Umsuka Earth. imicabango abahlukahlukene umsuka Zomhlaba

Uma uphume ekuseni nesithwathwa ekuseni ngaphandle futhi bazizwa eqhwa crunching acekelwa phansi noma ukubingelela kokusa emfuleni ku Julayi ashisayo, kunzima kakhulu ukucabanga ukuthi once upon a time wayengazenzi zonke lezo zinto. Lutho neze; futhi iqhwa, futhi umfula, noma utshani, futhi ngisho ilanga. Kube isikhala engenamkhawulo lapho uthuli sezigugile, ashayisane nomunye ngesivinini okukhulu. Lesikhatsi lesi nzima ngandlela-thile shayela. Akazange komlando, ke unguZiqu-ahistorical: ngakho inconceivably kudala kwenzeka, futhi abanathemba ngakho isikhala ezingaphili oko ...

Nokho, umsuka Umhlaba buhlobene eduze nalesi sigaba kwetinhlavu yonke. Imibandela kamuva kwaholela ukuvela iplanethi yethu waqala ukwakha kusukela mzuzu Big Bang. Abahlukahlukene imicabango umsuka Umhlaba nokuzalwa emhlabeni kwaphakama ezingqondweni zabantu kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, lapho umuntu wokuqala waqala ukucabanga ukuthi indawo yakhe yonke futhi okukhona ngaphandle endaweni yakhe evamile.

izinganekwane

Zonke Izizwe nganekwane zomhlaba kwenzeka. Lapho zihlanganiswa isimiso saphezulu ezihleli ukudalwa basezinganekwaneni. Out of the chaos kukhona unkulunkulu kuqala, okuyinto zisenza sibe chromosomal nezidalwa zomoya, nakho konke okuphakathi kwakho: ulwandle, umhlaba, imini nobusuku, abantu. Umhlaba umsuka umqondo ezizweni ezahlukene zivame ezihlobene isifiso Nkulunkulu ukudala i umkhathi phakathi kwamanzi emhlabeni. Ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene izinganekwane ngokudalwa zomhlaba kulekelelwa, noma avele izinguqulo ezintsha. Ngokwesibonelo, ubuHindu umsuka Earth futhi yonke bubonakala ezahlukeneyo ezinhlanu. Isisekelo yonke, ngokuvumelana zinganekwane ezihlukahlukene, kubhekwe umsindo engcwele Om, umuntu wokuqala Purusha, wanikela ngengxenye yomzimba wakhe ukudala umhlaba, umoya Maha-Vishnu. Futhi, njengoba umsuka sonke isikhathi sokuba khona izenzo "ukushisa eyinhloko" futhi 'egg yangaphandle ".

cosmogony lwamaSlav

Umsuka wegama lasendulo lwamaSlav Umhlaba njengezinye izinkolelo basezinganekwaneni. Ekuqaleni, indawo yonke ayizange ngaphambilini. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona kuphela eyodwa unkulunkulu Rod, ngubani olwakhiwe nezinxushunxushu sasendulo. Wadala umhlaba futhi ulwandle lapho kungenelela kwakwakhe izici yasezulwini. Khona-ke indodana yakhe Svarog laqala ukuhlela isikhala. Wasephela ukuphila kuwo wonke umhlaba, futhi umuntu wayedalwe wachaza wabokuqala imithetho esingaphila ngazo.

Ngaphansi kwethonya ubuKristu inganekwane ngandlela-thile modified. Emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke legend ngoNkulunkulu satholwa sintanta amanzi acwebile ngesikebhe futhi wahlangana uSathane. UNkulunkulu uthumela idemoni phansi kolwandle ukuze nedlanzana isihlabathi wakha leyondlu ku emkhathini emhlabeni.

