Izici eziyinhloko capitalism

Lokubaluleke kakhulu ngokuba ukuqonda into zokuphila yokuzijabulisa izibonakaliso zakhe. Uhlelo lwe-capitalism - irherho elihle letjhebiswano kwezomnotho esekelwe ukubusa endaweni yangasese, ibhizinisi mahhala futhi inzuzo ngamakhasimende. Ngokushesha kumelwe kuphawulwe ukuthi lo mqondo yigama kuphela isibonelo esiphelele, njengoba kunoma yiliphi izwe emhlabeni akukho isakhiwo esinjalo e injalo elicwengekileyo.

Ukuvela nomqondo

Hlaziya izici ekuthuthukisweni komnotho Ngokombono ongokomlando ukusiza lezi zimpawu. Uhlelo lwe-capitalism - yigama ubelokhu lisetshenziswa kusukela isigamu kwekhulu le-19 yesibili. Ngokokuqala ngqá lalisetshenziswa France, abalobi ke German nesiNgisi owethulwa ke kwegazi ngokwesayensi.

Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi ekuqaleni ayenakho value ezimbi. Ososayensi, abalobi wafaka izwi sengqondo esingaqondile towards ukubusa ezezimali, okuyinto kwaphawuleka emazweni athuthukile-European, phakathi kwaleli khulu leminyaka. Ikakhulukazi abameleli asebenzayo wasebenzisa lo mqondo zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni (Marx, Lenin, nabanye).

Market theory kanye ukungqubuzana ekilasini

Elichaza izici zentuthuko yomnotho ukuhweba ukusiza izimpawu zabo. Uhlelo lwe-capitalism - uhlelo esekelwe ukusebenza mahhala emakethe, okuyinto ungumbonisi kuziwa endabeni udweshu phakathi isigaba sabasebenzi nabantu abanikazi. Okokuqala bafuna intengo ephakeme ukuthengisa amandla akhe, kwesibili - kuba ukuthenga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto emakethe main ngokwemigomo kwezohwebo, ngaphandle okuyinto akunakwenzeka ukuba zibone ngeso lengqondo khona kohlelo zama-Capitalist. Eyesibili isici esibalulekile saleso uhlelo - kuba lokuhlushwa izindlela zokukhiqiza ezandleni abavelele emphakathini futhi kulondolozwe kwetisebenti ngoba sabasebenzi.

Phakathi kwala maqembu amabili kuyimpi umsebenzi nezindleko ezinkulu. Lokhu kuholela engaphelele yomzabalazo wezigaba, okuyinto emazweni amaningi kuye kwaholela ekuvukeleni. Nokho, umkhuba kukhombisa ukuthi uhlelo i-capitalism afanelekile kakhulu ukusebenza evamile isimo, futhi kunjalo nangabalandeli kusukela ekuqaleni buqala, sandile ngokushesha impela emhlabeni wonke, ekuthumbeni cishe yonke imikhakha yempilo, kuhlanganise nokuzigaxa kwezombusazwe namasiko. Izici ezingenhla kohlelo isehlane ngezimfundiso ezivamile Marx, owachitha le nkinga omunye zincwadi ziphakathi kokulandisa okuvelele zalo eziyisisekelo kakhulu.

Umqondo izimiso ezinhle zokusebenza YamaProthestani

Ukuze uqonde izimbangela ngale ndlela entsha emlandweni waseMpumalanga ukusiza lezi zimpawu. Uhlelo lwe-capitalism - akuyona nje ekhethekile ifomu yenhlangano zokukhiqiza, kodwa futhi ngendlela ethile yokuhlela umphakathi. Kuthathwa ngokuthi isiphi isigaba sayo yonke emlandweni kwezomnotho edumile usosayensi isiJalimane sezokuhlalisana kwabantu Weber.

