ONgcwele Ubusisiwe Basil. St Vasiliya Blazhennogo

Omunye izinto ezithakazelisayo kakhulu nenhle kunazo enhlokodolobha isiRashiya St Vasiliya Blazhennogo (ngezansi), eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Church of the lokulabhela Our Lady, eyakhiwa ngekhulu XVI ngemiyalo yezikhulu Tsar u-Ivan IV the Kubi. Cishe wonke umuntu kuleli zwe uyazi ukuthi itholakala ku Red Square, kodwa hhayi wonke umuntu uyazi indaba ukwakhiwa yayo legends ephathelene nayo. Kodwa namanje ngeke ngokwanele ukuba bazi kuphela mayelana naleli thempeli. Saint, ngemva bani yesonto yakhiwa, futhi kamuva eyaziwa ngokuthi ithempeli ngokwayo, yaqanjwa ngokuthi Vasiliy Blazhenny. Indaba yokuphila kwakhe, ngezenzo nangezimfanelo ukufa akukanciphi ezithakazelisayo kuka indaba ukwakhiwa lombhishobhi.

Inguqulo ye-Abadali

St Vasiliya Blazhennogo (ke lihlotshiswe izithombe eziningi ngifaka izivakashi) yayakhiwe esikhathini kusuka 1555 ku 1561 ukuze bakhumbule ukuthunjwa edolobheni-inqaba Kazan ngu Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich. Kukhona izinguqulo eziningi owayenguyise umdali lokhu lesikhumbuzo bokwakha kweqiniso. Sibheka izinketho ezintathu eziyinhloko. Eyokuqala yalezi - umakhi Ngokushesha Yakovlev, abathwala isidlaliso of Barma. Yayaziwa ngesikhathi amakhosi Pskov. Eyesibili inketho - Barma futhi okusheshayo. Lokhu abaklami ezimbili owaba nengxenye kokwakhiwa kwethempeli. Neyesithathu - lombhishobhi yamisa abanye abaculi engaziwa Western Europe, mhlawumbe kusukela Italy.

Esivuna enguqulweni yakamuva Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi iningi izakhiwo ezibiyele Yakhiwa kwabokufika kusukela kuleli zwe. isitayela abahlukile, sona sasungula amanye St Vasiliya Blazhennogo (isithombe show yakhe enkulu), ngokuvumelanayo ihlanganisa emasikweni izakhiwo Russian nabaseYurophu. Kodwa-ke kubalulekile ukuphawula ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuthi le nguqulo has nhlobo ubufakazi obubhalwe phansi.

Kukhona nganekwane owawuthi zonke abaklami ngubani ababesebenza esakhiweni sethempeli, zaphucwa oda Ivan le Kubi - ngenhloso ukuthi abakaze Sakwazi ukwakha into enjalo. Kodwa kukhona inkinga eyodwa. Uma umlobi sethempeli namanje Postnik Yakovlev, ayikwazanga waphuphuthekisa. Nje eminyakeni embalwa kamuva wabekwa sisasebenza ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane ezibiyele e Kazan.

Isakhiwo ethempelini

Leli thempeli has a ingqikithi domes eziyishumi; abayisishiyagalolunye kubona zitholakala isakhiwo esikhulu, futhi omunye - embhoshongweni insimbi. Siqukethe amathempeli eziyisishiyagalombili. zabo zobukhosi lingcweliswe kuphela yokudumisa amaholide, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho eziwumnqamula-juqu Kazan zenzeka. Zonke amasonto ayisishiyagalombili ahlelwe emhlabeni ephezulu lesishiyagalolunye ukuthi likwazi isakhiwo insika-like. It is eyakhelwe yokudumisa nokuVikelwa uNina kaNkulunkulu futhi iphela itende Dome kancane. Ezinye izindaba zika-domes Vasiliya Blazhennogo ubukeka unganakile ngokwesiko. Sinenkosi ukuma onion, kodwa kuhluke design yabo. Zonke amathempeli ayisishiyagalolunye ukujama base ezivamile futhi oxhumene esiyingelezini sezulu ukuhwebelana kwangaphakathi kanye gallery, okuyinto njengoba injalo yasekuqaleni uvuliwe.

