Ukusetshenziswa lokuqala ezikhali zamakhemikhali eMpini Yezwe I.

Ekuqaleni i ekuseni Apreli 1915 yi izikhundla isiJalimane, aphikisanayo amabutho umugqa ukuzivikela Entente amakhilomitha amabili ukusuka edolobheni Ypres (Belgium), ukukhanya ohelezayo ukushaywa. Kanye naye bebheke imisele Allied washukumiseleka kungazelelwe yavela obukhulu ifu eliluhlaza ngokuphuzi. Ngaleso sikhathi, babembalwa abantu wayazi ukuthi umoya ukufa, wafaka imibiko ncishana ulimi front-line - ukusetshenziswa lokuqala ezikhali zamakhemikhali phezu Western Front.

Izinyembezi ngaphambi kokufa

Ukuze ngokuphelele eqondile, ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ngo-1914, futhi wenza lo mzamo oluyingozi-French. Kodwa-ke i-course wethulwa izinyembezi igesi bromoacetate, ebhekisela iqembu ecasulayo zamakhemikhali, hhayi ebulalayo. Kwakumelwe 26-milimitha namabhomu, okuyinto shelled imisele German nasutha. Lapho supply yalesi igesi yaphela, kuthiwa lathathelwa indawo efanayo isinyathelo chloroacetone.

Besabela kuleso simemo, amaJalimane futhi akufanele sizame ukuthobela olwamukelwa kwezinkambiso zomthetho livikeleke Hague Convention, e Battle of Neuve Chapelle, owawuse-Okthoba ngawo lowo nyaka, i-British wadubula amagobolondo ezazigxishwe ecasulayo zamakhemikhali. Nokho, lapho behluleka ukufeza lokuhlushwa yayo yingozi.

Ngakho, kwakungesona ukusetshenziswa lokuqala ezikhali zamakhemikhali ngo-Ephreli 1915, kodwa, ngokungafani esedlule ngenxa yokuchitheka zamabutho eziphilayo lesitha esetshenziswa ebulalayo chlorine igesi. Ukuhlasela yi kwaba ekhexisayo. Omunye namashumi ayisishiyagalombili amathani atomized chemical ejenti kwabulala abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyisihlanu Allied nomunye ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi bekhubazekile ngenxa ubuthi kukhiqizwa. By the way, wahlupheka amaJalimane ngokwabo. Kwenta ifu ukufa wathinta umphetho zabo yesikhundla sabo, abavikeli wawunganikezi ngokugcwele igesi buso. Emlandweni impi lesisiqephu yakhethwa "usuku black e Ypres."

Ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo ezikhali zamakhemikhali eMpini Yezwe I.

Efuna ukwakha kule impumelelo, amaJalimane kwadingeka ngesonto e Warsaw wesifunda eziphindaphindiwe chemical kuhlasela, kulokhu ekumelaneni nebutho lase-Russian. Lapha, ukufa ithole isivuno mningi - Kushone futhi eziningana izinkulungwane abangaphezu kwamakhulu ayizinkulungwane ezimbili abagogekile. Ngokwemvelo, emazweni Entente wazama bephikisana ukuhlukumeza okunjalo esobala izimiso umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa Berlin sakubhuqa wathi ukuthi Hague Convention 1896 okubhekiselwe amagobolondo kuphela ezinesihlungu, hhayi amagesi ngokwabo. Bayavuma, futhi abazange bazame phikisana - impi njalo negates imisebenzi osomaqhinga.

Imininingwane ukuthi mpi esabekayo

Njengoba ngokuphindaphindiwe kugcizelelwe-mlando sezempi, kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ehlakazeke kakhulu yokutholwa amaqhinga yesenzo positional lapho babonakala ngokucacile Kubonisani front line okuqinile, uqinile, kwabantu lokuhlushwa amasosha kanye zobunjiniyela okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi technical support.

Lokhu kakhulu kwehlisa lokusebenta ngemphumelelo isenzo zihlasela, kusukela zombili bahlangana ukumelana izivikelo isitha esinamandla. Indlela aphume kwangqingetshe kungaba ababezibheka kuphela isinqumo Tactical, futhi lokho kwakungenxa kokusetshenziswa kokuqala kwe-izikhali zamakhemikhali.

Ikhasi ezintsha zamacala okuhlukumeza impi

Ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali iMpi Yezwe I kwakungu emisha ezinkulu. Ububanzi nemiphumela yayo abantu bekulokhu ubanzi kakhulu. Njengoba kubonakala kusukela letinikwe lapha ngenhla neMpi Yezwe iziqephu, wadlulisela kusuka ku-malware oholele chloroacetone, ETHYL bromoacetate kanye nedlanzana labanye, kube kuyacasula, ukuze ezibulalayo - phosgene, chlorine ne lwesinaphi.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izibalo ezibonisa ukulinganiselwa eyisihlobo ezingaba olubulalayo igesi (of yengqikithi abathintekayo - 5% kuphela akho konke ukufa), inani efile futhi abagogekile yayinkulu. Inikeza ilungelo bagomela ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa lokuqala ezikhali zamakhemikhali ivule isahluko ezintsha zamacala okuhlukumeza impi emlandweni wesintu.

