Iyini injongo emvelweni: isibonelo. Incazelo niche emvelweni umzimba: izibonelo

Njengoba omunye kwemvelo izigaba synecology uhlola ubuhlobo phakathi kwabantu sabantu zinhlobo ezahlukene kanye nezimo zabo zezemvelo. Zemvelo wathola ukuthi izinto eziphilayo okuqondene nomphakathi ophilayo ixhumene ne-izixhumanisi eziqondile zendawo lapho akhulumisana ngayo kanye izingxenye uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli: amanzi, inhlabathi, umoya.

Le ndawo unegama zemvelo - niche semvelo. Izibonelo okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko zihloselwe ukubonisa ukuthi iyi esivela zonke izinhlobo begazi, futhi umphumela nokuxhumana umzimba sika nabanye abantu, futhi yizici zemvelo.

I izici nezemvelo zinhlobo

Ngaphandle kokukhetha, zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngesikhathi phylogeny ingashintshwa ukuze izici ezithile abiotic. Ibeka imingcele ezindleleni indawo yemvelo ndawo. Ngenjongo yokuthi, njengoba umphakathi eziphilayo uxhumana izimo ukukhahlamezeka kwendawo kanye nezinye imiphakathi, kuba kwebalingisi emvelweni, isihloko okuyinto - niche semvelo. Izibonelo bezilwane umjikelezo kwenzeka ezindaweni ezahlukene ngekwendzawo kanye trophic biogeocoenose - dragonfly ezihlobene uhlobo Arthropoda, Class Izinambuzane. Abadala - imago, ngokuba uma ibona izilwane eziyingozi asebenzayo, aba yingcweti emisebenzini ikhava emoyeni, ngenkathi izibungu zabo - silwanyana, ukuphefumula nge gills, kukhona izilwane zasemanzini.

Izici Zabantu niche kwemvelo kwezinhlobo

Umbhali umsebenzi zakudala "Kubaluleka Lemvelo" Yu Odum owaqamba igama elithi "niche emvelweni, 'alibiza isebenzisa ukutadisha biotic ubudlelwano labantu kuwo wonke amazinga inhlangano yayo. Ngokusho usosayensi, isikhundla umuntu emvelweni, okungukuthi, isimo salo esibalulekile - lokhu niche semvelo. Isibonelo efanekisa lokhu definition - umphakathi izitshalo, okuthiwa amaphayona. Sinenkosi ekhethekile izakhiwo bokuphila notshani, siyivumele ukuba kalula ukunqoba ezindaweni khulula. Lawa Calamagrostis phansi, ukhukho utshani, Mar Belaya. Akha biocenoses okuyinto ishintshe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Odum ngokuthi umzimba ngokwesimo inkulumo yakhe, futhi ikhono siphile isithombe - ubuthishela.

Model J. Hutchinson

Ebhekisela futhi kwencazelo "niche imvelo" kwethemu. Isibonelo efanekisa - inyamazane elimhlophe-tailed, umjikelezo okuphila lihlotshaniswa isikhala Understory - zisetshenziswa shrub zamahlathi. Bakhonza njengabashumayeli isilwane akuyona nje umthombo wokudla, kodwa futhi ivikelwe. Umi Hutchinson imodeli hypervolume biogeocoenose ndawo abantu ukwesekwa iseli ukuphila sabantu. It eziphilayo angaphila isikhathi eside, ukugwema izici nokukhawulela imvelo. Usosayensi Ucwaningo awabambe ngesisekelo the wadala imodeli zezibalo, ukunikeza umqondo imingcele kahle khona kwemiphakathi eziphilayo zemvelo.

Gause isimiso

Ibizwa nangokuthi yokuncintisana inyumbazane umthetho bese isetshenziswa ukuchaza izinhlobo ezimbili umzabalazo khona - kwezinhlobo wafunda ekhulwini le-19 leminyaka uCharles Darwin. Uma imiphakathi banezidingo ezedlulayo, ezifana trophic (ie Imininingwane isizinda ukudla) noma ngekwendzawo (izindawo agqagqene - izindawo) ezincike ku izinombolo zabo, kuyilapho ama co-khona yale miphakathi lilinganiselwe. Lona ngumphumela ekupheleni kuzoholela ukuxoshwa (ukufuduka kancane labantu ingashintshwa) kanye Izindawo eziphilayo ezibophezelekile kakhudlwana futhi ngokushesha proliferating yezinye izinhlobo.

Ngokwesibonelo, hlobo olukhethekile rat grey kancane kancane dengwane imiphakathi amagundane abamnyama. Ziyakwazi ambalwa okwamanje inombolo bese zitholakala eduze imizimba amanzi. Amapharamitha amathathu agcwele welithi "niche semvelo." Isibonelo echaza lesi sitatimende kubhekwa yithi ngaphambili, okungukuthi: Lesitshalo rat Gray sase sihlala kuyo yonke indawo (indawo ngekwendzawo), kuba omnivorous (Ukudla) futhi azingele imini nobusuku (division of umsebenzi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi).

