Khrushchev ncibilika futhi imiphumela yayo

Ngemva kokufa kukaStalin ngo-umlando Soviet, inkathi entsha yaqala, iwine ngesandla ukukhanya yomlobi Ili Erenburga ngokuthi "ncibilika Khrushchev sika". Kushintshe ini phakathi nalesi sikhathi, futhi zaziyini ngemiphumela yezinguquko Khrushchev sika?

eyeqisayo kuphulwa

Ukuqala isikhathi esisha kuphawulwa Ukuyekwa kwezindlela Inqubomgomo kukaStalin yokucindezelwa. Yiqiniso, lokhu akusho ukuthi emzabalazweni, abaholi abasha ngeke behave fana umnumzana. Kakade ngo-1953 uvele phakathi kobuholi ngokuhlanganyela (Khrushchev, Beria, Malenkov), emzabalazweni. Umphumela waba ukususwa kanye ukuboshwa Lavrenty Beria, owabulawa ngamacala asihlola futhi bakha uzungu.

Maqondana ne-izakhamuzi ezivamile yomgomo Khrushchev nozakwabo libhekene ekunqandeni ukopha zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu. Ekuqaleni kunqanyulwe "Uma kwenzeka odokotela '", kamuva waqala wokuvuselelwa ngokwendalo asele kweziboshwa zezombusazwe. Ukuze nabaholi baseSoviet sobala ukuthi kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukuba athule ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu. I yalokhu kwaba umbiko adumile "Ngo kukaStalin ubuntu lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa nasemiphumeleni yaso" esakhishwa Khrushchev at the Twentieth Party Congress. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lo mbiko oluyimfihlo, okuqukethwe waso waba ngokushesha esaziwa ezweni lonke. Nokho, lokhu de-Stalinization ezingeni lomphakathi futhi empeleni iphelile. Khrushchev nabangane bakhe babazi kahle ukuthi uma lesi sihloko ukwandisa phambili, inkampani ingase cabanga ekushintsheni ubuholi bonke Soviet: phela, isikhulumi, nozakwabo wathatha ingxenye umatasa repressions mass, ngemvume hit uhlu nemisho kathathu. Kodwa ngisho ukugxekwa isigamu ezithandayo onjalo kwakuyiNkosi ngesikhathi a sigemegeme.

Izinombolo izincwadi art Khrushchev Ukuncibilika waletha leeway. isilawuli State phezu kunqubo siye saba buthaka, sandla ukubonakala imisebenzi ngezihloko ngaphambilini njengehlazo ukukhuluma ngocansi, ngokwesibonelo, ngokuphila emakamu kaStalin. Nokho, ekuqaleni kwawo-'60s, Khrushchev yayisiqale isikulufa nati ne ngenkuthalo ukuphoqelela imibono yabo ngesikhathi emihlanganweni obuhle nezazi. Kodwa kwase kuphuze kakhulu: a ncibilika eSoviet Union sewafika, futhi phakathi kwababusi nezazi waqala ukuqinisa isimo embhikishweni ezaholela ukuvela eyamukelwayo.

Ububanzi lokulawula

Izinguquko ayikwazanga kodwa kuthinta uhulumeni kanye party uqobo. Iziphathimandla Republican nezinhlangano zangaphandle baye bathola amandla ngaphezulu, kuhlanganise emkhakheni yokuhlela kwezomnotho. Kuye kwazanywa ukubuyekeza Izishoshovu ehola izinhlangano party, kushabalele ngenxa ukumelana kusukela nomenklatura.

