Uhlelo zemisipha: umsebenzi kanye nesakhiwo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-apharathasi womuntu zemisipha

Zonke izitho motion, ukuhlinzeka umzimba ezihambayo emkhathini ehlangana ibe uhlelo olulodwa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amathambo, amalunga, imisipha kanye nemisipha. uhlelo zemisipha yomuntu wenza imisebenzi ethile ngenxa izici of kwetinhlavu kanye nesakhiwo kwezitho yokuhamba.

okusho locomotor

skeleton Human wenza imisebenzi abalulekile amaningana:

• asekelayo;
• Ukuvikelwa;
• Linikeza ukuhamba;
• uhlanganyela umzimba amaminerali kanye hematopoiesis.

Ukwephula uhlelo zemisipha kubangela izinqubo sokugembula kumasistimu amaningi emzimbeni. Imisipha exhunywe amathambo Kwenziwa ukunyakaza maqondana nomunye, lapho ukunyakaza komzimba inikezwa esikhaleni. uhlelo kwemisipha inezici yayo obusebenzayo:

• Uzungeze umzimba womuntu ingaphakathi, ebavikela umonakalo ngemishini;
• owenza umsebenzi ukwesekwa, ukusekela umzimba ngendlela ethile.

Ngo ukuthuthukiswa apharathasi locomotor yomuntu inkanuko sezinzwa ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo. Ukuthuthukiswa muscle ezinzwa - axhomeke izinqubo nomunye. Ukwazi lokho izici of the system zemisipha ezidingekayo ukuze ukusebenza evamile umzimba, kumele kuphetfwe ukuthi skeleton kubalulekile ekwakhekeni nasekumeni komzimba.

Phakathi embryogenesis, lapho umzimba cishe engabathinti iyiphi ezintweni, ukunyakaza kwengane abakucasulayo la mangqamuzana kwemisipha. Kulezi pulses ukuya isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko, inkanuko ukuthuthukiswa sezinzwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le ekuthuthukiseni isimiso sezinzwa kuvusa ukukhula nokuthuthuka kohlelo kwemisipha.

anatomy lwamathambo

Skeleton - iqoqo amathambo ukuthi enze ukwesekwa, motor nemisebenzi zokuzivikela. uhlelo zemisipha ka lomuntu cishe 200 amathambo (kuye ngokuthi yobudala), konke okuyizinto amadayisi olungenakuqhathaniswa 33-34. Hlukanisa centerline (thorax, Yekhanda, amathambo), futhi isandiso (esitho khulula) amathambo.

Amathambo kwakhiwa ithambo izicubu, ezihlobene ezihlukahlukene ezicutshini. It sakhiwa yamaseli begodu i-matrix obukhulu extracellular, equkethe sebuningini collagen nokumbiwa izingxenye enikeza kuyaqina.

Uhlaka lwamathambo iyisilondolozi for kwezitho zomzimba ezibalulekile: ugebhezi ubuchopho, e umsele umgogodla - umgogodla, esifubeni inikeza ukuvikelwa emphinjeni, emaphashini, inhliziyo, lwemithambo ezinkulu iziqu emithambo yegazi, futhi ukhalo zivikela ukulimala kwezitho ezingaphakathi kohlelo urogenital. Ukwephula uhlelo zemisipha kungabangela ukulimala kwezitho ezingaphakathi, ngezinye izikhathi aluhambisani nawo ekuphileni.

amathambo aqatha

I isehlane ithambo sithambile, nempahla ezihlangene. Isilinganiso iyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi indawo kanye umsebenzi ingxenye ethile uhlelo zemisipha.

Ingqikithi compact itholakala oluthi amathambo eside, okunikeza ukwesekwa kanye locomotor umsebenzi. impahla sithambile ibekwa amathambo flat futhi iDemo. Yonke kobuso ithambo (ngaphandle ngokuhlanganyela) embozwe periosteum (periosteum).

ithambo ukwakheka

I ontogeny kwetinhlavu ohlelweni of the system zemisipha ngokusebenzisa izigaba eziningana - leWebhu, uqwanga bone. Kusukela ngesonto lesibili ngemva kwakhiwa kwesisu mesenchyme we skeleton membranous is cartilage umklamo. Ngu ngesonto 8 uqwanga izicubu kancane kancane indawo kwamathambo.

Esikhundleni amathambo cartilaginous zandise ngezindlela eziningana:

• perihondrialnoe Ukuqina sekuyenzeka - amathambo kumiswa uqwanga ipherimitha;
• Ukuqina sekuyenzeka periosteal - ukukhiqizwa kwe osteocytes abasha periosteum kwakhiwa;
• Ukuqina sekuyenzeka enchondral - amathambo ekwakhekeni ngaphakathi uqwanga.

Inqubo ithambo Ukwakheka izitsha ukuhluma kanye ezicutshini kusukela uqwanga phakathi periosteum (abakulezi zindawo ekubhujisweni uqwanga kwenzeka). Ingxenye amaseli osteogenic kamuva ukuthuthukisa ithambo cancellous.

Phakathi kwengane esiswini kwenzeka Ukuqina sekuyenzeka diaphyseal lamathambo eside (ngokuthi iphuzu eyinhloko Ukuqina sekuyenzeka), khona-ke ngemva kokuzalwa kwenzeka Ukuqina sekuyenzeka epiphysis lamathambo eside (amaphuzu yesibili Ukuqina sekuyenzeka). Kuze kweminyaka eyi 16-24 phakathi epiphyses futhi diaphysis agcinwayo cartilaginous epiphyseal ipuleti.

