibheka Umjikelezo we-nitrogen. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, siphawula ukuthi cishe u-80% umthamo isamba emkhathini. Ngiyavuma, lesi sibalo ngempela umxhwele. Ngaphezu kwalokho kuba ngesisekelo ukwakheka asemkhathini, nitrogen itholakala yezitshalo nezilwane eziphilayo. Singahlangabezana ngesimo amaprotheni.

Ngokuqondene Umjikelezo we-nitrogen, singasho lokhu: kusukela asemkhathini ifomu nitrogen nitrate, okuyinto kuhlelwe yizimila. Inqubo yokudala nitrate ngokuthi nitrogen nenkanuko edlulele. Lapho lesi sitshalo uyafa futhi rots, nitrogen ezikuyo iwela enhlabathini njenge-ammonia. Kugcine elicwengekile (oxidized) eziphilayo emhlabathini, ngakho kukhona nitric acid. It uyakwazi ukuxubana carbonate, okuyinto ugcwele inhlabathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuba akhulume iqiniso lokuthi nitrogen kwakhishwa okumsulwa ngenxa ukuwohloka zezitshalo noma ngesikhathi omlilo.

sulphur

Njengezinye izakhi eziningi lomjikelezo sulphur kuyinto eduze okuhlobene eziphilayo. Sulphur emkhathini nge nokuqhuma kwezintabamlilo. Sulfide sulphur bakwazi ukucubungula izilokazane ezincane nisenokukhanya avele sulfate. Kwakamuva zimuncwe yizimila, nesibabule liyingxenye amafutha abalulekile. Kepha umzimba, nesibabule singakwazi ukubhekana ngokuphumelelayo ku:

• amino acid;
• amaprotheni.