Ngokungafani Marx, naye wayekholelwa ukuthi lesi simiso sici kuphela lamazwe Western Europe. Ngokusho kwakhe, ke esaphakama Kulezo zifunda lapho isungulwe EsengamaProthestani, okuyinto athuthukiswe umphakathi sehlelo zomsebenzi isiyalo, ngezinga eliphezulu of inhlangano yomphakathi, kanye ukuphishekela inzuzo engenayo. Yena wakhetha izimpawu ezilandelayo ukuthuthukiswa capitalism: mncintiswano abakhiqizi, emakethe ashukumisayo, zisetshenziswe capital kwezamabhizinisi, ekuphishekeleni inzuzo nokukhulisa. Futhi uma Marx ukuthi le ndlela ngeke kuphela kuthinte, kodwa futhi inquma inqubomgomo amazwe, Weber waqhathanisa lezi sphere ezimbili emphakathini, nakuba evumile ukuthi babesebunzimeni sisondelene nomunye.

mayelana emisha

Izici eziyinhloko capitalism babé into cwaningo eyaziwa sesayensi yezombangazwe sezokuhlalisana kwabantu Schumpeter. Yasho izici ezilandelayo zalesi simiso: emakethe ashukumisayo, ibhizinisi kanye kokubusa yangasese. Nokho, ngokungafani nalaba ababhali, Economist zabelwe enjalo ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni kosozimali njengoba emisha. Ngokubona kwakhe, kwaba ukwethulwa ezintsha kwavusa ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha komnotho.

Ngakho Schumpeter ukubaluleka okukhulu unamathele abolekise, esinikela osomabhizinisi ithuba lokwethula ubuchwepheshe yesimanje futhi ngaleyo ndlela ngcono ukukhiqiza. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi indlela ukuqinisekisa impahla inhlalakahle umphakathi kanye nenkululeko siqu izakhamuzi, kodwa ikusasa uhlelo kubonakala ukukhanya engenathemba, bekholelwa ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iye icekela.

Ukuvela manufactories

Omunye preconditions esiyinhloko aphuma imodi izinduna zokukhiqiza kuya kosozimali kwaba ukuhamba kusukela inhlangano simiso esidala futhi kwathatha nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi. Kungenxa kulolu shintsho olubalulekile okufanele sibheke impendulo umbuzo mayelana nokuthi kungani ukuvela manufactories kubhekwa uphawu lokuzalwa capitalism sika.

Phela, isimo esiyinhloko ukuba khona futhi usebenze kahle emakethe iyona bekholelwa zomsebenzi eqashiwe. Ngekhulu le-14 e-European emadolobheni abakhiqizi abaningi beshiya isethi yendabuko journeymen futhi waqala ukuheha abantu ku izitolo zabo onguchwepheshe a craft ethile. kwavela Ngakho emakethe yezabasebenzi, okuyinto, ngokusho definition kaMarx, isici esiyinhloko kohlelo zama-Capitalist.

zezinkampani

Emazweni western European, kwakukhona izinhlobo ezahlukene izimboni, okhombisa ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha kanye nokwethulwa imodi entsha zokukhiqiza. Ukuhlaziya inkinga (kungani ukuvela Manufactures kuwuphawu ukuzalwa capitalism) kusenza siqonde indlela ukuthuthukiswa komnotho. Abanikazi amabhizinisi zihlakazeke basakaza izinto zokusetshenziswa kubasebenzi ekhaya, khona-ke, isivele iphathwa, ke wathola ababazi abaqeqeshiwe, ngokwenza ntambo, indaba wanika kulandela abakhiqizi. Njengoba umsebenzi wenziwa eziningi izisebenzi badabula uchungechunge emphahleni. Encwadini manufactory eyodwa abantu wasebenza egumbini elilodwa, usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe. Lezi zinhlobo ezehlukene izinkampani ukubonisa nenani elikhulu ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza kosozimali kulelivekati.

revolution yesayensi

Izimpawu kuyanda capitalism elihlobene ne izici of emnothweni AseYurophu, lwaqala ekuqaleni kakhulu ushintsho ukudayisa ngenxa lwekutfutfukisa kanye nezimakethe ekudaleni. A sikhonzi esaba negalelo elisha ukuthuthukiswa mode kosozimali zokukhiqiza kwaba ukwethulwa ubuchwepheshe obusha. Lokhu kwaletha emnothweni ezingeni elisha. Ukusetshenziswa kwemishini ezimbonini wavumela osomabhizinisi ukwandisa yokuthengisa imikhiqizo. Intuthuko emkhakheni wesayensi kuye kwaholela ukudalwa omkhiqizo isibe eshibhile, ngoba abasebenzi manje indawo amabhizinisi ukusebenzisa umshini.

