Lo mbhikisho Hungarian ka 1965: kubangela, imiphumela

Ekwindla ka-1956 esehlakalweni Kwakuthi ngemva kokuwa kombuso wamaKhomanisi, wona okuthiwa njengoba kubhikisha Hungarian, kodwa imithombo Soviet ngokuthi esiphikisayo wamavukelambuso ukuhlubuka. Kodwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingakanani uma elichaza kwezombusazwe abazinze ethile, kwaba umzamo ngabantu Hungarian ehlome lokuketula umbuso pro-Soviet kuleli zwe. Weza eziningi izenzakalo ezibalulekile iMpi Yomshoshaphansi, eyabonisa ukuthi i-USSR lwase lulungele ukusetshenziswa ebutho lempi ukuze silondoloze control yayo phezu amazwe Warsaw Pact atheleka.

Ukusungulwa umbuso zamaKhomanisi

Ukuze uqonde izimbangela kwavukelwa esenzeka ngo-1956, kufanele ugxile isimo yasekhaya kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho yezwe ngo-1956. Okokuqala, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, Hungary ke balwa ohlangothini amaNazi, ngokuhambisana izihloko Paris Ukuthula Treaty, esisayinwe oMfelandawonye, iSoviet Union wayenelungelo lokwenqaba ukuba siqhubeke insimu yalo amaviyo alo kuze ukuhoxiswa azihlanganisa umsebenzi amabutho ase-Austria.

Ngokushesha ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, okhethweni lukazwelonke yayiqhutshelwa eHungary, lapho Independent Smallholders Party neningi abalulekile amavoti wahlasela Vac lamaKhomanisi - Hungarian Ukusebenza Yabantu Party. Njengoba yabe seyaziwa kamuva, isilinganiso kwaba 57% uma kuqhathaniswa no-17%. Nokho, ukuthembela ukwesekwa uku akuxhomekile ezweni kweSoviet amabutho ahlomile ngo-1947 Vac ngokukhwabanisa, izinsongo kanye lokuqola ashaqe amandla ukwabela ilungelo kube kuphela iqembu lezombusazwe zomthetho.

Umfundi kukaStalin

bangamakhomanisi Hungarian wazama sokulingisa kulo amalungu iqembu lakhe Soviet, yingakho umholi wabo Mátyás Rakosi ukuthi edume ngokuthi umfundi kukaStalin engcono. Lokhu "udumo" yena wavuzwa yokuthi, ezweni ukubeka wobushiqela siqu, kuzo zonke wazama ukukopisha imodeli uStalin zokubusa. Esimweni dlova okwakusobala ngempoqo eyenziwa kwezimboni kanye collectivization, futhi kumaGreki okwalapha ukuyiveza zonke izinhlobo ephikisayo. Izwe uphendulé nilwe eSontweni LamaKatolika.

Phakathi nokubusa Rakosi wadala nokuvikeleka apharathasi enamandla - the AVH, kwadingeka zezikhulu zayo abasebenzi ayizinkulungwane 28 owasiza kubo ulwazi ayizinkulungwane 40 ... Wonke amaqembu izakhamuzi Hungarian ophilayo ngaphansi kokulawula isevisi. Njengoba yabe seyaziwa kwaba ngemva kwezikhathi zokulotshwa-lamakhomanisi, amafayela avuleka ngamunye million abakhileyo ezweni, lapho izinkulungwane 655. Ingabe kwahlangatshezwana behlukunyezwa futhi 450 ayizinkulungwane. Ukukhonza imigomo ehlukahlukene ejele. Zazisetshenziswa njengokudla zabasebenzi khulula ezimayini kanye ezimayini.

