Ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu Political. Izisulu yokucindezelwa zezombusazwe e-USSR

ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu Political - kuba inkathi ngendlela enesihluku futhi olunegazi emlandweni ezweni. Efika ngesikhathi lapho izwe eyayiholwa Iosif uStalin. Izisulu yokucindezelwa zezombusazwe eSoviet Union - izigidi zabantu abaye enecala wagwetshwa ukuba ugqunywe ejele noma ukufa. Abacwaningi baye baphawula emibi kakhulu ukuthi babe izenzakalo 1920-1950-yalolucwaningo. Okokuqala, ku kweminyaka yokucindezelwa zezombusazwe ukuyekethisa ubuqotho emphakathini waseSoviet, oyiyo yezibalo.

Ingqikithi ukwesaba

repressions zezombusazwe IMisa zenzeka esikhathini kusuka 1937 kuya ku-1938. Le nkathi ubizwa nangokuthi "Terror Omkhulu". Ngokusho Medushevsky, lezi zinyathelo kungenziwa ngokuthi ithuluzi social eziyisisekelo kusungulwa umbuso uStalin. Umcwaningi ukholelwa ukuthi kukhona eziningana izindlela ezahlukene echaza futhi ukuqonda okushiwo "Terror Omkhulu", umthelela izici ezihlukahlukene, uhlaka, umsuka umbono wakhe. Ukuchaza iqhaza Yiqiniso, kungokwalabo amaphoyisa main imfihlo yezwe - GUGB NKVD futhi uStalin.

imodi Izici

ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu Political, njengoba mlando eziningi zanamuhla Russian, esikhathini esiningi, hhayi kuphela esephula imithetho ekhona, kodwa futhi ukuba uMthetho Basic - uMthethosisekelo. Ikakhulukazi, ukuphikisana kwaba ukudala emizimbeni extra-zokwahlulela inqwaba. Isici angabhekwa, nokuthi nabaningi amadokhumenti esisayinwe Stalin yena lapho uvula amafayela. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi cishe zonke ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu nezombusazwe ogunyazwe kubo.

Ukuqinisa kwamandla kukaStalin

ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu Political eminyakeni engu-30 waqala zande nge ekuqaleni kwezimboni kanye collectivization of amapulazi. It kwakubaluleke kakhulu futhi sithole amandla siqu uStalin. ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu Political wathinta ososayensi. Ngokwesibonelo, eziningi zazo eziye benecala icala "we-Academy of Sciences". Ngo-1932 abalobi abane bathunyelwa ekudingisweni ezihambisana zokubamba iqhaza kulo "lamabutho laseSiberia." Amakhulu izikhulu owakhonza iRed Army, baboshwa. Bonke okwenzeka endabeni "Spring". Esikhathini esifanayo, nokubacindezela zezombusazwe eyenziwa ngokumelene "deviators ubuzwe."