Ngo-1558, lombhishobhi the Ukuvikelwa UnguNina KaNkulunkulu eyakhelwe indlwana, okwakubekelwa ngayingcwelisa behlonipha Vasiliya Blazhennogo. It lamiswao kuyo leyo ndawo lapho ngaphambili ayelapho izinsalela saint. Njengoba nje negama layo awunika igama lesibili lombhishobhi. Ngemva kweminyaka ecishe ibe 20, futhi ithempeli ithole hipped isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi alo.

Okokuqala phansi - engaphansi

Mangisho ukuthi St Vasiliya Blazhennogo (isithombe, yebo, alibonisi) ayinayo engaphansi. Zonke izingxenye esonto lakhe kukhona ngesisekelo efanayo, ubizwa ngokuthi egumbini elingaphansi. Kuyinto isakhiwo kahle obukhulu (kufika ku 3 m) izindonga, ihlukaniswe amakamelo eziningana, okuyinto ukuphakama ingaphezu 6 m.

North has a engaphansi, ungase uthi, isakhiwo eyayingaba khona ekhulwini XVI. egumbini layo yakhelwe njengoba ibhokisi ngaphandle ukusekela izinsika, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ayenakho ngokwezinga elikhulu. Ngaphakathi kwezindonga kuleli gumbi, kukhona ukuvuleka ewumngcingo, ukubizwa ngokuthi izimbobo emoyeni. Siyabonga kubo, a microclimate okhethekile kudalwa lapha, okuyinto uhlala ingashintshiwe unyaka wonke.

Uma wonke amakamelo engaphansi abengekho ngokuba ayeke ukuza esontweni. Lezi kude ngokujulile ngesimo niches esetshenziswa isitoreji. Zingakaqali wayivala iminyango yegumbi. Kodwa manje kuphela kokuhlanganisayo wabashiya. Kuze kube 1595, ke yayigcinwe endaweni engaphansi we yomcebo yasebukhosini kanye izinto eziyigugu kakhulu nezakhamuzi ezicebile.

Ukuze uthole lapho kukele imfihlo phambi Vasiliya Blazhennogo Cathedral eMoscow, kwakudingekile ukuba badlulisele ezimhlophe udonga lwamatshe izitebhisi, okuyinto wayaziwa kuphela abashonile. Kamuva lo sithutha ezingadingekile labhubhisa khohlwa ngakho, kodwa-yalolucwaningo 30 ekhulwini elidlule leminyaka-ke ngephutha wathola.

Chapel of, ihlelwe behlonipha Vasiliya Blazhennogo

Kuyinto cubic ifomu isonto. Yena ivinjiwe imbilapho egumbini nge isigubhu esincane ukukhanya, isipikili ngokwenza cupola. I enamathela ngokwayo lelithempeli senziwa isitayela efanayo esontweni engenhla lombhishobhi. Kukhona umbhalo oqoshiwe eliqoshiwe obondeni. Uyabika ukuthi isonto Vasiliya Blazhennogo ingezwe ku 1588 ngenhla nje yokungcwaba saint ngokushesha ngemva nokunxusa kwakhe ngomyalo Tsar Fedor Ivanovich.

Ngo-1929 isonto yavalwa ngenjongo yokukhulekela. Kuphela ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule kwaba umhlobiso ekugcineni abuyiselwe. Memory Vasiliya Blazhennogo ohlonishwayo ziyi-15 kuNcwaba. Lolu suku 1997 kwaba iphuzu ukuqala ngoba resumption of ezinkonzweni zesonto lakhe. Namuhla, phezu by ongcwele yokungcwaba izindleko komdlavuza ne izinsalela zakhe, ehlotshiswe eqoshwe esihle. Lokhu shrine eMoscow iyona ohlonishwayo kakhulu phakathi kwamalungu kanye izivakashi wethempeli.

Umhlobiso esontweni

Kumelwe ngivume ukuthi akunakwenzeka esihlokweni nokuzala ngamagama bonke ubuhle ukuthi idume St Vasiliya Blazhennogo. incazelo yabo Wawuthatha ngesonto angaphezu kwelilodwa, futhi mhlawumbe izinyanga. Gxila kuphela imininingwane umhlobiso esontweni, abangcweliselwe behlonipha le saint ethile.

