Ukunciphisa supply kwezimpahla kuholela ekwandeni e isidingo imikhiqizo aphelele

Umthetho kwaneliswe isidingo iyona ngesisekelo emnothweni emakethe. Ngaphandle ukuqonda kwakhe akunakwenzeka ukuchaza isebenta njani. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlola imiqondo ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona futhi iqala noma iyiphi inkambo theory kwezomnotho. Njengoba uhlobo lokuhlinzwa ukuphathwa emazweni eziningi zalezi zinsuku emakethe emhlabeni, kuyoba kuwusizo umuntu ngokwazi emthethweni oyisisekelo. It ikuvumela ukuba uqonde ukuthi ukunciphisa supply kwezimpahla kuholela ekwandeni e ukufunwa lokunye nezinzuzo aphelele iwe. Kodwa kunokuningi okungakhulunywanga ngakho. Lesi sihloko sizophinda anikelwe sihloko lanamuhla.

kafushane

Njengomthetho, ephansi intengo, abathengi abaningi bazimisele ukuthenga. Ngakho amazwi alula kukwazi ukwakhiwa njengoba umthetho isidingo. Lapho intengo, abakhiqizi abaningi bazimisele ukukhulula izimpahla. Lona ngumthetho ukunikezela. Ngakho, singaphetha ngokuthi, kwezinye izinto ukuba alingane, intengo kwezimpahla ingaphansi, aba maningi inani abathengi uzimisele ukuthenga kancane nabakhiqizi ukukhulula. ukuthengisela umthetho funa yaqale owasungulwa Alfred Marshall e 1890.

Umthetho kwaneliswe isidingo

Iphuzu lapho Curves ezimbili kubonisa ivolumu yakhoibrium lomkhiqizo kanye nentengo emakethe yayo. It funa kulingana supply. It uyakwazi ukulinganisela phakathi kwemithwalo yakho ngokuphepha. Nokho, uma bekulokhu, emnothweni ngeke ithuthukiswe, ngoba ngesikhathi sezinhlekelele kukhona abazalwa lesichubekako, nakuba kuhambisana ukuphazamiseka okukhulu zezenhlalo kanye nezomnotho.

Kodwa emuva funa. Limelela inani izimpahla umthengi ilungele ukuthenga elinikeziwe ileveli yentengo. funa ukubaluleka ibonisa hhayi nje isifiso, kodwa ukuzimisela ukuthenga ethile umkhiqizo. Ngaphandle intengo, ibuye ehlaselwe lengenako: usayizi emakethe, imfashini, khona esikhundleni, izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali. Ukuxolela ekwandeni funa kuyilapho ekwehliseni inani lemakethe kukhona Giffen izimpahla, okuzoxoxwa ngezansi.

Ngehlangothini lokusabalalisa, ke ephawula hhayi kuphela isifiso kodwa ukuzimisela abakhiqizi ukunikela imikhiqizo yabo ukudayiswa emakethe kulelizinga intengo. Lokhu kungenxa nokungaguquguquki yezindleko iyunithi kwezimpahla kuncike inzuzo anda ngayinye. Ngaphezu intengo, ukuthengisela kuthonywa ukutholakala esikhundleni, okuphelelisa, ezingeni ubuchwepheshe, izintela, imixhaso wenzuzo okulindele izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho, usayizi emakethe.

Umqondo kuyaqina

Inkomba ikhombisa iyehla iyenyuka ziphoqa elihlanganisiwe noma ukuthengisela, kubangelwa izinguquko ezingeni intengo. Uma ukwehla yokugcina lokhulu iphesenti ushintsho umthamo wokuthengisa, isidingo ubhekwa nokunwebeka. Lokho, kulesi simo singasho ukuthi degree of nozwela abathengi Amanani inqubomgomo abakhiqizi.

Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi kungenzeka kuyaqina ezihambisana nezinga izimali ikhasimende. Uma zokugcina funa ukubaluleka kanye ukuguqulelwa kumaphesenti afanayo Coefficient kubhekwe kulingana ubunye. Lezo zincwadi kwezomnotho bavame ukukhuluma ngokuphelele futhi kahle funa inelastic.

Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga ukusetshenziswa lesinkwa usawoti. Isidingo salokhu izimpahla inelastic ngokuphelele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-ukwanda noma ukwehla kwamanani yabo ine namthelela inani ukufunwa kubo. Ulwazi degree of kuyaqina kubaluleke esiwusizo abakhiqizi. Akukho umuzwa ethile e ukwenyuka kwentengo lesinkwa usawoti. Kodwa ukwehla elibukhali amanani kwezimpahla nge kuyaqina okusezingeni eliphezulu isidingo kuzoholela inzuzo enkulu.

Kwaba inzuzo ngakho usebenze emakethe ukuncintisana kakhulu, ngoba abathengi ngokushesha siye ngaphesheya umdayisi, ogama imikhiqizo ishibhile. Ukuze imikhiqizo nge ongaphakeme kuyaqina isidingo kubhekwe amanani entengo Inqubomgomo ke okungukuthi inadmissible okuncane esishintshile yokuthengisa umthamo akusho olungaba isinxephezelo nokulahlekelwa inzuzo.

Factor supply elasticities ibalwa sokuhlukanisa ushintsho inani izimpahla ezikhiqizwa udlondlobala noma ukwehla kwamanani (kokubili Kumelwe luboniswe njengoba amaphesenti). It kuncike izici inqubo ukukhululwa, ubude bayo kanye nekhono imikhiqizo kusitoreji eside. Uma ukwanda supply idlula rise in amanani, ibizwa ngokuthi nokunwebeka.

Nokho, kumelwe siqonde ukuthi akuyona njalo umkhiqizi has ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba asheshe. Awukwazi ukwandisa isibalo izimoto ezikhiqizwa ngesonto, kuyilapho ngentengo yabo bangase kahle avuke ngokucijile. Kulokhu, sikwazi ukukhuluma ukunikezela inelastic. Futhi ngaphansi okubheka Ngenani eliphansi yezimpahla ezingeke ligcinwe isikhathi eside.

umdwebo

I ijika funa Ukhombisa ubudlelwano phakathi ezingeni intengo emakethe futhi ivolumu izimpahla abathengi bazimisele ukuthenga. Le ngxenye grafu ikhombisa nobuhlobo inhlukanozigaba phakathi amanani wedatha. I ijika supply Ukhombisa ubudlelwano phakathi ezingeni intengo emakethe futhi ivolumu kwezimpahla ukuthi abakhiqizi bazimisele ukuthengisa. Le ngxenye grafu ikhombisa ubuhlobo ithunzi elehlayo phakathi amanani wedatha.

I izixhumanisi empambana lezi imigqa emibili ukumela ivolumu yakhoibrium umkhiqizo kanye intengo, okuyinto Kumiswa emakethe. Ngezinye izikhathi isheduli ibizwa ngokuthi "Marshall sikelo" ngenxa yokuthi iba khona. I shift supply ijika kwesokunene nezinhlanu phansi kusho ukuthi abakhiqizi ukunciphisa izindleko iyunithi ngomkhiqizo ngamunye. Ngakho Wavuma ukwehlisa intengo.

Ukunciphisa izindleko ngokuvamile ngenxa ukwethulwa ubuchwepheshe obusha noma inhlangano ngcono ukukhiqiza. I shift supply ijika kuya kwesokunxele bese phezulu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, uchaza isimo zomnotho eziwohlokayo. Njalo elidala intengo ezingeni nomkhiqizi ilungele ukukhulula imali ezincane kwezimpahla. Ukunciphisa supply kwezimpahla kuholela ekwandeni e ukufunwa ezinhle-esikhundleni kanye nemikhiqizo aphelele ukuze wehlise. Kodwa ingabe konke elula?

inzuzo ezimele

Leli qembu kuhlanganisa imikhiqizo, esiphambanweni-kuyaqina isidingo zero. Lezi izinzuzo ukuthi akuzona ayahambelana futhi musa esikhundleni komunye nomunye. Izibonelo izinzuzo ezinjalo kuba imoto nesinkwa.

okuphelelisa

Leli qembu kwezimpahla kukhona imikhiqizo umphelelisi komunye nomunye, noma babambeke ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Isibonelo izimpahla aphelele kuyinto imoto ka petrol. Lokhu imikhiqizo aphelele. kuyaqina Cross isidingo lingaphansi kuka-zero. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukunciphisa supply kwezimpahla kuholela ukwehla amavolumu athenge omunye. Isidingo aphelele ezinhle sishintsha njalo kwelinye direction. Uma okwandisa intengo owodwa wale mikhiqizo, abathengi ayaqala ukuthenga kancane, nezinye.