igama

On the zinganekwane lasezinganekwaneni oda emhlabeni kungenxa kanye umsuka wegama elithi "Umhlaba". Ngo ukucabanga okhokho bazo zonke izizwe zanamuhla kwakungekho umqondo ijamo eyindilinga le planethi, futhi iningi iplanethi, futhi. Umsuka kwegama "Umhlaba" kungenxa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kanye legend of the flat like Saucer kanye nezwe ebusweni nezilwandle beseyama ngithukulule izinkalo izilwane giant. abantu abahlukahlukene base izindlovu, ufudu noma umkhomo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umsuka igama elithi "umhlaba" lihlotshaniswa division of yonke yaba amazinga amathathu: esibhakabhakeni, isikhala elinabantu nezilwane, kanye ethuneni, noma eHayidese. Zombili lezi zici ziye zathinta ukubukeka isiqu evamile zomhlaba ngezilimi ezahlukene. Umsuka kwegama "Umhlaba" e lwamaSlav lasendulo elihlobene ne imiqondo "phansi" kanye "inhlabathi". Izingqungqulu Zomhlaba - wukuthi ngaphansi kwesibhakabhaka, ngezansi: emgudwini, isisekelo. Ngakho, umsuka igama "Umhlaba" kusekelwe kuvisisa umhlaba yabantu njengezimfundiso "Saucers flat" kanye izikhala elise ngezansi yokuhlala yasezulwini. wonkulunkulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiko yokhokho elithi "umhlaba" yethu lihlotshaniswa wonke umndeni, le ndawo ajwayelekile. Alien futhi ngokuvamile nobutha eyabizwa ngokuthi elikude, ogama lakhe lalingu-imvelaphi efanayo. "Ngoba ukuphela kwezwe" - ". Kude kakhulu" inkulumo esho ukuthi AmaSlav wasendulo ngokuvamile eyabizwa ngokuthi umbuso sabafileyo.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi efana izimpande Slavic futhi ukubaluleka, kusukela elafika igama iplanethi kwezinye izilimi. Ngakho, umsuka igama elithi "umhlaba» (Umhlaba) ngesiNgisi kuhlobene nokuba nomqondo phansi futhi phansi ngaphansi kwezinyawo zawo.

Kanjani ukuze uthole okuthile lutho

Ngokwemvelo, lokhu kusho ukuqonda lesimanje lesayensi ka ukuvela yonke zihluke kakhulu nalezo yisisekelo lwanoma iyiphi inkolo. Namuhla, wonke amamodeli we yonke zakhelwe theory Big Bang. Ngokusho kwakhe, eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 13,77 edlule yonke kuwumphumela lemukelekako kanzima ukuqhuma kwabo amandla kabi. Isimo lapho kwaze kwaba ngu-leliphuzu libizwa elisebunyeni. Ngokusho izici zayo, kwakuhlukile ngakho konke manje eyaziwa ngisho nososayensi sekunzima baqonde ukuthi icubungula zenzeke kuwo.

Ngokushesha ngemva kwe-Big Bang, yonke waqala ukwandisa abasha. Huge lokushisa ukusebenza nesivinini izinhlayiya zayo abamelwe ayikuvumeli ukuba zenziwe izinhlangano ezinkulu. Nokho, njengoba izinga lokushisa is lehla ukunwetshwa. Kwathatha iminyaka engu-abangaba yisigidi kuze yonke selehlile 4000 ° C, futhi izinhlayiya aphansi waqala ukwakha ama-athomu. Okokuqala uvele helium ne-hydrogen, balandela ama-athomu kwakhiwa futhi yizakhi ezisindayo.

Ngo isinyathelo esilandelayo umkhathi uthuli igesi, wakubeka ke waqala ukubhekana futhi yakha izinto ngokuya esikhulu. Kancane kancane kwakhiwa imithala ne izinkanyezi namaplanethi. Ngakho-ke, yonke esaqhubeka yanda, futhi le nqubo uyahamba kuze kube manje.

slice Native ye-Milky Way

Isethulo "The Origin of Zomhlaba" eklasini ngokuvamile iqala indaba ngomlando zesimiso sonozungezilanga. It waqala eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 4.6 edlule. Ukubukeka yomthala wethu ucezu kwaholela lawo izinqubo ezifanayo, okwaholela ezingxenyeni eziningi yonke kwamiswa. Milky Way ngokwayo yavela eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 7-8 ngaphambili. Ngu kumiswa sonozungezilanga nciphisa okudonsa kwaholela ingxenye esincane uma iqhathaniswa nezinye we-molecular ifu interstellar. Ukuqonda izinqubo kwenzekani kule ndawo yonke - kuyinto inselele impela ngenxa remoteness zabo ngesikhathi. Ukuze wahlulele izenzakalo basisebenzisa njengeHholo umfutho ukuze kwakhiwe isimiso sonozungezilanga siyazi ukuthi, kungenzeka kuphela ngokwakha theory esekelwe cwaningo kwemithetho cosmic futhi lwadalwa nokuthi correlate abakutholile nalokho esiyikho ngempela ukubona.