Umdwebo uwoyela wakhe kuthiwa walotshwa ngesikhathi kugujwa iminyaka engu-engu-350 yeSivumelwano ukwakhiwa lombhishobhi. On the izindonga eningizimu nasenyakatho ukuboniswa Vasiliy Blazhenny. Isithombe nokuphila iziqephu yakhe amelela isimangaliso elingenamikhono futhi wokutakula olwandle. Ngezansi kubo, phezu uqimba aphansi, kuba umhlobiso lasendulo Russian we amathawula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ohlangothini esontweni uhlanganyela bolshemernaya isithonjana umdwebo okwenziwé phezu kwensimbi. Lokhu wobuciko yabhalwa ngo-1904.

Udonga entshonalanga wethempeli lihlotshiswe ngendlela the Virgin oNgcwele. Isihlanganisi engenhla kufaka izithombe engcwele kangcono yindlu yobukhosi. Lokhu umfel 'ukholo Irina, ioann Predtecha, Saint Anastasia futhi Fedor Stratilat.

Span egumbini matasa esibonisa abaVangeli, crosshairs - Saviour oNgcwele, uJohane uMbhapathizi kanye Virgin, isigubhu lihlotshiswe izibalo zezinzalamizi, futhi Dome - Kristu Pantocrator.

Ngokuqondene iconostasis, kwathiwa yenziwa ngokuvumelana iphrojekthi wezakhiwo odumile AM Pavlinova e-1895, futhi lokhu kwaholela ukulotshwa abadumile eMoscow isithonjana ngumbuyiseli kanye umdwebi Osip Chirikov. umbhalo wesandla sakhe eyiqiniso iyagcinwa kwenye imifanekiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-iconostasis namanje inesithombe vintage. Eyokuqala - isithonjana "Our Lady of Smolensk", ebhekise ngekhulu XVI, kanti eyesibili - umfanekiso St Vasiliya Blazhennogo, lapho uvezwa isizinda Red Square kanye Kremlin. izinsuku Kugcine kusukela ngekhulu XVIII.

belfry

Phakathi XVII eyikhulu ngaphambili belfry eyakhelwe sisesimweni esibi. Ngakho-ke, sanquma ukushintsha umbhoshongo insimbi in the 80s kwekhulu efanayo. By endleleni, it namanje umi namuhla. Isisekelo umbhoshongo insimbi kuyinto kwesitsha amade futhi omkhulu. It lamiswao phezu octagon nenhle ngaphezulu futhi usentekenteke, eyenziwe ngendlela endaweni evulekile, okuyinto lizungezwe izinsika eziyisishiyagalombili, futhi, esikhundleni salokho, uxhumeke kwi-phezulu nezipani lwaleli.

Umbhoshongo insimbi is lwaluba i etendeni octagonal ngempela high nge imiphetho ehlotshiswe tile ezinemibala nge glaze blue, white, ensundu ophuzi. ubuso wayo embozwe abacaphuni amathayili oluhlaza namawindi ezincane, okuyinto kungayandisa kakhulu umsindo wabo lapho toll insimbi. Uchonywe wetende kuyinto onion Dome encane nge cross eyayibhalwe. Ngaphakathi ngezizathu, kanye emnyango arched hung izinsimbi, okuyinto kwaphonswa emuva XVII-XIX eminyaka abaculi abadumile Russian.

Museum

Cathedral St Basil sika ubelokhu eqashelwa iziphathimandla zaseSoviet somlando bokwakha ngo-1918, hhayi kuphela ezweni kuphela kodwa futhi kubaluleke international futhi kuthathwa wokuvikela wombuso. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho eqala cabanga emnyuziyamu. uSuperintendent sakhe sokuqala kwaba John Kuznetsov (uFata). Kufanele wathi ukuthi ithempeli emva kwempi, ngaphandle ihaba, endaweni abajabulanga neze: abangu akhishwe cishe wonke amafasitela, ophahleni ezindaweni eziningi egcwele izimbobo, futhi ebusika khona kanye ngaphakathi emagcekeni babe eqhweni.

Ngemuva kweminyaka emihlanu ngesisekelo lombhishobhi kwanqunywa ukwakha eziyinkimbinkimbi emlandweni futhi yokwakha. Ikhanda layo lokuqala kwaba E. I. Silin - umcwaningi we-Moscow Historical Museum. Kakade ngo-May 21 wavakashela ethempelini izivakashi kuqala. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umsebenzi usuqalile ukuxhasa abasebenzi.