Esikhathini sphere kwezomnotho, kanye ezombusazwe, kwakukhona nesimo esinzima kakhulu. It kwabangelwa yokuthi njengoba ally lempi eJalimane, Hungary kwakudingeka ikhokhele lo-Soviet Union, eYugoslavia neCzechoslovakia ukulungisa eningi, ukukhokhwa okuyinto cishe ingxenye yesine ka ingeniso kazwelonke eya khona. Yiqiniso, lokhu kuyinto nomthelela omubi kakhulu izindinganiso ophilayo zabahlali abavamile.

ncibilika zezombusazwe Omfushane

izinguquko ezithile ekuphileni yezwe ngo-1953, lapho, ngenxa yokwehluleka sobala kwezimboni kanye buthakathaka ingcindezi ngemibono ukuphuma ngaphansi kweSoviet Union, kubangelwa kokufa kukaStalin, ngabantu abazondwa Mátyás Rakosi yaxoshwa okuthunyelwe ka inhloko kahulumeni. Yena lashintshwa elinye iqembu lamaKhomanisi - Imre Nagy, umsekeli yezinguquko ngokushesha futhi ezinkulu yonke imikhakha yempilo.

Ngenxa yalokho wezinyathelo yamukelwa ke abangu ayavalwa futhi bathethelelwe ukushushiswa zezombusazwe zalo isisulu wangaphambili. isimemezelo Special Nagy abuqede le ukuyongqwa kwezakhamizi kuxoshwa kwabo ngenkani emizini ngezizathu nomphakathi. Futhi, ukwakhiwa eziningana izindawo ezingenanzuzo enkulu yezimboni, futhi eyabelwe kubo indlela ukuqondisa ukuthuthukiswa ukudla nokukhanya umkhakha wayekwa. Ngalé kwalokho, ohulumeni ziye zancipha kakhulu ingcindezi ngezolimo, encishisiwe yamanani for labantu futhi yehlise intengo yemikhiqizo.

Resumption of course uStalin futhi kuqale yezinxushunxushu

Nokho, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kuthathwe izinyathelo ezingaka sewenze ikhanda entsha uhulumeni kuthandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabantu, nabo ngokwabo babengabaprofethi yimbangela okubi kakhulu of wangaphakathi yangaphandle emzabalazweni Vac. Waxoshwa yomnyango inhloko kahulumeni, kodwa bagcine indawo yayo okuholela Party, Mátyás Rakosi ngu izingobe imfihlo, futhi ngokusekelwa amaKhomanisi Soviet wakwazi ukunqoba isitha yakhe yezombusazwe. Ngenxa Imre Nagy, abase okuphiniwe amathemba abo ku iningi labantu abavamile kuleli zwe, wasuswa esikhundleni sakhe kunye axoshwe party.

Umphumela walesi owenziwa amaKhomanisi Hungarian lokuvukela kobuholi isimo umugqa uStalin futhi ukuqhubeka yokucindezelwa zezombusazwe. Konke lokhu kuye kwabangela ukunganeliseki okwedlulele izingqimba ububanzi omphakathi. Abantu baqala obala befuna ukubuyela amandla Nadia, nokhetho lukazwelonke, ngokusekelwe ngesisekelo okunye futhi, Okuqakatheke, okukhiphayo ezivela ezweni amasosha aseSoviet. Le mfuneko odlule kwaba efanele ikakhulukazi, kusukela ukusayinwa ngo-May 1955, i-Warsaw Pact atheleka Wawugujelwani eSoviet Union ukuba silondoloze akuxhomekile yayo amabutho e-Hungary.

Lo mbhikisho Hungarian kwaba umphumela okubi kakhulu isimo sezombangazwe yabo kuleli ngokwezibalo zika-1956. Indima ebalulekile kukhala izenzakalo kwalowo nyaka ePoland, lapho kwakukhona evulekile izinkulumo eqeda lamaKhomanisi. Umphumela waba ngcono izimo zengqondo ezibucayi phakathi abafundi nezihlakaniphi ngokubhala. Maphakathi no-October, ingxenye enkulu intsha limenyezelwe sokuhoxisa kusukela "Democratic Union of Youth", kuyinto Analogue of Komsomol Soviet, futhi ukungena khona ngaphambi, kodwa overclocked lamaKhomanisi umfundi inyunyana.