"Zezıhlabane" hypothesis

Ekupheleni kwe-XIX leminyaka umsuka Umhlaba nesimiso sikanozungezilanga, izazi zezinkanyezi ukukhuthalele wafunda Chamberlain T. F. Multon. Bafaka phambili okuthiwa hypothesis ashisayo. On ukudalwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela kubo kwaphoqa okuthile okwatholakala ngesikhathi. Kwatholakala ukuthi ezijulile ngaphansi surface eMhlabeni ngampela ingu kuwufanele nesihogo sokuhlupha ukushisa: okushisa subsurface abafika kwabangu-1000 ° C.

"Zezıhlabane" hypothesis posits ukuthi Earth, efana namanye amaplanethi, ekuqaleni kwaba ibhola elibomvu, okuyinto ke kancane kancane waqala kuphole. Ukubukeka lezi amahlule ashisayo ndaba wachaza ilanga abasha ukusabela nabanye, engaqhathaniswa amandla adonsela phansi Luhambo into. Star esiphethweyo iseduzane kuqhathaniswa eduze inkanyiso yethu. Ngenxa yalokho, phakathi kwawo kwakheka uhlobo kwebhuloho, ehlanganisa ketshezi kokubili izindikimba zasezulwini. Kancane kancane izinkanyezi bahlakazeka, futhi ibhuloho zigoqiwe ku ehlukile "neziqhingana" esishisayo ndaba, ngokuthi planetesimals. kamuva Zaba amaplanethi iziphuphutheki, manje eyaziwa.

Ekuqaleni, kwakubanda

Nokho, lokhu akulona theory kuphela lichaza imvelaphi Earth. Imicabango emhlabeni yesayensi ayaqala ukuba linqobe lapho ukuchaza inombolo enkulu amaqiniso ebonakalayo. Engxenyeni kwekhulu elidlule yesibili, ama-astronomer kanye izazi zesayensi ziye sebephendukela futhi nomqondo amaplanethi ekuqaleni abandayo.

Ngokokuqala ngqá imfundiso yokuziphendukela nebular ukuthi zavela ekhulwini XVIII. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ichazwe Emanuel Swedenborg, sabe sesithatha U-Immanuel Kant. Umbono main kwaba ukuthuthukiswa ngemisebenzi Pierre-Simon Laplace. Izigaba isiqalo somhlaba kanye nesimiso sonozungezilanga sisonke, ngokuvumelana mbono, thina zikleliswe kancane ehlukile kuka ezichazwe ngenhla kanye sokuqala kulezi kwaba ekwakhekeni esigaxeni noma esigaxeni. Kwakuyisikhathi ihlule igesi-uthuli, okuholela ingxenye bagxila ngokuwa yamangqamuzana ifu interstellar. Nebula, ngenxa ukuchayeka khona amabutho Luhambo kusukela zokwakheka eduze efanayo, waqala ukujikisa. I esigaxeni we Ukujikeleza uvele amandla adonsela phansi, okwaholela ukwehla engaba yayo. Umphumela waba ukwanda ngejubane. esigaxeni Young lalifana Centrifuge, futhi ngasekupheleni original isitsha ukuma iba njengomuntu lesiyingi. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, amandla centrifugal enkabazwe silinganise amandla adonsela phansi, futhi endaweni isilinganiso esigaxeni waqala ikhasi off ngamunye ngamunye indandatho. Bona lalinabashumayeli zonke okufanayo uthuli igesi kancane zakha izinto ezinkulu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zingabantu 'avuthiwe ngokwanele ukuba "zakhe amaplanethi, kanye nezinga lokushisa elizosetshenziswa izidumbu ezintsha cosmic akazange avumele ukuba ukubabiza ashisayo.