Museum wabiza "Pokrovsky Cathedral" ngo-1928 yaphenduka legatsha le Historical Museum. Ngemva konyaka, ithempeli ngokusemthethweni ivaliwe yokukhulekela futhi bathatha zonke izinsimbi. Esikhathini 30s last amahemuhemu ekhulwini ukuthi ihlele ukuthi lowo muntu adilize. Kepha namanje kwaba lucky ngokwanele ukuba ugweme uthola isiphetho esinjena. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kukhona ecishe ibe ikhulu olwenziwa umsebenzi wokuvuselela, ethempelini livulekele Muscovites njalo. Ukuze sonke isikhathi Museum yavalwa kanye kuphela, lapho kwakukhona ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe.

Ngemva kwempi, waba ngokushesha nje ngafakwa zonke izinyathelo ukubuyisela lombhishobhi, ngakho ngosuku ukugubha iminyaka engu-800th Museum yenhloko-dolobha wathola futhi. Yena wathola udumo ububanzi izikhathi zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi Museum is kahle nje kuphela e-USSR, kodwa nakwamanye amazwe amaningi. Kusukela ngo-1991, ibandla iyasebenza njengoba iSonto Lobu-Orthodox, futhi State Historical Museum. Ngemva kwekhefu elide lapha ekugcineni uqalisiwe yokukhulekela.

St ebuntwaneni

Ikusasa eMoscow isimangaliso isisebenzi Saint Basil wazalwa ngo ekupheleni 1468. Ngokusho yetinsita kwenzeka khona kanye nompheme Elokhovskiy ethempelini ukuze badunyiswe we uVladimir Isithonjana Blessed Virgin Mary. Abazali bakhe kubantu elula. Lapho ekhula, wathunyelwa ufunde walokho ukwakha izicathulo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umeluleki wakhe aqala ukuqaphela ukuthi Basil akafani zonke ezinye izingane.

Isibonelo izici zayo eziyingqayizivele singasebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile sokufinyelela icala: kanye umthengisi ayekhiphe wokusanhlamvu eMoscow nokubona esitolo, waya oda pair of amabhuzu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wacela ukuba izicathulo akakwazanga sikhuthazele, futhi ngonyaka. Lapho ezwa la mazwi, Basil Ubusisiwe wakhala futhi wathembisa ukuthi umthengisi akanayo isikhathi ngisho ukugqoka phansi izithende lezi amabhuzu. Lapho angiqondanga master wabuza lo mfana ukuthi kungani ecabanga ingane watshela uthisha wakhe ukuthi ikhasimende ngeke ukwazi ukubeka phezu amabhuzu ngokushesha uyafa. Lesi siprofetho sagcwaliseka ngo-izinsuku ezimbalwa nje.

Kwamukelwa kwetinkhantolo ubungcwele

Lapho Vasily engu-16, wathuthela eMoscow. Kukulo muzi lapho waqala indlela yakhe olunameva okohlanya. Ngokusho ofakazi, Basil Ubusisiwe ayehamba emigwaqweni sicathulo futhi ngonyaka nqunu dolobha wonke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwakukhona ebabayo ashubisa umnkantsha noma ehlobo ukushisa ukuhanguka.

Amazwe cabanga zayo kuphela ukubukeka, kodwa futhi izenzo. Ngokwesibonelo, wedlula phambi emakethe nezitebele zamahhashi, lwalungaletha esibuthakathaka egcwele kvas, noma ungqongqoze phezu esiphikisayo kalatches. Phakathi naleso Vasiliy Blazhenny kwaba ngokuvamile kancane abakhonondayo abahwebi. Njengabangaqondakali njengoba kuzwakala, uhlala ujabule ukuthatha ukushaywa waze wambonga azithandazela azibusise futhi. Kodwa kamuva kwacaca ukuthi, ezichithekile kvass kwaba amakhekhe langakufanelekela futhi waphathwa kubhakwa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uma ikubona hhayi kuphela denouncer abangebona abeqiniso, kodwa umuntu kaNkulunkulu futhi isiwula ongcwele.