Ezigabeni kamuva impi, zombili bakwazi ukuthuthukisa kanye nokuqalisa ukusetshenziswa Ukuvikelwa ngokwanele ngempumelelo ekuhlaseleni zamakhemikhali. Lokhu kuye kwenza ukusetshenziswa ejenti kancane anobuthi ngempumelelo futhi zenza ukuba kancane kancane Ukuyekwa kwezindlela isicelo sabo. Nokho, kwaba inkathi kusukela ngo-1914 kuya ku-1918 wehlela emlandweni ngokuthi "impi bamakhemikhali," kusukela ukusetshenziswa lokuqala ezikhali zamakhemikhali emhlabeni elapha izimpi zalo.

Inhlekelele ye abavikeli ka enqabeni Osowiec

Kodwa emuva umlando ezempi kwesikhathi. Ekuqaleni kuka-May 1915 kokuhlasela chemical amasosha Russian sivikele inqaba Osowiec elise amakhilomitha ayisihlanu Bialystok (insimu samanje Poland) senziwa amaJalimane angasiboni. Ngokusho ofakazi, ngemva isikhathi eside amabhomu amagobolondo ezazigxishwe izinto esibulalayo, phakathi elalisetshenziswa eziningana yohlobo lwazo, bonke abayobe bephila ngaleso amabanga amade uma liya iye anobuthi.

Killed hhayi kuphela abantu nezilwane sabanjwa zone komlilo, kodwa zonke izimila labhujiswa. amahlamvu isihlahla emehlweni akhe waphenduka ophuzi futhi sidilike, notshani emnyama futhi wawa phansi. Le filimu kwaba ezibhubhisayo ngempela futhi alingeni ukwazi we ndoda evamile.

Kodwa zithinteka kakhulu, yebo, abavikeli ka enqabeni. Ngisho nalabo waphunyuka ekufeni, iningi labo wahlupheka ukusha futhi abangu kakhulu efile. Akukhona ukuthi kumane kuqondane ukubukeka yawo asikisela ngokwesabekayo isitha, ukuthi emlandweni impi balwe isiRashiya, ukulahla umphumela isitha kusuka inqaba wafika ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "Dead kuhlasela."

• Ukusungula nokuqala ukuqalisa ukusetshenziswa phosgene

Ukusetshenziswa lokuqala ezikhali zamakhemikhali wembula nabaningi amaphutha ayo lobuchwepheshe, okuyinto zakhishwa ngo-1915 yiqembu bamakhemikhali isiFulentshi, eholwa Viktorom Grinyarom. Waba yini umphumela wesibindi ucwaningo yayo isiye isizukulwane esisha olubulalayo igesi - phosgene.

Kasibili kungekho nto enemibala emihle, ngokungafani kuya chlorine umbala ogqamile aphuzi, wanika khona layo ngokulambisa lizwakale kuphela iphunga hay sikhuntile, okwenza kube nzima ukubona. Kuqhathaniswa esasisandulele, umkhiqizo omusha waba ubuthi ephakeme, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi kwadingeka abathile amaphutha.

Izimpawu ubuthi, ngisho ukufa isisulu, kuyobe kungakazukufika masinyane, futhi ngemuva kosuku lapho ephefumula igesi. Lokhu kwenza ukuba abazalwane ezinesihlungu ngokuvamile ninokuqonda + kuKristu ka amasosha namanje isikhathi eside ukuba babe yingxenye ezingxabanweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phosgene kwakuhluke kakhulu ezisindayo, futhi ukuthuthukisa ukuhamba ke kwadingeka ukuba uhlanganise konke ne-chlorine efanayo. Le nhlanganisela Infernal wathola kusukela oMfelandawonye wabiza "White Star", njengoba lo uphawu amabhodlela esinelebuli eyiqukethe.

eseyintsha kungokwamademoni

Ngobusuku buka-July 13, 1917 eduze nedolobha laseBelgium Ypres, sesivele iwine notorious, amaJalimane senziwa ukusetshenziswa lokuqala ezikhali zamakhemikhali ibhamuza. Endaweni DEBUT layo, yabe seyaziwa ngokuthi lwesinaphi igesi. abathwali wakhe baba ngabami, ekuqhumeni wafutha ophuzi ketshezi oily.

Ukusetshenziswa lwesinaphi igesi, futhi bebonke ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, lalingesinye emisha diabolical. Lokhu "impumelelo impucuko 'wadalwa ngenjongo yokuba kubhujiswe isikhumba, kanye zokuphefumula futhi wokugaya ukudla. Nemiphumela yayo Akumsindisanga iyunifomu iyiphi yesosha, nophendulayo izinhlobo izingubo zomsebenzi. Yena lwangena ngokusebenzisa yimuphi izicubu.

