Ubani obusa ngemuva kwekutsi Pawula 1 eRussia. Ababusi Russia

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX sobukhosi Russian wahlupheka ngethuka kwaphela nasozwanini: Mashi ebusuku 1801 iqembu lonogada bakhi eliholwa Petersburg umbusi-jikelele kanye nenhloko amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi PA Palen langena emakamelweni uMbusi uPawulu Petrovich wambulala, kanjalo ukwenza lokuketula uhulumeni yaloko enyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi indodana uMbusi u-Alexander.

Kweminyaka Eyinkulungwane, okwaqala ngokubekwa lokubulala

I unina wenkosi wabulawa - uCatherine II - wafuna ukwenza kube umuntu owayezothatha isikhundla imizamo yakhe ezithuthukayo. Yingakho uthisha oyinhloko kaPawulu kwaba Panin - i sikahulumeni esivelele isikhathi sakhe. Kodwa isiphetho decreed ngenye indlela. UPawulu wayefuna ukuqhubeka lozalo lwakhe. Wayeziqhenya ngokuba futhi afune isikhundla esithile, efana ababusi abaningi Russian. Phakathi nokubusa le nkosi yaba ngeyesikhashana, kodwa wakwazi ukunqoba inzondo jikelele.

Ukuze onogada abanesibindi zazingezintsha yokugumbuqela isihlalo sobukhosi semibuso ababusi ababi bayosuswa ngobudlova. Futhi isisebenzi yesikhashana Biron futhi abasha Ivan Vi Antonovich, inkosi esisemthethweni Russia, Uyi salokhu. Ngezinye izikhathi benza ngingqongqotha umoya aphume nkosi ezineshwa - egazini wabulala Tsar uPetru III ezandleni zabo.

wonke Umlando omfushane - ne Petru 1 kuya Nicholas 2 - egcwele gobe futhi amasu okugumbuqela imibuso, kodwa kulokhu kwakunebandla elilodwa imininingwane ezanikeza uhlamvu kokubulawa ekhethekile. Kukhona isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi ngesakhiwo okusondelayo wayezazi indodana kaPawulu - indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi, u-Alexander. Ngisho zingahlanganyeli ububi mathupha benza ubufebe, waba, kulesi simo, noma yokwenziwa, kodwa parricide, futhi lokhu ebusuku, ngo-March 12, 1801, ingxenye esele yokuphila lwayo lwashisa unembeza wakhe.

Alexander 1: Phakathi nokubusa

Lapho umqhele Empire isiRashiya, ebekiwe umqhele ekhanda ka-Alexander I, eneminyaka engamashumi amabili nane. Naphezu kobusha yakhe, kwakufanele bonyana ukucabanga okuqhubekayo, futhi agcinwe uchungechunge yezinguquko ngokulinganisela-ovulekile. Ngokusho Ubumnene yabo, u-Alexander kwaba kuvakashe ummeleli wendlunkulu absolutism ukukhanyiselwa efana ugogo wakhe uCatherine II. Akazange bephazamisa inqaba serfdom, kodwa ibe yisibambiso intuthuko kubonakala imfundo. Phakathi izikhungo zakhe ezimbalwa nelungelo zemfundo avuleka, kuhlanganise edumile Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.

Ngemizamo kombusi abasha lalenziwa omele abantu onohlelo lokubusa zokuphatha. Esikhundleni amabhodi ubudala kaPetru, imodeli European, yasungula enkonzweni. Kwakukhona ngisho wenza umzamo wangempela anike izikhonzi zakhe umthethosisekelo, kodwa wahlala kuphela isibalo abanezinhloso ezinhle. Kakade engxenyeni wokubusa Alexander yesibili wachitha kwekuhlela kabusha wezempi, kulekelelwa uhlelo nzima kakhulu kokufuna eziyihlazo Arakcheyev nemizana lempi.

sezombusazwe Onekhono umholi ezimbi

Phakathi nokubusa le nkosi yawela ngenkathi izimpi kaNapoleon. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amabutho elisungulwe 1905 sokusebenzisana anti-French ngokusemthethweni ephethwe M. I. Kutuzov, zonke izinqumo zithathwa mathupha ngu-Alexander, futhi kubeka basola kokunqotshwa ibutho Russian-Austrian Battle of Austerlitz. Wayengeyena umholi ovelele lempi, kodwa kwadingeka isipho ezombusazwe okungavamile.