Isimo e-republic

I isiTatar YaseCrimea Autonomous Republic, abanye izikhulu eziphezulu baboshwa. Bagqunywa endabeni 'Sultan-Galyiv iqembu esiphikisayo Abavukeli ", lapho induna kwathiwa Sultan-Galiev - Tatar wamaKhomanisi. Ngo abahwebi yangasese bagwetshelwa ukufa, esagcina sithathelwe indawo elise-icala iminyaka 10. Ngo Belarus, eminyakeni 30-31. It Walahlwa abameleli apharathasi elawula weRiphabhulikhi. Babekwe icala ngokuqondene endabeni 'Union of Liberation ", lapho futhi aphethwe 86 izibalo isayensi kanye namasiko. Entwasahlobo ka ngonyaka 30 kwaba luhlelo loluvulekile e-Ukraine. Endabeni "Union of Liberation weRiphabhulikhi" wathatha indawo abantu abangaphezu kuka-40. Ehola umsolwa wabe Efremov - Isekela Mongameli Auas. Njengoba kushiwo amacala, "i-Union of Liberation weRiphabhulikhi" yayihloselwe lokuketula uhulumeni wamaSoviet futhi ukuze ujike Ukraine yaya ezweni kulawulwa futhi sincike komunye engumakhelwane wobunxiwankulu amazwe. Bonke ababenyathelisa icala ulivumile icala. Ikhumbula ngivume futsi ngiphendvuke abamangalelwa, isigwebo sokufa kuthiwa lathathelwa indawo iminyaka 8-10 ejele. abantu abayisishiyagalolunye bathola eside okunemibandela. Ngo laseKharkov, esimweni "inhlangano lempi Ukraine" owawuse 148 ababambiqhaza. Mayelana nale nqubo, waboshwa ngo eMoscow ngo-1934, unyaka Poloz. Wabamba isikhundla iPhini likaSihlalo walo myalo Isabelomali CEC wase-USSR. Esikhathini 20s wayesebenza Poloz inxusa Ukraine e Moscow, eU.SSR Yabantu Commissar Wezezimali kanye noSihlalo State Planning Commission. Wagwetshwa iminyaka eyishumi esejele.

"Yokuhlanza jikelele" we CPSU (b)

Kwakuthinta kwenziwe eminyakeni 33-34, bese uphinde uqalwe e-May 35 ubudala. Phakathi yokuhlanza beqembu, ezazihlanganisa amalungu 1.916.500, 18.3% athola. Ngokusho ekupheleni inqubo saqala ukuqhuba "yokuqinisekisa kwemibhalo party." Lo mbuso waqhubeka ubusa kuze Disemba 35 konyaka. Ngokuhamba lo msebenzi, kokwengeza enye inkulungwane 10-20 baboshwe. "Ukubuyiselwa imibhalo" kwenziwa kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya Septhemba ngonyaka th 36. Empeleni, kwaba phambili waqala "ukuhlanzwa" zeminyaka 33-35. Kwasekuqaleni, balethwa ubulungiswa bayakhishwa kusukela iqembu. ukuboshwa Peak ezenzeke eminyakeni 37-38. e-USSR, izisulu yokucindezelwa zezombusazwe eminyakeni emibili edlule ziye zaba ziningi kakhulu. Phakathi nale nkathi, kwathiwa babebizelwe ezingaphezu kuka-1.5 million abantu ekufeni bagwetshwa 681.692 yicala.

Moscow Izilingo

Esikhathini kusuka 1936 kuya ku-1938 wathatha beka kokucubungula izinto ezintathu ezinkulu. Abahlanganyeli sibuyekezwe imisebenzi ye CPSU (b), noma oluphathelene naye lowo 20-30s ngakwesokudla noma ukuphikiswa Trotskyist. Phesheya, lezi zinto ngokuthi "Izilingo eMoscow". Waboshwa wabekwa icala ngokubambisana neNhlangano Western amasevisi intelligence lenhlangano ka kokubulawa Stalin nezinye nabaholi baseSoviet, lapho kubhidlizwa i-USSR, nokubuyiselwa ohlelweni isicebi kanye ulethe okubi naphezu emikhakheni eyehlukene kwezomnotho. Inqubo sokuqala senzeka ngo-1926, ngo-August. amaqembu Wamangalelwa "Trotsky-Zinoviev Centre". Iziboshwa main babe Kamenev futhi Zinoviev. Ngaphezu ngezinye izinsolo, wabekwa icala lokubulala Kirov kanye nenhlangano ye ugobe uStalin. Icala lesibili ka "parallel emelene ngempela namaSoviet Trotskyite Centre" uye wathinta abaphathi amancane angu-17 ngo-1937. The main abasolwa ke Sokolnikov, Pyatakov futhi Radek. Ngokufa abantu 13 bagwetshwa, kanye abanye bayiswe emakamu sokuhlushwa, abafe ngokushesha. Inqubo lwesithathu senzeka ngo-1938, kusukela 2nd ukuya ku-13 Mashi. Wabekwa icala 21 abahlanganyeli "Kwesokudla Trotskyite Bloc". Iziboshwa main babe Rykov futhi Bukharin. baholela "ukuphikiswa kwesokudla" e 1928-29.

