Seljuk nabaseTurkey. Ngomlando we-Asia

Omunye nengwenya kakhulu abanqobi medieval Asian kwakungamadodana Seljuk nabaseTurkey. Sinenkosi emashumini eminyaka ambalwa kungase kudale umbuso omkhulu besikhathi sakhe, okuyinto Nokho, ngokushesha waphela. Kodwa lezi izinsalela umbuso wanikela ngokuphila ngisho uthi namandla kakhulu. Ake sizwe ukuthi yini akha Seljuk abaseTurkey, bangobani futhi lapho.

ethnogenesis Seljuk

Okokuqala, kudingeka sithole ukuthi lapho wenza Seljuk nabaseTurkey. Umbala wawo isacuketse eziningi eziyimfihlakalo mlando.

Ngokusho inguqulo evamile, ungomunye amagatsha Oguz Turkic abantu. Oguz ngokwakho, cishe, kuwumphumela ukudideka ensimini ka -Asia Ephakathi, Ugric wendawo nezizwana Sarmatian kusukela bangaphandle abaseTurkey, ne predominance zezinombolo nezamasiko yokugcina. Thanda lonke Turkic abantu, Oguz wahlanganyela ayimizulane isilwane ukunakekela, kanye ukuhlaselwa nokuseshwa kwemizi nezinye izizwe. Ekuqaleni, base akhonze abantu abanegunya Khazar Khanate, kodwa kamuva owaba khona uwedwa futhi ihlelwe isimo zabo nhlangothi zombili we Syr Darya, nenhloko-dolobha yalo e Yangikent, qhutshwa Yabgu.

Ezemfundo Seljuk State

Ekhulwini IX yizicukuthwane Oguz Tokak Ibn Luqman isizwe Kınık idluliswe kanye nabantu okhonzile e inkonzo Khazar Khanate. Kodwa nge ukwehla kwamandla we Khazars, wabuyela e-Asia Ephakathi, lapho eseneminyaka ukukhonza Oguz Yabgu Ali, kanjalo waba wesibili obaluleke kakhulu-State of the Oguz.

Tokak wazala indodana ngegama Selcuk, okuyinto bakhonza noyise kusukela Khazars. Ngemva kokufa Tokak Selcuk etholakele Yabgu isihloko syubashi (ibutho umlawuli). Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ubuhlobo obuphakathi umbusi kanye Seljuk isimo Oguz iziyaluyalu. Esabela ukuphila kwakhe kanye nezimpilo abathandekayo, Selcuk waphoqeleka ukuba umhlalaphansi namalungu isizwe yakhe eningizimu emazweni Muslim ngo 985, lapho aguqulwa Islam. Wangena inkonzo Samanids, ubani ngegama kubhekwe kwababusi Khalifa e-Asia Ephakathi, kodwa eqinisweni ababusi ezimele ngokugcwele.

Khona-ke athole abantu, Selcuk ngaphansi banner lolu kholo olusha emuva isimo Oghuz, wahola ekulweni Yabgu. Ngakho, ubutha siqu Ali kanye Selcuk yaphenduka jihad Muslim. Ngokushesha, lo mlawuli wamabutho abasha wakwazi ithumbe umuzi Jenda esikhulu bazohlala lapha. Wakwazi sihlanganise ezinye izizwe Turkic, ngaleyo ndlela asungula siqu esimweni sazo encane okwamanje. Inhlokodolobha okwakuseduze layo umuzi Jenda. Futhi konke elafika ngaphansi banner sezizwe zakwa Seljuk waziwa emlandweni njengoba Seljuk nabaseTurkey.

nokuqinisa isimo

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ekuqaleni XI leminyaka isimo Samanid zawa ngaphansi ukuhlaselwa lomunye enamandla Turkic Union - Karakhanids. Ekuqaleni wasekela Seljuks ekulweni overlords zabo - Samanids, zona wathola izinzuzo ezinkulu ukuzimela ekuphathweni emazweni awo, kodwa ngemva kokuwa isevisi kuhanjiswe ku Karakhanids.

