Yini Wayengubani u-Alexander 2? ubuntu zombusi. Biography, phakathi nokubusa

Entwasahlobo ngosuku lokuqala 1881, waba elicwiliswe igazi uMbusi, afakwe umlando Russia wokuba umbhidisi enkulu yezinguquko, kufanele hola epithet wamnika ngabantu umkhululi. Ngalolusuku le uMbusi u-Alexander 2 (wokubusa - 1855-1881) owabulawa ibhomu elaphonswa Narodnaya Volya Ignatius Grinevitsky.

Ukukhula Kwakhe indlalifa

April 17, 1818 phezu eMoscow ishanelwe umdumo iziqhumane - kufanele uhlale endlini yombhishobhi umbhangqwana imperial wazalwa nguye okwakufanele abe inkosi, wathola ngesikhathi Ubhapathizo oNgcwele igama Alexander. A qiniso eliyimpicabadala: ngemva kokufa uPetru mina ukuphela kombusi Russia, owazalwa ngo-dolobha yawo iJerusalema lasendulo, njengoba kwakunguye owayehola - Ngokuzayo uMbusi u-Alexander 2.

Umlando wakhe kubonisa ukuthi ebuntwaneni indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi senzeka ngeso elibukhali kayise. UMbusi uNicholas mina ukulalelisisa kakhulu imfundo sendodana yakhe. Imisebenzi umfundisi ka-Aleksandru ophathiswe odumile V A. Zhukovskogo, abangagcini nje bamfundisa lolimi Russian, kodwa futhi ngatshala umfana Uhlaka jikelele ngoba isiko. Special futhi izihloko ezifana izilimi zakwamanye amazwe, ezindabeni zezempi, umthetho kanye nomlando engcwele, wafundiswa othisha kakhulu isikhathi.

An uthando abasha abangenacala

Mhlawumbe amazwi akhe othisha ekhaya, kanye nezinye abaphezulu V A. Zhukovskogo zangishiya phezu abalazi Alexander abasha. Ngokwe-Umlando ababephila ngesikhathi, lapho ngokushesha waqala ukubonisa ukuthambekela ukuthatheka romantic, okwabangela Ukunganeliseki kayise, indoda, ngasendleleni, futhi ongenasono. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngesikhathi evakashele London, Sasha umxhwele intombazanyana - Ngokuzayo Korolevoy Viktoriey, kodwa le mizwa simiselwe ukuba ishabalale.

Qala imisebenzi isimo

UMbusi uNicholas Ngokushesha ngaqala ujoyine indodana yakhe ezindabeni zomphakathi. Barely ukufinyelela ebudaleni, yethulwa Umkhandlu Wezigele kanye isiGungu Esingcwele seSonto. Ukubona ngeso lengqondo ikusasa ngokwezinga nkosi zombuso, okuyinto anakho ukuphatha uyise wamyisa e-1837 ku-uhambo Russia, ngesikhathi lapho u-Alexander wavakashela ezifundazweni amabili nesishiyagalombili. Ngemva kwalokho, waya eYurophu ukwelekelela ulwazi ukuyoqhubeka nezifundo zakhe.

IBhodi Alexander 2 waqala ngo-1855, ngokushesha ngemva kokufa kuphazamisekile engamashumi amathathu wokubusa uyise Nicholas I. Ifa wadla ifa lapho umuntu enezinkinga ezihambisana umbuzo nabalimi abancane, kunezinkinga zemali futhi elidukile neMpi YaseCrimea, ukubeka Russia esimweni ukungavunyelwa kwabantu bakwamanye amazwe. Bonke zidinga izixazululo ngokushesha.

Isidingo esiphuthumayo kabusha

Ukuze sikwazi ukuletha izwe aphume kabusha crisis kudingeka, isidingo okuyinto nje isuke ibangelwa ukuphila ngokwako. Eyokuqala yalezi kwaba ukuqedwa lamalokishi lempi, langena emuva 1810. UMbusi wathumela omunye ngomvimbo esibayeni ku zakudala esidlule, akazuzi Army nokuvuselela kuqhuma nomphakathi. Nge Kulokhu esiphuthumayo kakhulu, baqala ukuguqulwa yayo enkulu Alexander 2.