"It Tukhachevskogo"

Le nqubo senzeka ngo-1937, ngo-June. It Walahlwa iqembu nezikhonzi iRed Army, kuhlanganise Tukhachevsky. Bona kwakuxhunyaniswa inhlangano amalungiselelo umbuso wezempi. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, mass ekuqothulweni ubuholi Soviet sika Kwakuseshwa nomyalo iRed Army. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ezinhlanu amalungu ayisishiyagalombili Special Judicial Commission,, isigwebo sokufa abatholwe benecala "Tukhachevsky", kamuva baboshiwe. Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, Kashirin, Alksnis, Dybenko, Belov, Blucher.

sokuhlushwa

Ukuze uthole nokuvuma esetshenziswa izinyathelo sasivumela ngesihluku. Cishe bonke abangu kugunyazwe Stalin mathupha. Ngesikhathi "ncibilika Khrushchev sika" ehhovisi lomshushisi Soviet abuyekezwa eziningana ezindabeni zezombusazwe izinqubo iqembu. Phakathi amacala wakhe falsification zihlonzwe ngokuthi "kudingeka 'ubufakazi kuye kwakhishwa usebenzisa sokuhlushwa. ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu okungekho emthethweni, sokuhlushwa iziboshwa kwakuvame kakhulu. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, kunobufakazi bokuthi ilunga wabaholi Politburo Eiche e ngemibuzo lwaphuka emgogodleni, futhi Blücher wafa emiphumeleni ukushaywa ehlelekile. Stalin (njengoba kuboniswa izincwadi zomlando) Kunconywa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa ukushaywa kukhishwe nokuvuma.

Umthetho "Mayelana izisulu zezinhlekelele repressions zezombusazwe"

It lwemukelwa ngo-1991, ku-18 Okthoba. Njengoba entry walo force, futhi ngo-2004 abantu abangaphezu kuka-630-ayizinkulungwane aye avuselelwa. Ezinye iziboshwa, isibonelo, eziningi abanezikhundla ubuholi NKVD, abantu ababamba iqhaza noma okuhlobene nobuphekula abenze amacala obugebengu imvelo angahlangene nezombangazwe, zaqashelwa ngokuthi "cha kuncike ukuvuselelwa." Ngokuvamile, kwakubhekwa njengento izicelo zomsebenzi ezingaphezu kuka-970-eyinkulungwane.

inkumbulo

Ngo eRussia nakwamanye amariphabuliki wangaphambili kukhona kanye eSoviet Union, ligcinwe njalo ngonyaka Usuku Kwezisulu Ezacindezelwa Umbuso. I wamashumi amathathu Okthoba wahlela imihlangano, izenzakalo ezihlukahlukene kwezamasiko kanye nezemfundo. Suku Izisulu Political Ingcindezelo ezweni ukhumbula izisulu bahlushwa, abantu esingu, abaningi babo alethwe ngesikhathi esifanele inzuzo enkulu ye lawobaba futhi kungaletha kuwo. Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, kuyinto uchungechunge umyalo yempi yezwe, ezesayensi kanye nezibalo kwamasiko. Iningi lezikole ukuhlela "izifundo bukhoma" yomlando. Kuze kube muva nje, yayinjani imihlangano njalo nge abasindile zizibone lezi zenzakalo eziyingqopha, izingane zabo, inkumbulo awasalayo sikhathi esabekayo. Izenzakalo main eqhutshelwa le Solovetsky Stone (Lubyanka Square) futhi ngesikhathi Butovo labadubuli range. Imibuthano futhi emasha Petersburg. Izenzakalo main aphethwe Ikhuluma ngoZiqu-zintathu Square kanye Levashovskaya ugwadule.