Ngekhono usebenzisa isimo samanje, umbusi kwaphela 1808 ukuthula kunenzuzo nge Napoleon. Phakathi nale minyaka, laseRussia belilokhu enamathiselwe Finland yadla iBessarabia Eastern Georgia. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi igama u-Alexander I, sizihlanganisa ngokuyinhloko empini ye 1812, ngempumelelo yakhe ngokuwina elinganiselwe, mhlawumbe kuphela inqubomgomo ezinzima ngokumelene kukaNapoleon non-ukuphazamiseka ekuphathweni ibutho, lolungenamaphutsa Kwasetshenziswa M. I. Kutuzovym.

Ukufa, wabeletha legend

Alexander 1, nokubusa okuyinto ayehambisana olunesivunguvungu basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe zezwe, ekupheleni wokubusa is babevame ngokufuna iwuyeke futhi bazinikele kuNkulunkulu. Lokhu kwaba isizathu ukuthi, ngemva kokufa kwakhe, lapho alandela 1725 ngesikhathi evakashele yaseTaganrog, kwakukhona amahemuhemu, kufakazela ukuthi inhlokodolobha walethwa lomngcwabo nendikimba umuntu, futhi umbusi ehlathini elikude hermitages ngaphansi igama lenkulu Fyodor Kuzmich kuhlawulelwe isono patricide ukuthi iminyaka engamashumi amabili nane edlule, wamvusela esivelele amandla. Ingabe le nguqulo kuba okungenasisekelo - alaziwa kuze kube yilolu suku.

Ukubusa entsha sathoma ngokuhlubuka

Zonke ebusa ngemuva kwekutsi Pawula 1 eRussia, babe ababusi baleli zwe bakhipha yohlobo entsha yaseYurophu. Lokhu kusebenza ngokugcwele kuKesari Nicholas mina, ngo-1825 kuya esikhundleni sobukhosi yomfowabo. Naphezu rigidity kahulumeni esivela despotism empumalanga, uye wasebenza kanzima ukuze udale kuleli zwe ngokucacile ovikelekile wokuphatha uhlelo, usebenzisa isipiliyoni okuqhubekayo amazwe.

Njengengubo nje umfowabo, uNicholas mina, isihloko "Umbusi waseRussia" lasaphazeka ngegazi. Futhi futhi kwaba onogada, kulokhu obala ngo-December 14 ngo-iSigele Square yenhloko-dolobha. Onamabala kungenzeka izinkinga esikhathini esizayo, uNicholas babethathe izinyathelo ezinqala, kwalwela idumela lakhe kamuva njengoba gendarme futhi suppressor enkululeko. Lapho yayisekelwe notorious "Isigaba Okwesithathu" - amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi, afeze ukubhekwa zonke ukuphuma eyamukelwayo.

inqubomgomo bakhe bezinye izizwe wamlingisa ngokuphelele ngaphakathi. Intuthuko umlando wokubusa Nicholas ngaqala: nokucindezela amaPolish nokuvukela Hungarian, nempi Turkey ka 1828-1829, empini asePheresiya, ekugcineni, ngobuwula elahlekile umkhankaso YaseCrimea ngaphambi kokuba ufike ekugcineni kwalokho washona ngo-February 18, 1855 ..

Tsar-wezinguquko

Phakathi kwalabo imithetho ngemuva kwekutsi Pawula 1 eRussia, inkazimulo wezinguquko lesichubekako kakhulu atholwe okulandelayo ogcotshiweyo kaNkulunkulu - uMbusi u-Alexander II. Ngokungafani noyise, wayezama ukuletha ezweni lakubo umoya wenkululeko nobuntu. Kakhulu emlandweni abalulekile isenzo sakhe kwaba ukuqedwa serfdom, wamemezela ngo-1861.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umlando wokubusa kwakhe kuhlanganisiwe: ukuqedwa nemizana ezempi kanye izinguquko emabuthweni ahlomile, imfundo ephakeme futhi yesibili, ezezimali, futhi ubulungisa zemstvos. Lutho neze nanoma ubani kulabo ababusa iRussia ngemva uPawulu 1st, wakwazi ukuguqula isithombe isimo ngakho, kodwa nokho wezinguquko enkulu washonela ezandleni zezikhonzi zabo siqu. It kwakuhlelwa imizamo eziyisikhombisa, lapho muva obenziwa 1 Mashi 1881 inhlangano yamaphekula "Narodnaya Volya", samlahlekisela ngokuphila kwakhe.

Inkosi wokuthula futhi counterreformers

Indodana yakhe, futhi u-Alexander esihlalweni sobukhosi ngemva kokufa kukayise, wathola isidlaliso esizifanele abantu yenkosi-engumenzi wokuthula. Ikesi esiyingqayizivele emlandweni autocracy Russian - zonke zeminyaka yokubusa kwakhe, izwe ayizange olwenziwa iyiphi impi, futhi akekho amasosha akuleli sasingakabi nalo enkundleni yempi. Ngokusho izinkolelo zabo, u-Alexander III kwaba Slavophile futhi lweli "indlela ekhethekile" yeRussia. Lokhu kwaholela ekubeni nokuqalisa eziningi esiphikisayo kabusha okuhloswe ngaso ekulondolozeni izisekelo angaphandle wezwe wangaphambili ukuze amathonya ezizwe, ukuphila.