Ngemva kokufa Seljuk isimo obuswa amadodana akhe amahlanu: Israil (igama Turkic ka Arslan), Mikail, Musa Yusuf futhi Yunus. Chief kwaba eyizibulo Israil. Yena nakakhulu amandla Seljuks esifundeni.

Israil wayeshade indodakazi umbusi Karakhanids Ali Tegin. Wathumela enhloko-dolobha yase-eBukhara enkonzweni Ali tegin ezimbili bomzala bakhe, abantwana bakwa-Mikail - Togrul futhi Daud (Chagry Bey), ukunqoba okukhulu zazo sizoxoxa ngezansi.

Ngalesi sikhathi, esishayisana Qarakhanids osekelwa Seljuks, kwafika umbusi onamandla Gazny Mahmud. Waphumelela ku 1025 bamba ka-Israyeli, bafakwe ejele bese wafa ngemva kweminyaka elikhomba. Lesi senzakalo saphawula ukuqala umzabalazo phakathi Ghaznavids futhi Seljuks, ngubani waba inhloko yalawa Mikail, ezingxenyeni eBukhara.

impumelelo enkulu

Ngemva kokufa Mikail amandla ngofuzo namadodana akhe - futhi Togrul Beg Chagry, eyisikhulu phakathi okwakubekelwa kubhekwe kuqala. Ingxabano phakathi kwabo Ghaznavids zonke wawuhlanganisa kuze ukuxazululwa impi enkulu ye Dandakane lapho Seljuk-Turks inqobe kumhambela e 1040. Ngemva isivumelwano sokuthula ziye zathola in the ifa lonke Khorasan, kuyasuswa Ghaznavids, futhi Togrul ngokufanelekile kwaba manje ukubizwa ngokuthi Sultan.

Eminyakeni ezayo, Seljuk-Turks ngilinqobile yonke Iran Khorezm. Ngo 1055 ke elathunjwa inhloko-dolobha yesifunda sompristi - nedolobha laseBaghdad. Kodwa Togrul, ngokuba Muslim othembekile, ushiye igunya elingokomoya Umbusi, kanye nokubuya kuwo wathola aphakeme amandla yesikhashana futhi enkosini yabantwana eMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga isihloko.

Khona-ke, lo Seljuks waqala kuphangwa zabo phezu South eCaucasus nase-Asia Minor, ngaleso sikhathi kwakungekaNkulunkulu yoMbuso WaseByzantium. Omunye endaweni Togrul ngqo enamathiselwe esimweni sabo, kwezinye itshalwe esihlalweni sobukhosi izihlobo, wesithathu - kokushiya amandla nababusi wendawo, bethatha kubo akhuleka.

Seljuk Empire

Ekupheleni yempilo Togrul kwakheka ngempela Seljuk Empire, ayesuka Aral Sea empumalanga eCaucasus nase-Asia Minor imikhawulo entshonalanga. umlawuli Omkhulu efa ngo 1063, wedlula amandla ophakeme umshana wakhe Alp Arslan, ingubani indodana Chagry Bey.

Nokho, Alp Arslan abayekanga phezu impumelelo bomfowabo kayise, futhi waqhubeka wanda umbuso. Wakwazi anqobe Georgia ne-Armenia, futhi 1071, hhayi nje sizizwise nezindleko ukunqotshwa WaseByzantium at Manzikert, kodwa futhi athumba nombusi waso. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, cishe zonke Malaya Aziya ingeyamakhosi Seljuk nabaseTurkey.

Ngo 1072, lapho Alp Arslan wathumela ibutho lakhe ngokumelene Karakhanids, kwenziwa umzamo phezu kwakhe. ngokushesha Amanxeba Sultan wafa, bequeathing sobukhosi kungene indodana yakhe encane Malik Shah.

Naphezu ewusana, Sultan entsha yokuvimbela kwaqubuka ukuvukela. Wakwazi ngiziphuce eSiriya nasePalestina kusukela Fatimid isimo, okungadingi iqaphele igunya Khalifa, futhi baphoqelelwa ukuba bamukele eyinkosi ekhonza ngaphansi kukaNebukhadinezari Karakhanids. Lapho isifinyelele esiphezulu isimo amandla ako Seljuk.