Ukuvutha asendaweni

Namuhla, imfundiso nebular kubhekwa okungenzeka kakhulu simo ukuze kwakhiwe zesimiso sonozungezilanga. Kutfutfukiswa imicabango kwenzeka iqhaza eyala eziningi zesayensi, ezinye Laplace amalungiselelo abangu sichitshiyelwe noma kulekelelwa. Amazinga okushisa aphakeme ingaphakathi eMhlabeni futhi wathola incazelo okungahambisani eziphikisana imfundiso.

Kunezizathu ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-iyazifudumeza: ekonakaleni enemisebe kanye kwamangqamuzana okudonsa izidubedube. Umsuka inikeza cishe 15% bafudumale. Ukubaluleka eyinhloko ukwehlukana izakhi ekuqaleni zixutshwe izingqimba eziningana amandla adonsela phansi. Le nqubo kuye kwaholela hhayi kuphela nokwanda lokushisa kugcwele, kodwa futhi ekwakhekeni isakhiwo sangaphakathi iplanethi, ukuthi zonke sifunda esikoleni esiphakeme: nengaphakathi isiphuku, uqweqwe.

Umhlaba nalabasha eduze ibhola emise isikhala into kwala maphuzu ambalwa ngezikhathi elixutshwe. Nokho, okubonwayo kwakamuva, abonisa ukuthi isakhiwo se-iplanethi has a isakhiwo sasivumela ehlelekile. izakhi Basic akha umhlaba, --mpilo yakhiwa oxides, i-silicon nensimbi kanye ne-aluminium. Ngamunye wabo ngesikhathi esifanayo kuthinta kwabantu of material.

kwamangqamuzana

Isisindo kanye ivolumu Zomhlaba, abanye namanje ekhulwini XVIII, wavumela ososayensi ukubala ukuminyana kwesilinganiso sayo. Kwatholakala ukuthi uneminyaka engu-5.5 g / cm ^3. Inani uhlaka ebusweni - 2.8 g kuphela / cm ^3. Amanani Kutholwe basikisela ukuthi yizakhi ezisindayo bagxila maphakathi embulungeni yonke, futhi zikhanyise izingqimba ebusweni.

Hlela izinto zaqala nge ukubonakala emhlabeni. Ngaphansi kwethonya gravity yensimbi baba "ehle" phakathi nendawo, kanye aluminum ne-silicon compounds, kunalokho, "iflothi" phezu. Iron, ukushintsha indawo yesikhundla sakhe, futhi ushukumisela maphakathi gravity planethi. Ngenxa yemithetho ethile ebekiwe ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani elikhulu ukushisa amandla, okuholela Ukushisa zezendlalelo kwangaphakathi Zomhlaba. Inani amandla elakhiwe nawo njengomnyango mkhulu kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lubonisa ukuthi iplanethi akukaze elicibilikile ngokuphelele. Lokhu waphinda kuqinisekisa umbono nebular.

Ukubandisa Ukushisa

Yiqiniso, ukushisa kugcwele ngokuqhubekayo kudliwe amalahle ngaphansi komhlaba futhi ingxenye amandla kulahleka. Nokho, esekhokhele ngempumelelo nge emisebeni yelanga. kwamangqamuzana yamandla esetshenziswa zonke izinqubo ezenzeka emhlabeni: amazwekazi ezihambayo, ukwakheka ezintabeni, mlilo.

Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi kuze kube yimanje, inqubo izakhi uhlukanisa igcwaliswe 85%. Ngemva kokuphela kwamangqamuzana Zomhlaba kuyoba iplanethi ngokocwaningo ngasebenzi, efana kule mayelana Moon. Kuyokwenzeka eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 1.5.

nokubhonywa

kwamangqamuzana ephakeme kanye kugcwele ukubola izakhi enemisebe emabangeni kokuqala kumiswa Umhlaba, ingxenye e Ukushisa izingqimba zayo zangaphakathi kudlalwa asteroyidi. lokushisa ukwanda nomthelela ukushayisana njalo zemizimba encane isikhala emhlabeni. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, umxhwele kakhulu zalezi ukushayisana kwaholela inyanga. C. Nge Umhlaba ishayisane ubukhulu umzimba Mars. Ngenxa yalokho umhlaba waba akhishwe isiqeshana pretty umxhwele ngezidwedwe, kamuva waba umngane. Ukungqubuzana kwadingeka eminye imiphumela: kakhulu anda isivinini eMhlabeni ukujikeleza + nithambekisele axis awo. Futhi, asteroyidi kanye lezinkanyezi ezinomsila zibhekwa njengemikhiqizo yezimbangela kungenzeka yamanzi.

Ukufika kombuso amanzi anikeza ukuphila

Umsuka amanzi Emhlabeni - isihloko ngempela ebanzi. Usuku okungenzeka kakhulu ubhekwa inguqulo ye "ukulethwa" asteroyidi yayo. idatha ongaqondile ukuqinisekisa umbono zocwaningo isikhala, ngenxa lapho amanzi kutholakele e neminye imizimba ezincane sonozungezilanga. Ososayensi elincike maqondana lokhu kukhululwa ibonisa ukuthi amanzi - ngempela into oluyingozi, kodwa ngoba izimo hot Zomhlaba abasha, cishe zaziyobulawa ayahwamuka ngokuphelele. Ngakho, amathuba eliphansi imvelaphi eliwumhlaba yamanzi. Mhlawumbe kudingeka kangaka zonke okuphilayo kuzofanele iplanethi ne astroid kanye lezinkanyezi ezinomsila kusukela ibhande main etholakala phakathi Mars kanye Jupiter.

Nokho, umsuka ngqo lamanzi Emhlabeni - kodwa namanje umbuzo ngaphandle impendulo ecacile. Kukholakala ukuthi indima eyadlalwa izici eziningana kule nqubo. Phakathi kwabo futhi degassing magma ukuncibilika izingxenye oluyingozi therefrom. Umhwamuko namanye compounds zaziphonswa ku komhlaba phakathi kwezintaba-mlilo. ukuhwamuka bese wafingqa, izilwandle kancane efaka kwakhiwa hydrosphere.

Ukubukeka amanzi, kanye inkinga ngemvelaphi umhlaba - is hhayi ixazululwe kuze kube sekupheleni umbuzo. Mhlawumbe, indima yayo kukhala ngezinqubo ezimbili: ngamabhomu, futhi degassing of magma. Lesi sakamuva futhi waba nesandla ekwakhiweni umkhathi.

Umsuka wokuphila Emhlabeni

Enye inkinga kuxoxwa kabanzi ezithuthukisa yomlando Earth - kuyinto ukuvela eziphilayo. Namuhla, kunezinguqulo ezingaba imibono eyayisinesikhathi eziningana, echaza ngomsuka wezinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni. Biology, wafundisa eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, ephakamisela kwesihenqo ekusithekeni kubafundi bakhe: ukuphila kwavela amanzi ezilwandle, in the okuthiwa isobho primordial. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, lesi sithombe ishintshile, usezuze idatha entsha.

Isifundo "The Origin of Life Emhlabeni" iqala namuhla indaba mayelana nezwe RNA. Ribonucleic acid, ngokusho izifundo zamuva - engqamuzaneni lokuqala emhlabeni nge ikhono self-phindaphinda. Isinyathelo esilandelayo sisendleleni kusukela ezingaphili emhlabeni organic engangikuthola imingcele. RNA molecule kungase ngandlela-thile babe ngaphakathi sphere eziyize ukuthi shí emanzini olwandle akhiwa nge fatty acid. Ngakho kwaba khona sibonelo of a elula cell: RNA-molecule lizungezwe ulwelwesi.

Kumiswa umzimba phakathi kwemvelo yangaphandle kanye RNA Lwenziwe by ikhono yokugcina ukuheha abanye nucleotide futhi dudula others. Umsuka wokuphila Emhlabeni biology nesayensi ahlobene wafunda kuze kube sekupheleni. Kusese imibuzo eminingi kungalungiswanga. Phakathi kwabo, isibonelo, okuvela division kanye kumiswa eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi.