Akunakwenzeka esimweni kwezimpahla aphelele bathi ukwehlisa supply kwezimpahla kuholela ekwandeni e ukufunwa yesibili. Kungani sidinga uphethiloli, uma singakwazi ukuthenga imoto. Njengoba lokhu imikhiqizo aphelele, ukwanda intengo omunye wabo kuholela ukuncipha ukufunwa omunye. Futhi lokhu kusithinta kanjani emnothweni sisonke? Inani ephakanyiswe abadayisa izimpahla kanye nokwehla kwemali engenayo is nasemkhakheni umphelelisi abakhiqizi ayo.

esikhundleni

Leli qembu kuhlanganisa imikhiqizo esetshenziswe khona womabili. Isibonelo esikhundleni, isibonelo, ezahlukene itiye brand. Imikhiqizo efanayo anezici ezifanayo futhi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zamakhasimende. Yabo cross-kuyaqina mkhulu kunezinhliziyo zero. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukunciphisa supply kwezimpahla kuholela ekwandeni e ukufunwa lokunye.

Ngokunciphisa ngentengo eyodwa uhlobo itiye eyayiyoholela yokuthi abathengi abaningi ukulahla umkhiqizo wabo evamile futhi ukushintshela ku-ke, uma lihlangabezana zonke nemingcele izinga.

Ngakho, imikhiqizo efanayo bancintisane, ephoqa abakhiqizi ivame ukuba ibe ngu- izindleko zabo ukukhiqizwa. Nokho, kunokuningi okungakhulunywanga ngakho eziphathelene nokuziphatha zishaya sekukhomba, okuyinto siyakuvuna ukuxoxa ngezansi.

izimpahla ezibalulekile kanye nezinto zokunethezeka

Ngo iqembu ahlukene ihlaba umkhosi okuthiwa yalutho futhi olungaphelele noma okuhle. engavamile wabo ukuthi ukufunwa kubo incipha njengoba engenayo iyakhula. Abantu acebile ngazo, ngaphansi ithambekele ukuwathenga. Ikesi ekhethekile iyona okuthiwa umphumela Giffen.

Nokho, ngokuvamile kuhle engaphelele - akusiyo impahla ebalulekile. Laba imikhiqizo okuyiwona funa akuxhomekile imali ezingeni. Isabelo sabo ku ngokukhwabanisa kuyehla, kodwa ukusetshenziswa ngokuphelele uqobo uhlala okufanayo. Amaholo abo kuyaqina lingaphansi kunobunye. Eceleni kufanele kubhekwe izinto zokunethezeka. ukusetshenziswa yabo liyakhula ngejubane ngokushesha kunokuba ngenzuzo iyakhula.

imikhiqizo Giffen

Lo mqondo libhekisela njengoba olandelayo, nomqondo intengo kuyaqina. Ngenxa yalesi sigaba imikhiqizo zihlanganisa, isibonelo, isinkwa Russian futhi amazambane, futhi China - irayisi kanye pasta. Giffen umphumela uyachaza ukuthi kungani kwemali kungaholela ukwanda funa.

Ngempela, ukwanda izindleko amazambane kuholela boom emakethe. Nakuba kubonakala, kuyoba okunengqondo ngokwengeziwe ukulahla ke esivuna, isibonelo, i-pasta noma okusanhlamvu. Nokho, lokhu akwenzeki practice.

Veblen umphumela

Lo mqondo uchaza omunye kungenzeka ukuphambuka ezimfundisweni theory. Kulokhu, intengo izimpahla kuyehla, okuholela hhayi ukwandisa kodwa wehlise funa. Veblen umphumela lihlotshaniswa ukusetshenziswa sigqamile.

Ngakho-ke, ukwenyuka kwentengo lezi zinto kuholela ekwandeni e ukusetshenziswa yabo. Ngokuvamile lokhu kwenzeka kanye nezinto zokunethezeka ezifana imisebenzi yobuciko. Lena enye okuhlukile ngokuqondene nalo mthetho ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona. ukuthenga kwabo ngenxa yesimo sabo, ngakho abathengi maningi encomekayo amba eqolo.