Njengoba kuvamisile esikhathini esidlule, eziye zafaka umfutho ekuqaleni abafundi kuvukela. Ngo-October 22, base zavela futhi wethulwa izinto ezithile ezifunwa uhulumeni zihlanganisa ukuqashwa kukaNksz Nagy sokuba undunankulu, inhlangano ye ukukhethwa ngokwentando yeningi, ukuhoxiswa amabutho aseSoviet ezivela ezweni futhi kubhidlizwe isikhumbuzo uStalin. Izibhengezo ezinamazwi enjalo bazimisele athwale abahlanganyeli kuhlelwe ngakusasa ukuboniswa lonke.

Okthoba 23, 1956

Lokhu udwendwe, eqale e Budapest, ncamashi amahora ayishumi nanhlanu, bakhangwa abahlanganyeli abangaphezu kwamakhulu ayizinkulungwane ezimbili. Umlando Hungary neze uyakhumbula lutho, ngakho ngazwilinye kanye nekutimisela kutembusave. Ngalesi sikhathi, leli nxusa lathi kweSoviet Union, inhloko ikusasa KGB, Yuri Andropov waphuthuma wathinta eMoscow wabika ngokuningiliziwe mayelana konke okwenzekayo kuleli lizwe. Waphetha isigijimi sakhe izincomo ukunikeza oluphelele Hungarian amaKhomanisi, kuhlanganise ezempi, usizo.

Ngu ntambama ngosuku olufanayo esanda esimisiwe uNobhala Okokuqala Erno Gero VPT wakhuluma emsakazweni elahla ababhikishi nezinsongo ngokumelene nawo. Besabela kuleso simemo, ababhikishi isixuku baphuthuma umbelesele isakhiwo, lapho kwakukhona khona studio ukusakaza. Phakathi kwawo eMnyangweni wevikeleko isimo Ukungqubuzana ehlome iphutha ngenxa okuyinto kwakuqoshwe iqale yabulala futhi elimele.

Ngokuphathelene nomthombo ababhikishi izikhali kwabezindaba Soviet bagomele ukuthi esake zilethwe Hungary ngu Western bezobunhloli. Nokho, kusukela ubufakazi izenzakalo wabahlanganyeli kubonisa ukuthi itholiwe, noma nje kwasuswa azowalekelela wathumela ukusiza abavikeli umsakazo. Futhi, sasithathwa endaweni yokugcina izimpahla we ukuzivikela civil kanye neziteshi zamaphoyisa, bambamba.

Ngokushesha lokhu kubhikisha lasakazekela lonke Budapest. The Army futhi i-State Security Division ayinazo ukumelana sina, okokuqala, ngenxa yobukhulu balo encane - kwakukhona amalungu amabili kuphela futhi inkulungwane nengxenye abantu, kanti okwesibili, ngenxa yokuthi abaningi izikhali wabathela ngehlazo obala besho nokusho ukuthi amavukelambuso.

Okufakiwe lokuqala amasosha aseSoviet ngo-Hungary

Ngaphezu kwalokho, sathola umyalo ngeke ukuvula umlilo phezu izakhamuzi futhi bancishwa amakhono ezempi ukuthatha isinyathelo esingathí sina. Umphumela ocime eziningi amasayithi ukhiye kusihlwa ngo-October 23, nezandla zabantu: izikhali emafektri, amaphephandaba ukunyathelisa futhi Central Station. Ekhumbula ingozi ukuthi isimo siyini, ku 24 Okthoba amaKhomanisi ebusuku, abafisa ukuthola sikhathi, osanda kuqokwa Imre Nadya undunankulu, kuyilapho bona wanxusa kuhulumeni wase-USSR ngesicelo ukwethulwa amabutho ku Hungary ukucindezela kwavukelwa Hungarian.