Ngaleyo minyaka, asizange okwamanje ekhiqizwa nganoma iyiphi indlela onokwethenjelwa isivikelo contact ngomzimba wakhe, okwakwenza ukusetshenziswa lwesinaphi igesi impela kuze kube sekupheleni kwempi. Kakade isicelo sokuqala yalolu ketshezi, wehliswa ezimbili namakhulu isigamu amasosha nezikhulu, zazo inombolo enkulu yabantu abashona.

Negesi, hhayi ezinwabuzelayo kanye phansi

Ukuthuthukisa lwesinaphi bamakhemikhali German ungalilahli ngephutha. Ukusetshenziswa lokuqala ezikhali zamakhemikhali phezu Western Front wathola ukuthi ukusetshenziswa izinto - chlorine ne phosgene - abe ethile ezivamile futhi abalulekile kakhulu. Kwakumelwe ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho emoyeni, futhi ngenxa yalokho ifomu atomized, wawa phansi, ukugcwalisa emiseleni ayecashe kuyo futhi emikhombeni ahlukahlukene. Ukuthola kuzo abantu bathole ubuthi, kodwa labo ngesikhathi kuhlasela nasemagqumeni, ngokuvamile wahlala bengenamiyocu kulesi sigameko.

Kufanele ukwakha igesi enobuthi nge adonsela phansi ephansi ethize nonekhono abatelekile ngezisulu zako ngasiphi ezingeni. Futhi ngaqala ukubonakala ngoJulayi 1917 lwesinaphi. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi osokhemisi British sezisungule ifomula yakhe kunalokho ngokushesha, futhi ngo-1918 umkhankaso esibulalayo ekukhiqizeni, kodwa emikhulu ukusetshenziswa stop kulandele izinyanga ezimbili lokho kuthula. Europe ephefumula gidi - ephelile, eyathatha iminyaka emine Yokuqala Umhlaba. Ukusetshenziswa ezikhali zamakhemikhali isibe ayibalulekile, nokuthuthukiswa kwalo kumisiwe okwesikhashana.

Ukuqala ukusetshenziswa ezinobuthi yibutho Russian

Icala lokuqala ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali yibutho Russian libhekisela 1915, ngaphansi kobuholi buka uLieutenant General V N. Ipateva waqalwa ngempumelelo uhlelo zokukhiqiza eRussia lolu hlobo isikhali. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa lawo bekungelegolide ubunjalo ukuhlolwa lobuchwepheshe ke futhi akazange aphishekele izinjongo wezindlela. a kuphela esingangonyaka kamuva, ngenxa umsebenzi ukuqaliswa intuthuko ukukhiqizwa, wadala kule ndawo, kwakukhona kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa kwawo phambili.

ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele izenzakalo lempi, ophuma laboratories yasekhaya, waqala ehlobo lika-1916 ngesikhathi abadumile Brusilov ukuphumelela. Lo mcimbi unikeza ithuba ukuhlonza unyaka kokusetshenziswa kokuqala kwe-izikhali zamakhemikhali yibutho Russian. Kuyaziwa ukuthi phakathi ukulwa imisebenzi esetshenziswa wezikhali amagobolondo, eyayigcwele ingakwazi igesi futhi chloropicrin ezinobuthi - vensinitom futhi phosgene. Ngokwalo mbiko, iqondiswe Main wezikhali Administration, ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali kwaba "inkonzo enkulu impi."

Belusizi neMpi Izibalo

Ukusetshenziswa lokuqala chemical izikhali kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kwaba isibonelo eyinhlekelele. Eminyakeni eyalandela, ukusetshenziswa kwalo hhayi kuphela uyanda, kodwa futhi usebhekene ushintsho qualitative. Efingqa le izibalo edabukisayo wezempi iminyaka emine, izazi-mlando baye baphetha ngokuthi ngalesi sikhathi kwamaqembu alwayo wenzé hhayi ngaphansi kuka-180 eziyinkulungwane. Amathani nezikhali zamakhemikhali, lezo okungenani 125 thous. Amathani bathola. Enkundleni yempi ke lwavivinywa izinhlobo 40 ezahlukene ezinobuthi okuye kwaletha yokufa noma yokulimala 1.3 izigidi amasosha nezakhamuzi ubanjwe endaweni kwesicelo sabo.

Isifundo esisele undigested

Kungakhathaliseki esintwini wafunda isifundo ehloniphekile kusuka izenzakalo leyo minyaka futhi ukuthi usuku kokusetshenziswa kokuqala kwe-izikhali zamakhemikhali kwakuwusuku omnyama emlandweni walo? Asinakukwenza lokho. Futhi namhlanje, naphezu kwemithetho yomhlaba wonke lokwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwanoma ezinobuthi, izinqolobane wezizwe eziningi zomhlaba zigcwele ezenzekayo zabo zakamuva, futhi eyandayo emaphephandabeni kukhona imibiko elisetshenziswa ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba. Isintu ukuhambisa kancane kancane endleleni yokuzibona ekubhujisweni, indiva nokuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu dlule zukulwane.