Nansi enye uma ukuphila saint sika. Uma umthengisi linqume ukwakha esontweni itshe e Moscow, ku Pokrovka. Kodwa ngandlela-thile ke ihlaselwe nemengamo ezintathu. Weza St Basil ukucela iseluleko kule ndaba. Kodwa wamthumela Kiev, uJohn elihluphayo. Lapho befika kule ndawo ukuze umthengisi emzini kumuntu ofanele e endlini yakhe abampofu. UJohn ayehlezi futhi wazamazamisa imbeleko, okuyinto lalingenalutho. Umnini-sitolo wambuza ayivusa namanje unikina. Lokhu abampofu engiphendula ethi lulls unina ngokuzalwa kwakhe nendlela abakhuliswe ngayo. Yilapho-ke umcabango yomthengisi kanina, abake dula aphume endlini. Ngokushesha kwaba sobala ukuthi kungani akakwazi ukwakha isonto. Ukubuyela eMoscow, umthengisi ethola umama omzalayo, wacela intethelelo yakhe wathatha ekhaya. Ngemva kwalokho, kalula ephethwe ukwakha isonto.

IzEnzo isimangaliso isisebenzi

Ubusisiwe Basil njalo washumayela isihawu ngabanye nokusiza labo babe namahloni ukuhoxa, kuyilapho abadinga usizo kakhudlwana kunamanye. Kulesi senzakalo, kukhona incazelo eyodwa icala lapho lowo unikele zonke izinto wamupha ngabathengisi ngokuvakashela yenkosi, nomuntu wezizwe owayeza ngengozi lilahlekelwe iyo yonke. Somthengisi izinsuku ezimbalwa Akadlanga lutho, kodwa angikwazanga ukucela usizo, ngoba wayegqoke izingubo ezibizayo.

Vasiliy Blazhenny njalo ngokuqinile wabalahla labo abela abantu abampofu izipho esekelwe ngezisusa zobugovu, hhayi ngoba uzwela ubumpofu nokuhlupheka. Ngenxa omakhelwane, waze waya endlini yezihambi, lapho bathola induduzo futhi wayezama ukukhuthaza abantu owehla kakhulu, wababona njengomnikelo wokusanhlamvu somusa. Lokhu Whacky ngakho azihlanzile umphefumulo wakhe nemithandazo futhi izenzo ezinkulu evule isipho ekugwemeni izingozi kusengaphambili. Ngo-1547 Ubusisiwe alibikezele umlilo omkhulu ezenzeka eMoscow, futhi umthandazo wakhe, ukucisha amalangabi eNovgorod. Njengoba ayephila nabo umangalele ukuthi uma uhlambalaze yena Basil Tsar u-Ivan IV the Kubi, njengoba kunjalo phakathi yokukhulekela wacabanga mayelana nokwakha ku Vorobyovy Gory esigodlweni sakhe.

Washona elingcwele Agasti 2, 1557. Khona-ke eMoscow Metropolitan Macarius nazo abefundisi bakhe wenza Basil emngcwabeni. Wembelwa KuZiqu-zintathu Church, okuyinto ngo 1555 waqala ukwakha intercession Church inkumbulo yokunqotshwa Kazan Khanate. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-31, ngo-Agasti 2, lo saint ukuthi abagcotshwa Council, eliholwa Umbhishobhi uJobe.

Abaphila Besikhathi wamchaza mayelana efanayo, futhi njalo ukusho imininingwane ezintathu; yena waba mncane kakhulu, egqoke ubuncane izingubo, futhi esandleni saba abasebenzi njalo. ngaleyo ndlela Kubonakala kithi Vasiliy Blazhenny. Photo imifanekiso nezithombe nge ngomfanekiso wakhe ethulwa kule athikili.

Nokudunyiswa lesi simangaliso isisebenzi ezingcwele zabantwana sasisikhulu kangangokuba Cathedral St Basil zaqala ukubahlonipha igama lakhe. By the way, amaketanga ambophile basesemhlabeni ngokugcina Theological Academy of eMoscow. Noma ubani ofuna ukuba ujabulele lesikhumbuzo enhle bokwakhiwa ephakathi, ungakuthola kuleli kheli elilandelayo: Moscow, Red Square, St Vasiliya Blazhennogo.