Ukuqedwa serfdom

Kwase kubekwe isisekelo. Ngemva kwalokho, i-emperor Alexander 2 eyenziwa ngesikhathi kubulawa Injongo yayo eyinhloko zomlando - ukuqedwa ka serfdom. Kuyaziwa ukuthi isidingo yalesi senzo yokubhala okwengeziwe Umbusikazi uCatherine II eyaziwa, kodwa leyo minyaka ukwazi emphakathini yayingawulungele ushintsho olukhulu kangaka, kanti umbusi wabo ngokuhlakanipha babengayi kuzo.

Manje, phakathi nekhulu XIX, u-Alexander 2, lakhe lokuzazisa emise yizinto ezingokoqobo ezihlukahlukene kakhulu zomlando, uyazi ukuthi uma ungenawo yokuqeda ubugqila umthetho, it elizoba detonator ngoba ukwanda wamavukelambuso ukuqhuma ingozi wezwe.

Ukubuka efanayo ligcinwe kanye ababusi lesichubekako kakhulu imvelo yakhe, kodwa emibuthanweni enkantolo akha ukuphikiswa ezinkulu futhi onethonya, eyakhiwa izikhulu wokubusa zokugcina, wakhulela emabhalekisini futhi umoya bureaucratic Nicholas I.

Noma kunjalo, ngo-1881 nezinguquko waqalwa, futhi izigidi serfs beba izakhamuzi alinganayo Russia. Nokho, lokhu kwaholela inkinga entsha, okuyinto yaxazululeka Alexander 2. Ngamafuphi, yangempela yokuthi kusukela manje abalimi khulula kwakudingekile ukunikeza bazitholele okokuziphilisa, okungukuthi, umhlaba okwakungokwenkosi kulendawo. Isixazululo sale nkinga, yadonsa iminyaka eminingi.

Ezezimali kanye izinguquko imfundo ephakeme

Isinyathelo esilandelayo esibalulekile, okuyinto kwasho wokubusa kuka-Alexander 2 kwaba uguquko kwezezimali. Ngenxa ukuqedwa serfdom eRussia kwakheka uhlobo ehluke ngokuphelele yokusebenzisa leli umnotho - zama-Capitalist. Uhlelo wezimali ka isimo, esekelwe intela yokuvota akazange nezidingo isikhathi. Ukuze sesimanje yayo kule 1860-1862 biennium. Idala isikhungo esisha ezweni - ebhange isimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela manje kuqhubeke isabelomali ngokuhambisana kabusha evunywe uMkhandlu Wombuso kanye uMbusi mathupha.

Eminyakeni emibili ngemva ukuqedwa serfdom, isikhathi sesifikile ukuba nenze izinguquko ezithile imfundo ephakeme. Lesi sinyathelo esibalulekile lanikezelwa ngo-1863 kabusha yakhe yakamuva Alexander 2. Akube-ke lingachazwa ngokuthi ukusungulwa inqubo ethize inhlangano inqubo yemfundo emayunivesithi. Kungalungile ukusho ukuthi lokhu kabusha kwaba ovulekile kunazo zonke olwenziwa phakathi nokubusa okwalandela.

Ukusungulwa Zemstvos kanye ekuqhutshweni kuvuselelwe

izenzo Okubalulekile zomthetho ziye zaba yasemakhaya futhi kwekuhlela kabusha zokwahlulela, Kwasetshenziswa e 1864. Nakuba ngesidingo esiphuthumayo ngiyilobe zonke ehola abaqavile emphakathini. La mazwi kuqhathaniswa nakho konke ukuphikiswa esifanayo, abanemibono akakwazanga ukumsiza kodwa lalela, u-Alexander 2.