Symbiosis enkulu

hazy Ngaphansi manje kubhekwe umlando ukuvela organelles ezahlukene ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni. Konke lokhu kwaqala ukubonakala eziphilayo kuqala uyakwazi phagocytosis, ukumuncwa nezakhi imvelo ukwakha vacuole ukudla. Indlela entsha enidla kuye kwaholela ekwandeni usayizi cell: umhlaseli kufanele babe izisulu ezinkulu. impahla Ukubambezeleka ngenkathi egcinwe ngesimo genofor Ama-chromosomes e kokumethemba. Basuke ngqo exhunywe ulwelwesi. Phagocytosis ubephelezelwa kwavela wamanje oqinile cytoplasm, lapho indawo futhi wabonakala genofory. Kunengozi nokulahlekelwa ingxenye izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo noma ukwephulwa oyiyo. Ngenxa yalokho, kuseli yakha umgodi, ehlukanisiwe cytoplasm by ulwelwesi. Kancane kancane ke lalenziwa nucleus. Ngakho-ke uvele owokuqala amaseli eukaryotic.

Organelles ezifana mitochondria futhi flagella kungenzeka yini saphakama inqubo phagocytosis. Ababengaphambi lamaseli lanamuhla, iyavuleka ukudla, ngikutholile eziphila, angenziwa enobungane. Basebenzisa izakhi ngokufaka cytoplasm, waqala ukuba afeze imisebenzi ezihlukahlukene ukulawulwa izinqubo intracellular. umqondo Ngokusho symbiogenesis, ngakho kuseli ngokuthi mitochondria kwavela kakade futhi flagella. Ucwaningo lwamuva nje abaningi ukuqinisekisa umbono wobulungisa.

izindlela

RNA emhlabeni njengoba eyandulela yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo "umncintiswano." Phakathi kwabo kukhona theory creationist futhi umbono ngokwesayensi. Sekungamakhulu amaningi eminyaka kwakukhona kokuqagela ngokuphila isizukulwane nokuguqulwa: izimpukane nezibungu avele abolile imfucuza, amagundane - e lezi zidwedwe ubudala. Ukulahlwa ongqondongqondo XVII-XVIII eminyaka, ithole ukuzalwa yesibili ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule kuze imfundiso Oparin-Haldane. Ngokusho ke, ukuphila kuwumphumela nokuxhumana amangqamuzana angokwemvelo kule isobho primordial. Imibono ososayensi base ngokungaqondile ukuqinisekisile enza ucwaningo oludumile Stenli Millera. Kuyinto lo mbono futhi salandelwa ekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka, umbono bezwe RNA.

Ngo parallel, kukhona inkolelo yokuthi ukuphila imvelaphi ekuqaleni ezisemkhathini. Thina bemletha iplanethi yethu, ngokuvumelana imfundiso yokuziphendukela panspermia, le asteroyidi efanayo futhi lezinkanyezi ezinomsila, okuyinto "anakekela" kwetinhlavu ulwandle nezilwandle. Empeleni, lo mbono alichazi nokuvela kokuphila, futhi uthi ke njengendaba eyiqiniso, esakhiweni semvelo sawo ndaba.

Ngamafuphi okungenhla, kuyacaca ukuthi umsuka Umhlaba nokuphila okukuwo namuhla - kusenzima umbuzo evulekile. ososayensi Modern Yiqiniso, lisondele kakhulu ukuxazulula izimfihlakalo iplanethi yethu ngaphandle ongqondongqondo Antiquity futhi NgeNkathi Ephakathi. Nokho, kusenomsebenzi omkhulu okudingeka ukucaciseleka. imicabango abahlukahlukene imvelaphi eMhlabeni balandela nomunye ngalezo zikhathi lapho sithola ulwazi olusha ukuthi musa angena iphethini ubudala. Kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kwenzeke esikhathini esizayo esingekude kakhulu, abese esikhundleni eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ezimisiwe kuyofika entsha.