Ukwelashwa nomphumela isingeniso ensimini 6.500 amabutho wezwe, 295 amathangi kanye inani elikhulu nezinye nezempi. Ukuphendula lo eziphuthumayo kwakheka Hungarian eKomitini Yezwe wabuza enguMengameli waseMelika ukuhlinzekwa kosizo wezempi amavukelambuso.

igazi lokuqala

Ekuseni ngo-October 26, ngesikhathi rally esigcawini eduze isakhiwo ephalamende, kusukela ophahleni bavulela ngenhlamvu, kuphumele ukufa kwephoyisa Soviet, futhi laligxile ithangi umlilo. Le ukubuya umlilo senziwa, okuyinto abulala amakhulu ababhikishi. Izindaba sigameko ngokushesha isatshalaliswa lizwe futhi wabangela ukuba kubhuqwe izakhamuzi onogada kanye ezempi.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukuze isimo lesi kuleli zwe, uhulumeni wamemezela ushwele kubo bonke abahlanganyeli yokuhlubuka, ngokuzithandela bazibeke phansi izikhali zazo, ukulwa baqhubeka ezinsukwini ezilandelayo. Namthelela isimo samanje esikhundleni uNobhala Okokuqala Erno Gero János VPT Kadaroam. Ezindaweni eziningi, ubuholi beqembu futhi uhulumeni ejensi nje ukubaleka, futhi esikhundleni sabo angesabi kwakhiwa kohulumeni basekhaya.

Ukuhoxiswa amabutho aseSoviet ezweni kanye ekuqaleni esiphithiphithini

Njengoba kubahlanganyeli umcimbi, ngemva yisehlakalo esigcawini phambi ephalamende amabutho aseSoviet akazange ukuthatha izenzo asebenzayo ngokumelene ababhikishi. Ukulandela isitatimende seqembu i-UNdunankulu Imre Nagy ezazilahla wangaphambili izindlela "uStalin" kobuholi, ekuhlakazekeni wevikeleko isimo futhi ekuqaleni izingxoxo ukuhoxiswa amabutho aseSoviet ezivela ezweni, abaningi benomuzwa wokuthi ukuvukela Hungarian ifinyelele imiphumela oyifunayo. Ukulwa emzini wayeka, okokuqala ezinsukwini zokugcina ukuthula. Nadia yi izingxoxo nobuholi laseSoviet ukuhoxiswa amabutho, okwaqala ngo-October 30.

Kulezi zinsuku, ezingxenyeni eziningi zezwe isiyaluyalu ephelele. amandla izakhiwo Old ngokuba silishiyile izwe, futhi abasha abadalwanga. UHulumeni, ukuhlangana e Budapest, cishe akunamthelela ukuthi kwakwenzekani emigwaqweni, futhi kwakukhona ukwanda kokutheleleka kudlange kakhulu ubugebengu kusukela ejele kanye iziboshwa zezombusazwe wadedelwa izigebengu eziningi ukwedlula lishumi lamawaka.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo sahlanganisa yokuthi isiHungary Yenguquko 1956 maduze phathelana radicalized. Lokhu kwabangela ukubulala uyaca lwabantu ababengekho amasosha, amalungu zangaphambili ezinhlakeni zezokuvikela, ngisho isikhundla futhi ifayela amaKhomanisi. Ngo isakhiwo HWP Central Committee eyodwa kuphela wayebulewe phezu abaholi beqembu amabili. Ngalezo zinsuku, izithombe zemizimba efile wandizela phezu Amakhasi zezihloko eziningi emhlabeni. Inguquko Hungarian waqala ukuthatha izici yokuhlubuka 'akanangqondo nokungabi nasihe ".

faka kabusha amabutho ahlomile

Ukucindezelwa alandelayo kwavukelwa amasosha aseSoviet Lwenziwe ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuma ezithathwe uhulumeni wase-US. Ihhovisi Nagy sika ezithembisa lempi kanye nokwesekwa kwezomnotho, amaMelika esikhathini esasibucayi ishiywe izibopho zabo, kusale eMoscow ukuba ngokukhululekile angenele isimo. Hungarian Yenguquko 1956 kwaba cishe uzochitheka lapho Okthoba 31 umhlangano weKomidi Central we CPSU N. S. Hruschov wabiza kwemukelwa izinyathelo olukhulu kakhulu ukusungula uhulumeni omusha lamaKhomanisi.