Ukuncipha kwe-Empire Seljuk

Ngemva kokufa kwakhe 1092, Malik Shah waqala ukwehla zombuso esikhulu, okungekho empeleni ihlukaniswe phakathi kwabantwana bakwa-Sultan, njalo ehilelekile internecine izimpi. Isimo kwabhebhethekiswa ekuqaleni Zokholo Western Knights nge 1096, kanye nasekuqiniseni BoMbuso WaseByzantium ngaphansi Comnenus lwamakhosi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, falling off kusukela Empire steel esifundeni lapho ilungelo amagatsha side Seljukids.

Ekugcineni, ngemva kokufa nabanye abazalwane izinsalela umbuso 1118 babe ezandleni Ahmad Sanjar. Kwakuwusuku lokugcina Ephakeme Sultan, okuyinto waqaphela Seljuk nabaseTurkey. History of the Empire Seljuk, ephela ngo 1153 lapho efa.

I nokwahlukana yokugcina amandla Seljuk

Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba kufe Sanjar umbuso nolunya lahlekile emazweni wonke, eyayihunyushwe libuswa Seljuk lwamakhosi amagatsha lateral. Ngakho, ngo-1041 yasungulwa Karmansky Sultanate eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Iran, eyathatha kuze 1187. Ngo 1094 ahlukaniswe Syria Sultanate. Nokho, ukhona lwalulinganiselwe iminyaka engu-23. On the 1118 ama-akhawunti kumila sultanate Iraq, ogama ukuwa kuyinto eyabhalwa ngonyaka 1194.

Kodwa kuzo zonke izinto izingcezwana we Seljuk Empire, le Sultanate elide kakhulu yathatha ka Rum (noma Rum), ayese-Asia Minor. Umsunguli walesi state indodana yomfowabo Alp Arslan Suleiman Ibn Qutulmish, okwaqala ngokubekwa kokubusa 1077.

Izindlalifa umbusi ukuqinisa futhi andise sultanate, okuyinto kwafinyelela amandla ayo eliphakeme ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIII. Kodwa ayehlasela amaMongol phakathi lelo khulu leminyaka, muva kwaphazamisa Seljuk isimo. Ekugcineni, it isihlakazeka ku beyliks eziningi (izifunda), kuphela ngokomthetho abangaphansi Sultan. Sultanate of Rum ekugcineni lashabalala e 1307.

Ukufika Ottoman

Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba Ukubhujiswa kokugcina Sultanate of Rum, oyedwa kubabusi yakhe, Kay Kubad e 1227 wavumela ukuba sithuthele endaweni wombuso sezizwe zakwa Oguz - eliholwa Kaya Ertogrul. Ngaphambi kwalokho, lo isizwe wahlala ensimini ka-Iran yanamuhla.

INdodana Ertogrul Osman eyasungulwa e-Asia Minor isimo esisha Turkish, kamuva wathola igama ngokuvukela uMbuso WaseTurkey. Nge owamlandela ukuthi Amandla ithumba izingxenye ezinkulu ze-Asia, e-Afrika naseYurophu, ngokwendawo kokweqa usayizi okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni Seljuk. Njengoba ubona, the Seljuk-Turks and Ottoman - amaketanga elenziwa izikhungo zomphakathi ngokulandelana.

Inani okuye kwafinyelelwa Seljuks

Seljuk-Turks ukunqoba sibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni. Bavula babona ukuthi isikhathi sokungena olubanzi izizwe Turkic entshonalanga ye-Asia. Baye baba nethonya abalulekile kwi ukwakheka eziningi namaqembu ezinhlanga yesimanje: Azeris, abaseTurkey, qizilbash kanye nenombolo bezinye izizwe.

Futhi, ungakhohlwa ukuthi de empeleni waba owalandela we Seljuk isimo waba enkulu uMbuso WaseTurkey, okuyinto yaba nethonya elikhulu ku izinqubo zomlando, hhayi kuphela e-Asia kodwa futhi eYurophu.