Ubuntu le nkosi ngokuyinhloko libhekene nesifiso salo njalo ukuba silinganisele phakathi izigxobo ezimbili ezahlukene umbono - nezazi enenqubekela phambili futhi enkantolo olandelanayo. Nokho, kulesi simo wabonisa ubunzima.

Ngenxa eyenziwa were innovations ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu isimo - kwekuhlela kabusha ukuthi kabusha ukuphila zonke isimiso sakhe akusebenzi zokwahlulela ngendlela aseYurophu, futhi okwesibili, ukushintsha oda zokubusa nezokuphatha.

Ukuguqulwa ebuthweni

Kamuva kwangena ezisemadolobheni kabusha uhulumeni, imfundo yesibili futhi kwezempi, ngenxa okuyinto esenziwa aphuma abaqashwayo ukuze izinsizwa. umhleli yabo eyinhloko futhi Umhlahlandlela ekuphileni kwakuwukuba, njengasekuqaleni, u-Alexander 2.

Umlando wakhe isibonelo umsebenzi okuqhubekayo futhi eyingqabavu, kodwa hhayi kuhlale kuhambisana nesimo umbusi. Ukuzama sihlanganise izenzo izithakazelo eliphikisayo kwezakhi kwezenhlalo, kuwumphumela kwenzakala uyisihambi amakilasi wamavukelambuso-nomqondo engezansi umphakathi, futhi phezulu ahlukile.

Ekuphileni komkhaya le nkosi

Alexander 2 - ubuntu yehlukene kaningi okubalwa. Kanye rationality abandayo, lapho Bahlala Ukuvela lokhu ebusheni bakhe a Ukuthanda izinto romantic. Uchungechunge kudlula ngokushesha salon usongo ne nezincekukazi udumo ka egcekeni akuyona kuphazamisekile ngisho nangemva umshado wakhe nge Princess Mariey Avgustoy ka Hesse ezathatha igama zamukelwa kabanzi ezinkolweni Maria Alexandrovna. Wayengumngane enothando, wanika isipho ukuthethelelwa ngobuqotho. Emva kokushona kwakhe kubangelwe isifo sofuba, umbusi washada senkosikazi zakhe esezinesikhathi eside zimkhonza Ekaterina Mikhailovna Dolgorukova okuyiwona ukufa kwakhe okubuhlungu kwakungenxa igalelo ebulalayo.

Ukuphela wokuphila wezinguquko enkulu

Alexander 2 - umuntu edabukisayo yabo. Zonke amandla namandla wayehumusha ukuvelela Russia ezingeni European, kodwa izenzo zabo kakhulu anikeza ugqozi nascent ngaleso sikhathi ezweni mabutho abhubhisayo, le vvergshim isimo kamuva ibe revolution wezimpi ezalandela. Ukubulawa kuka-Alexander 2 kwaba isixhumanisi yokugcina uchungechunge ukuhlaselwa obenziwa phezu kwakhe. Zazo zikhona eziyisikhombisa.

Lesi sakamuva, okubize ukuphila kombusi, senziwa 1 Mashi, 1881 ngesikhathi Catherine Canal Embankment Petersburg. Kwakuthinta uhlelekile futhi esenziwa iqembu amaphekula ababezibiza ngokuthi "Narodnaya Volya". It yakhiwa abantu kwezakhi ezahlukene yomphakathi. Sinenkosi umqondo kancane indlela yokwakha ezweni elisha undendende, nokho bahlanganiswe isifiso ukubhubhisa izisekelo ezindala.

Ukuze ufinyelele kulesi People basindiswa futhi noma izimpilo ezinye ngaphezulu kwabantu bakhe. Ngokombono wabo, lokubulala u-Alexander 2 lalizoba isibonakaliso kwaba nesiteleka jikelele, kodwa empeleni idale umuzwa yokwesaba nokuphelelwa ithemba emphakathini, njalo kokuvela lapho umthetho wanyathelwa amandla isilo esinonya. Namuhla Isikhumbuzo kuya Tsar umkhululi uyithempeli likaMoya "noMsindisi eBlood", elamiswa kusayithi sokufa kwakhe.