Ngesisekelo imiyalelo yakhe Soviet Defense uNgqongqoshe , Marshal G. K. Zhukov wahola uhlelo lokuthuthukiswa kwakuwukuhlasela ahlomile Hungary, ngokuthi "Vortex". Wabiza iqhaza ezingxabanweni nanhlanu armored, ukuhlukana esinenjini elihamba, ngosizo Air Force namayunithi sisemoyeni. Ukuze ukusebenza kwalesi msebenzi, sakhuluma cishe bonke abaholi lamazwe ilungu Warsaw Pact atheleka.

Operation "Okusheshayo" zaqala yokuthi ku 3 Novemba amabutho wama-KGB Soviet, waboshwa uNgqongqoshe usanda kumiswa njengomdala Wezokuvikela, uMajor General Hungarian Pal Maléter. Lokhu kwenzeke ngesikhathi izinkulumo aphethwe e Tokole, eduze Budapest. Ukungenela akuxhomekile eyinhloko emabuthweni ahlomile, wayala mathupha G. K. Zhukov, senziwa ngakusasa. Isizathu salokhu kwaba ngesicelo Uhulumeni, eliholwa János Kadar. Ngesikhashana nje ibutho ashaqe wonke amasayithi eyinhloko Budapest. Imre Nagy, lapho ukuphila kwabo kusengozini, ushiye ebhilidini likahulumeni kanye baphephela lenxusa eYugoslavia. Kamuva, Ukukhohlisa kwayo ukuyengela phandle, ukhaphela enkantolo futhi ngesikhathi Pal Maléter walengiswa esidlangalaleni njengoba amambuka njengezitha zezwe lokhokho.

baqedwe okusebenzayo kwe kwavukelwa

Izenzakalo main senzeka ngoNovemba 4. Maphakathi inhlokodolobha amavukelambuso Hungarian kwadingeka amasosha aseSoviet ukumelana yenza ngokuphelelwa yithemba. Ukucindezela Kwasetshenziswa flamethrowers projectiles incendiary nentuthu. ukukhathazeka kuphela yamazwe ngamazwe backlash umphakathi ngokumelene inqwaba lezakhamuzi ezafa igcinwe umyalo nokubhonywa edolobheni isivele ephakanyiswe izindiza emoyeni.

Izinsuku ezimbalwa ezalandela bevinjelwa zonke emaphaketheni etholakalayo yokumelana ke isiHungary Yenguquko 1956 wathatha ifomu emzabalazweni komhlaba ukulwa nombuso lamaKhomanisi. Ngo ntshashintshe awusebenzi abohle phakathi namashumi eminyaka ezayo. Kanye Izwe ekugcineni waqinisekisa umbuso pro-lamaSoviet laqala baboshwa ngobuningi iqhaza ka kwavukelwa yamuva. Umlando Hungary waphinda eqala ukukhula phezu simo uStalin.

Abacwaningi balinganisela ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi senziwe mayelana 360 ukufa imisho, ayizinkulungwane 25. Izakhamizi babekwa amacala, futhi 14 ayizinkulungwane. Of babo babekhonza ehlukahlukene ejele. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi ngemuva "yensimbi kwesihenqo", uyonquma amazwe aseMpumalanga Yurophu lonke izwe libe khona kanye neHungary. USSR - Isiphephelo eyinhloko imibono lamaKhomanisi - vigilantly ukubukela konke kwenzekani emazweni belawulwa nguye.