Esinye isibonelo, okuyinto ephawula kokubusa inyumbazane yokuncintisana: bokuqala abahlala kuyo bafika e-Australia, waletha labantu izinyosi European. Mayelana ukuthuthukiswa ukufuywa inani lezi zinambuzane liye landa ngendlela emangalisayo, futhi kancane kancane ngelinye nowokuzalwa Australian bee Indawo ihlala unomphela, ngokubeka lolu hlobo ku engcupheni yokuqothulwa.

Ikesi okufanayo okwenzeka ngo-imiphakathi unogwaja yasekhaya, amazwe Laba efanayo amazwekazi. Inala yokudla, izimo esihle zezulu kanye nokungabikhona kokuncintisana kuye kwasho ukuthi abantu kwalesi silwane waqala ukuthatha indawo ye nezinye ukukhahlamezeka kwendawo kanye nabantu baye zanda yokuthi kwaqala ukonakalisa izitshalo yezolimo.

Beka zinhlobo ku-ecosystem

Izoqhubeka uphendule umbuzo othi, yini niche semvelo. Isibonelo, enikeza impendulo ephelele kunazo - kuba izitshalo isimo kubalulekile obomvu clover. Le ndawo yokusabalalisa yayo - eYurophu, eNyakatho ye-Afrika, e-Asia Ephakathi. Abantu zikhule kahle hle ngesikhathi izimfunda sasivumela olumanzi, emazingeni okushisa of +12 ... + 21 ° C. Bakha utshani zisetshenziswa noma ihlathi phansi futhi abakhiqizi eziwukudla zemvelo.

Imfundiso niche emvelweni

Kuhlanganisa umfanekiso multidimensional isikhala ingxenye semvelo esenza unamapharamitha ezithile izici abiotic futhi inikeza izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene nokuxhumana labantu nabantu nokuthi nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane: .. Umncintiswano, parasitism, commensalism njll izici eziphawulwe ngenhla okunzima biogeocoenose unikeze incazelo ephelele niche nezemvelo i umzimba. Izibonelo imfucuza isilwane, omndeni namagundane (gophers, gerbils, gerbils) bangazihluphi izindawo semidesert bazivumelanisa ukuguquguquka abukhali imini nobusuku okushisa. Ukudla imifino kwaphela, bakhonza ukudla izilwane ezinkudlwana nezinyoni: izimpungushe, izinkozi, Falcons peregrine, izikhova.

Kahle futhi isikhala wangempela labantu khona

Khumbula ukuthi iqoqo ubudlelwane eziphilayo nabantu kwezinye imiphakathi kanye zezemvelo - lokhu niche semvelo. Isibonelo inhlabathi bacterium-saprotroph, sidla efile udaba eziphilayo futhi ngokuhlanza izwe, kanye ngcono izakhiwo zalo agrochemical, kuqinisekisa kumiswa inqwaba ubudlelwano biotic nezinye izizwe kwenhlabathi: izibungu izinambuzane, isitshalo izimpande, isikhunta. Imisebenzi Ebalulekile namagciwane asenhlabathini incike lokushisa kanye nomswakama kwenhlabathi, ukubunjwa yayo physicochemical.

Okunye abakhileyo - bacterium nitrifying chemotroph - yakha esitebeleni zokuxhumana biotic ezinababaleki izitshalo Leguminous umndeni: alfalfa imbewu vetch, lupines. Konke lokhu imingcele, kokubili izimo biotic nezemvelo, kwenza waqaphela niche emvelweni kwamagciwane. Kuyinto ingxenye engaba (niche eliyisisekelo) biogeocoenose, okuyinto iqoqo kwezimo ezifanele lapho zilwane bangaba khona unomphela.

Imithetho ngendawo edingekayo ngesakhiwo multidimensional ecosystem

Uma biogeocoenosis ngokhahlo wadalula kakhulu izenzakalo abiotic ezinjengomlilo, izikhukhula, ukuzamazama komhlaba noma izinto ezenziwa abantu ezingezinhle, ezinye izingxenye zalo amahhala, okungukuthi elingenalo le ahlezi lapha imiphakathi zezitshalo nezilwane. Ukubukeka amafomu amasha ukuphila - ngokulandelana - kuholela ushintsho kuleyo ngxenye biogeocoenose, ogama lakhe - emvelweni izitshalo niche. Izibonelo isiphetho wayo ngemva komlilo ibonisa ukuthi esikhundleni ihlathi ezibanzi enezicabha ukuza eyodwa noma biennial herbaceous plant nge high amandla vegetative: willow, willow-imbiza, umama nosingamama, nabanye, babe ukukhulula abanye isikhala kanye ababengaphansi kwemibuso yakwamanye amazwe zinhlobo imiphakathi entsha.

Kuleli phephandaba, safunda ngokuningiliziwe into ezifana niche nezemvelo i umzimba. Izibonelo kubhekwe yithi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isakhiwo multidimensional aguqulelwe izimo zokuphila kahle imiphakathi zezitshalo nezilwane.