Washona engakafiki eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu. Nge a Imizimba enamandla namandla ngaphezu kokuvamile, inkosi wahlushwa isifo sezinso ezibangele kokuphila ephethwe yisifo senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi. Ukufa kwakhe ngo-September 21, 1894 kwaba ukuqala kokubusa lokugcina Indlu Romanov. Igama negama patronymic kaKesari, ngubani kuqede trohsotletnyuyu lwamakhosi - uNicholas II Alexandrovich.

Owokugcina lwamakhosi

ekumisweni kwayo okwenzeka ngo-1896, baba imbangela yenhlekelele eyenzeka ku Khodynka ensimini, lapho ngenxa ekuqongeleleni izinkulungwane zabantu abeza ukuthola izipho wathembisa ukugubha lo mkhosi, bakha siphithiphithi esabekayo ebulale abantu 1.379 futhi mayelana 1,000 balimala. Ngo abantu kwakubhekwa njengendlela ngcolile bika futhi inkumbulo iyinkathazo umcimbi lilondolozwe zonke iminyaka wokubusa kwakhe.

UNicholas II, njengazo zonke ezazingaphambi kwayo ababusi Russia neRussia, kufanele kubhekwe yithi ngokomongo yobudala bakhe. + isabelo sayo uwile lokubusa isimo, singamakhulu ayisithupha Zomhlaba, esikhathini esimangalisa kunazo zonke emlandweni. Lawa kwakungamadodana iminyaka lapho, kanye ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha kwezomnotho, ezikhulayo kungevani kahle kutenhlalo, okwakunginika isiqalo e linemibhikisho ezintathu, the last okwakunzima inhlekelele lwamakhosi ebusayo futhi umbuso iyonke.

ithonya Rasputin sika

Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, yena nabo bonke ababusi Russia neRussia, unesibopho isimo isimo, okuyinto kwaba umphumela wokubusa kwakhe. Leyo nhlekelele, okwaphela ngenkathi kubusa Romanovs, kubangelwe izinqumo kabi belulekwa emkhakheni inqubomgomo basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle - esiphethweni kuziwa iningi abacwaningi yesimanje.

Njengoba laba babusi yangaphambili Russia phakathi nokubusa okuyinto zaziphawuleka ngokungabi nezibhelu nemibhikisho, uNicholas II wafuna ukusekelwa kokubili amandla ezempi, futhi intercession kaNkulunkulu. Ngakho ukholo lwakhe abayizimpumputhe e "umdala ongcwele" - UGregory Rasputin, aba nethonya elikhulu kakhulu zaba zimbi isimo esibucayi kakade lapho umbuso kwaba. Eminyakeni yokugcina wokubusa libhekene uchungechunge okunomkhuhlane lezikhonzi ngokulandelana nezikhulu eziphezulu zikahulumeni. Kwakuyisikhathi umzamo amashushu ukuletha izwe ngaphandle kokuntengantenga, iseluleko ngilixhegu, esamenza ngomfazi - iNdlovukazi Aleksandru Fodorovnu.

Kugcine Empress Russia

Uma sibheka uhlu empresses isiRashiya, singabona ukuthi eziningi zazo ziye kwesokunxele enhle emlandweni. It waba ngukumkani iminyaka Catherine futhi Elizaveta Petrovna, kodwa lapho elokugcina lamakhanda kubo - Alexandra Feodorovna - sathola ithuba indebe ebuhlungu inzondo ethandwa. Wakhe kungamanga futhi asolwa kunokukhohlisa profligacy, nokuthi kwaba waphoqa umyeni wakhe ukubandakanya iRussia ngo enjalo engathandwa phakathi kwabantu abavamile empini. Waqeda uhlu empresses Russian.

I Februwari Yenguquko 1917 wayencisha esihlalweni sobukhosi uNicholas II. Waphika yena, bese, kanye nomndeni wakhe, uboshelwa endlini esigodlweni Tsar sika. Ngokushesha le Yesikhashana Uhulumeni wabathuma ekudingisweni Tobolsk, futhi ngo-1918 ngesinqumo amaBolshevik kwaba asebukhosini e eYekaterinburg. Lapho, egumbini elingaphansi kwendlu Ipatiev ngobusuku Julayi 17, 1918, lonke mndeni wadutshulwa zikanye nezinceku futhi abahambisana Dr. Botkin.