City izinguquko u-Alexander II ngo 1870. Ingqikithi yalo kabusha ezisemadolobheni

kwekuhlela kabusha lo muzi odumile u-Alexander II kwenziwa ngo-1870. Waba yingxenye izinguquko emphakathini isiRashiya, okwenzeka ngemva kokunqotshwa eMpini YaseCrimea. Kuze kube kuleli qophelo, leli dolobha labhekana kusuka ngokweqile zokuphatha esitokisini amaphoyisa. Reform wabanika inkululeko ekuphathweni komnotho, kwezomnotho, ukuphepha kanye nokunye. D.

izimfanelo

Ukulungiselela yephrojekthi ezisemadolobheni ukuphathwa kabusha waqala ngo-1862. Ngokwe-isiyingi ungqongqoshe wezangaphakathi uPetru Valuev waqala ukusungulwa kwamakomiti endawo eyayikhuluma lokudzingekako.

Lezi ejensi yesikhashana abaye basebenza iminyaka emithathu. City kabusha baqhubeka lapho 1864 iKhomishana wayelungise iphrojekthi ezivamile, owawungumnyaka ukunweba kuyo yonke imizi ezindaweni zombuso ezikude. In the isinyathelo esilandelayo kuhlelwe Ukucabangela idokhumenti nguMkhandlu State. Nokho, ngo-April 4, 1866 kwake kwazanywa empilweni Alexander Karakozov II. I kuhlulekile Ukuhlasela kwamaphekula waletha ukuxakeka izingqondo izikhulu. Le phrojekthi okulahlekile.

Ukwamukelwa okusalungiswa

Ngemva kokuthula isikhashana, uMkhandlu WoMbuso, bagcina bebuyele kuhlolwe izinguquko okusalungiswa. Enye ikhomishana baphetha ngokuthi ufake vsesoslovnye suffrage esiyingozi kakhulu. Ingxabano eside yaphela nge ukwamukelwa of uhlelo ukukopishwa Prussia. Lo mbuso German babe curia ezintathu, ayehlanganisa bentela, yizigaba ngokuvumelana iminikelo yabo isabelomali.

Uhlelo olufanayo yokutholwa eRussia. kabusha kaMasipala ngo-1870 ngenxa kwaba kanje. Umkhandlu wendawo okhethwe abakhileyo, luhlukaniswe Curia. Emfanekisweni wokuqala kubo wahlala kuphela ezimbalwa kweshumi izakhamizi abacebe bakhokhe izintela kakhulu. Ngakho, nedlanzana izakhamizi abacebile wathola ukumelwa ukumelwa okulinganayo zabantu abasesigabeni esiphakathi zaziba kanye mass esikhulu sabantu ngemali ongaphakeme (bona kungaba ezinkulungwaneni noma). Ngalo mqondo, izinguquko Alexander City 2 wahlala sasivumela olandelanayo. Sethula nemigomo yentsandvo yelinyenti ku ukuzithiba, kodwa ukucabanga namanje ihlanganiswe ngesisekelo izakhamizi ekungalinganini emphakathini.

Izidumbu zabantu abangu-omasipala bakahulumeni

Ngokwe-isikhundla yokutholwa izinguquko ezisemadolobheni ka-Alexander 2 yethula ezisemadolobheni ukuphathwa komphakathi (Duma ukhetho umhlangano kanye nomkhandlu wedolobha). Ayephathiswe zokuphila kwezomnotho, ngcono zihlelekile, balandela ukuphepha umlilo, uhlinzeke abantu ngokudla, ihlelwe credit izikhungo, isitokwe Ukuhwebelana, futhi marina.

kabusha kaMasipala ngo-1870 wasungula imihlangano ukhetho, umsebenzi oyinhloko owawungumnyaka ukhetho yonkamisa ku Duma. isikhathi sawo sokuba sezikhundleni uneminyaka engu-4. Ngaphansi kwemithetho emisha ilungu Duma wayesengaba naleso sakhamuzi ababenolwazi amalungelo okuvota. Kulesi umthetho, kuwo wonke umuntu. Ngokwesibonelo, inani non-amaKristu umcabango kwaba ukuthi aseqeli onkamisa wesithathu (m. E. amalungu ePhalamende). Khona manjalo amaJuda nawo abakwazanga ukubamba kwesitulo lemeya. Ngakho, ngo-imikhawulo main yokhetho babe uhlamvu lehlelo.

amandla City Council

kabusha kwe-Radical ezisemadolobheni, eyayihlanganisa nayo ekunikezeni kuhulumeni edolobheni, lwalulinganiselwe kuya ukuhanjiswa amandla Tikhungo letinyenti tahulumende. Phambi kwabo bonke oda enziwe kusukela igunya eyodwa futhi kungaphefumuli bureaucratic. Lokhu ukulawula inikeza iyasilela kakhulu futhi amile.

kabusha kaMasipala kuye kwaholela yokuthi City Council yayinelungelo lokugunyaza ukuba liqoke izikhulu ezihlukahlukene. ibizwa nangokuthi manje ezilungisiwe ukusungulwa, ukuncishiswa kanye Intela iyakhula. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le yezindleko zokubhalisa ukuze kugcinwe lo umzimba omele engaphansi kwe umbusi. Imihlangano kwamiswa ngesicelo okungenani okwesihlanu onkamisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Duma Kungenzeka abize imeya noma umbusi. Lezi ohulumeni avele emadolobheni 509.

Nezinye izici izinguquko

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, umcabango inquma ukubunjwa umkhandlu wedolobha. Lokhu umzimba, esikhundleni salokho, wayephethe zimali, kubutsela ulwazi onkamisa, futhi ukuqoqwa ukusetshenziswa intela enanini labantu. Council kubikwe City Council, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo babe nelungelo ukuqaphela umzimba omele ngesinqumo emthethweni. Endabeni ka ukungqubuzana phakathi ezimbili izikhungo kwamandla esimweni liphazamisa umbusi.

Abavoti Duma ayikwazanga yicala noma ngaphansi kophenyo. Ingena umkhawulo yobudala (engu-25). Yizembe Amalungelo ayewulindile isuswe letivela etikhulwini izikhundla zikahulumeni. Futhi, izakhamuzi zakhe izwi bancishwa, kwadingeka isikweletu eqoqweni intela. Olwandulelayo Umvoti uhlu ngokuvumelana ukuhlukana Curia abadonsekela up umcabango. Imeya ngabaphansi phakathi onkamisa. Lokhu kukhetha eyamenza umbusi.

Inani

I kabusha ezibaluleke kakhulu ezisemadolobheni kuye kwaholela ekuqaleni intuthuko engakaze ibonwe yezimboni futhi commercial amadolobha. Kwakuhlangene yokuthi amandla isifundazwe futhi main wathola izindlela komnotho emakethe. Umuzi angazinqumela ngokwakhe lokho futhi kanjani imali yabo. ukuzibusa ezinjalo ngezinye izikhathi kuphumelele kangcono kunendlela elidala ithambo imodeli zokuphatha.

Ekugcineni, kabusha lwedolobha u-Alexander II avunyelwe abakhileyo ezweni ukwazi ukuthi nokuzibandakanya zomphakathi. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, abasesigabeni esiphakathi babengenalo iziyisikhombisa ukulawula ikhaya bomdabu. Ngenxa wavuthwa ukuguqulwa isimo sesishintshile kakhulu. Ukwanda ukwazi zomphakathi liye laba isisekelo ukuzalwa isiko elisha lonke ezombusazwe.