Kodwa emisha ebaluleke kakhulu kwakuyisimo ukuqedwa zezinkonzo kanye nenhlangano Imikhandlu kwezomnotho (Imikhandlu kwezomnotho). Lemigwamanda zadalwa endaweni 1-2 izindawo ukuphathwa e umkhakha nokwakhiwa. Kwakuthinta babecabanga ukuthi imikhandlu kwezomnotho ezophatha kangcono ezindabeni zendawo, ukwazi izidingo nesifunda. Kodwa umkhuba, lokhu kabusha idale izinkinga eziningi. Okokuqala, emikhandlwini kwezomnotho lezinto eziphethwe okufanayo ithimba isitayela njengoba inkonzo. Okwesibili, kaningi wakhohlwa isimo noma izifunda angomakhelwane. Ngakho-ke, ngemva Khrushchev, konke siphinde sibe nokuphila okuvamile.

Ezenhlalakahle, imfundo, ezolimo

sphere Social Khrushchev ncibilika wathinta kakhulu. Okokuqala, imithetho ithuthukisiwe, sibonga ngalo kwakukhona impesheni sokuguga, Nokho, okuyinto, akazange kuthinte abalimi. amabhizinisi eshintshiwe lwezikhathi: kwezinsuku ezimbili yethulwa.

Okwesibili, ezinhlakeni zikahulumeni kwezenhlalo waqala ukuxazulula omunye nezindaba ezibuhlungu kakhulu - izindlu. Kwanqunywa ukuba mass ukwakhiwa kwezindlu. It kwenziwa ngokushesha kakhulu, hhayi kuphela ngenxa imijovo mali, kodwa futhi ngenxa cheapness material. Five storey amabhokisi ukhonkolo ezakhiwa for amaviki ambalwa. Yiqiniso, lezi zindlu Ziningi amaphutha, kodwa abantu ababehlala egumbini elingaphansi emabhalekisini kanye nabasebenzi, kwaba nje amafulethi okunethezeka. Nokho, ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, isimo, hhayi emandleni ethu, kwaba ukugqugquzela ukudalwa izindlu-co-operatives, lapho izakhamuzi imali imali ukwakhiwa kwezindlu.

Izinguquko kwenziwe wehlelo lefundo zombelele. Ngaphansi komthetho omusha, owethulwa ayimpoqo imfundo engu-8. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-8 bachitha ngemuva edeskini esikoleni, umfundi angase akhethe ukuthi baqede imfundo yabo kuye iminyaka emithathu, noma iya esikoleni sokufundela, ekolishi noma esikoleni sokufundela amakhono omsebenzi. Eqinisweni, kabusha ongafikanga eduze esikhiqiza esikoleni njengoba ezikhungweni zemfundo umane babengenalo lwetimali ukunikeza abafundi basebenze umsebenzi. Umonakala republic kazwelonke kwaba ukwamukelwa kwemithetho, lapho ulimi lusetshenziswe esikoleni akhethwe abazali nabafundi kungenziwa emthwalweni ukufunda ulimi Union Republic. Lokhu kwaqina Russification futhi inciphise inani izikole kazwelonke.

Ngaphezu ezinhlakeni zomphakathi, uma kuncibilika iqhwa Khrushchev ashaqe nezolimo. Abalimi wathola passport futhi ukuhamba ngenkululeko. umuntu efuna ukuthola akudingayo amanani kwezitshalo ziye anda, futhi lokho kwenza inzuzo amapulazi. Kodwa lapha akubanga ngaphandle ukwehluleka akufeza. Lezi kungaba chasiselwe Craze izitshalo zommbila, futhi sokuhlanganiswa amapulazi collective. Izinkinga wadala nokuqedwa umshini futhi ugandaganda iziteshi. Umnotho ithole imishini kwesokudla, kodwa wangena izikweletu omkhulu njengoba izimali yokufuna yayo abazange babe.

Khrushchev kwekuhlela kabusha zishintshile eziningi emphakathini waseSoviet, futhi abaningi kuzo lesichubekako isikhathi. Kodwa crudity yabo chaos ngakolunye uhlangothi, kanye ukumelana kwenchubokuphatsa party - ngakolunye, okwaholela ngokwehluleka kwabo, abaqede Khrushchev tebuholi.