Lokubaluleke kakhulu kwaba kokusungulwa umusi injini, ugesi, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezitimela. Ukutholakala nokuthuthukiswa imali entsha amaminerali kwaholela ekwakhekeni okusheshayo umkhakha esindayo nelesimbi. Lezi zinguquko washintsha ngokuphelele ubuso edolobheni lamazwe West Europe kanye eRussia, lapho, emva ukuqedwa serfdom waqala ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha kwemboni. Ngakho izimpawu capitalism ekhulwini le-19 kunqunywa ukwethulwa impumelelo yezesayensi ekukhiqizweni.

Ukuvela monopolies

Phakathi Esigabeni sokuqala ukuthuthukiswa izinhlangano zama-Capitalist ukukhiqizwa ezingase naphakathi ngobukhulu. Ubukhulu ukukhiqizwa yabo yayingaxhomekile ububanzi, ngakho osomabhizinisi Ungakwazi ngamunye ibhizinisi yabo. Ekhulwini le-19 ohlelweni ongene esigabeni esisha yentuthuko. Umthamo production liye landa ngendlela emangalisayo, ifektri enwetshiwe, okuholela isidingo imizamo ahlangene osomabhizinisi. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu okungenhla singazibona izimpawu ayitholwa capitalism: lokuhlushwa ukukhiqizwa, nokuncipha kwenani izitshalo, ukuvela, amabhizinisi ezinkulu dolobha khudlwana.

Ngesikhathi kwekhulunyaka indima esemqoka kukhala by umkhakha esindayo: isiqoqi sama-softwe, metal, uwoyela kanye nabanye. Ngokuvamile, ukuhlanganisa okwenzeke phakathi yimuphi umkhakha eyodwa lapho kwakukhona okufana izinhlangano, nombimbi futhi emtsetfweni. Ngaphansi umqondo wokuqala okufanele aqondwe inkontileka kwamabhizinisi eziningana ezimele ukuthi uyavumelana phakathi ngokwabo intengo kwezimpahla, yokuthengisa kanye nezimakethe quota. Igama elithi wesibili kusho degree ephakeme ka monopolization lapho liqinile, ebe egcina ukuzimela kwezomthetho nakwezomnotho, hlela olulodwa ehhovisi yokuthengisa imikhiqizo yayo.

izinhlobo eziyinhloko zendalo amabhizinisi

Izimpawu ayitholwa capitalism esisiza ukuba siqonde ukuthi yiziphi izici esigabeni esisha ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi simiso. Oluphakeme kakhulu ubudlelwane izimboni kanye namafemu uthathwa trust nokukhathazeka. Izinhlangano yokuqala ngokuhlanganyela ekusebenziseni yokuthengisa hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ekukhiqizeni futhi kuncike ukuphathwa esinobunye, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ukugcina ukuzimela ngokwezimali. Trust wadala kunoma iyiphi umkhakha owodwa futhi ngokushesha kungene isikhundla ekuholeni. Ifomu eziphambili kakhulu okuzihlanganisa kubhekwe ukukhathazeka. Basuke kwakheka izimboni eduze futhi ube ezezimali ezivamile.

Ukuhlanganisa dolobha inikeza ukuhlanganiswa kubelula futhi kusebenze kahle, ngokungafani amafomu ngenhla. Izimpawu capitalism kwekhulu lama-20 libonisa ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo ngenxa entry yayo ibe esigabeni esisha nangaphezulu yentuthuko, okwakunginika ososayensi ithuba ukhulume esigabeni okuhlaselayo imperialism esibonakala by nokuhlanganiswa amabhange kanye nokukhiqiza.