Ngenxa khona zalo enwetshiwe izitho of the system zemisipha. Uma uqwanga esikhundleni amathambo Fusion kwenzeka diaphysis futhi epiphysis lamathambo eside, ukukhula komuntu sithule.

Isakhiwo ikholomu vertebral

Ikholomu umgogodla is ngokulandelana esikhulu amathambo zazo zixhunywe akwazi ukugcina intervertebral, amalunga nemisipha, ogxile uhlelo zemisipha. umsebenzi umgogodla akuzona asekela kuphela, kodwa futhi ezivikela, kuvimbele ukulimala mechanical izibilini umgogodla, labona umsele umgogodla.

Ingabe izingxenye ezinhlanu yomgogodla - coccygeal, sacral, lumbar, thoracic kanye wesibeletho. UMnyango ngamunye has ngezinga elithile ukuhamba, ongasanyakazi ngokuphelele kuyinto yomgogodla sacral kuphela.

ukunyakaza yomgogodla noma iminyango yalo kuqinisekiswa imisipha yohlaka. ukuthuthukiswa Proper of the system zemisipha esikhathini ezisanda kubelethwa, inikeza usizo abaludingayo ukuze izibilini izinhlelo nokuvikelwa yabo.

Isakhiwo esifubeni

Thorax - kumiswa osteochondral eyayakhiwa sternum izimbambo 12 amathambo thoracic. Ukuma esifubeni sifana okungajwayelekile Isigaxa ufushanisiwe. Yezinyoni ubambo has izindonga ezine:

• phambi - ezakhiwe sternum futhi ubambo uqwanga;
• Kumiswa amathambo nomgogodla thoracic kanye imikhawulo ezingemuva izimbambo - ezingemuva;
• 2 ohlangothini - ezakhiwa ngokuqondile izimbambo.

Futhi isehlane izimbobo ezimbili thorax - i engenhla kanye beso ephansi. Dlula kuvulwa engenhla kwezitho zokuphefumula futhi wokugaya ukudla (emphinjeni, kuqhoqhoqho, imizwa nemithambo yegazi). I beso ephansi ivaliwe ngumuntu diaphragm, okuyinto has a imbobo for ukudlula lwemithambo ezinkulu iziqu emithambo yegazi (aorta, bakhiphe elezinga eliphansi vena cava), kanye kuqhoqhoqho.

Isakhiwo ugebhezi

Ugebhezi ingenye izakhiwo eziyisisekelo lwamathambo Axial, esiyingxenye uhlelo zemisipha. Skull umsebenzi - ukuvikela ubuchopho, izitho sezinzwa, nokusekela izigaba eyinhloko izinhlelo zokuphefumula futhi wokugaya ukudla. Siqukethe amathambo abhanqiwe futhi ayibhangqiwe futhi ihlukaniswe yaba ubuchopho neminyango ebusweni.

Isigaba phambi ugebhezi kuyinto:

• we maxillary namathambo mandibular;
• amathambo amabili acinene;
• ithambo zygomatic.

I neurocranium isakhiwo kuhlanganisa:

• ithambo frontal ;
• abhanqiwe ithambo yesikhashana;
• ukuwapheka ngesitimu kunokuwabilisa ithambo sphenoid;
• umusi parietal bone ;
• ithambo occipital.

umnyango Brain has a umsebenzi lokuvikela ubuchopho futhi ayesisebenzisa yayo. Ihhovisi Front lusekele uMnyango eyinhloko umgudu wokuphefumula futhi wokugaya ukudla futhi izitho sezinzwa.

uhlelo zemisipha: umsebenzi kanye nesakhiwo nasemilenzeni

Ngo ukuvela esitho skeleton usezuze ukuhamba olubanzi ngenxa ukuhambisana articular lamathambo (ikakhulukazi osabalalayo nezihlanganiso carpal). Ukwabela thoracic futhi zibophe amabhande okhalo.

Ibhande engenhla (esifubeni) kuhlanganisa blade ezimbili bese ithambo clavicle, futhi phansi (okhalo) ezakhiwe pair of nethambo lenqulu. Le ngxenye khulula esitho elingenhla kukhona iminyango elandelayo:

• proximal - iqukethe humerus;
• isilinganiso - wayemelele ulna kanye engaba;
• distal - Kufaka esihlakaleni amathambo, namathambo metacarpal futhi umunwe amathambo.

Ingxenye khulula esitho engezansi siqukethe iminyango elandelayo:

• proximal - iqukethe kunawo wonke;
• ESigabeni leSisemkhatsini - kuhlanganisa tibia futhi fibula;
• distal - amathambo tarsal, amathambo metatarsal kanye namathambo alowo iminwe.

skeleton esitho ivumela anhlobonhlobo imisebenzi futhi ibalulekile umsebenzi evamile, esihlinzeka uhlelo zemisipha. umsebenzi lwamathambo esitho khulula kunzima overestimate, ngoba ngosizo lwabo abantu enze cishe zonke izenzo.

Isakhiwo of the system zemisipha

imisipha yohlaka Banamathele amathambo ukunciphisa futhi ahlinzeke ukunyakaza komzimba noma izingxenye zalo emkhathini. Ngesikhathi inhliziyo imisipha yohlaka kuthiwa striated imisipha zesivikelo sesifuba. Ngaphezu ukusekelwa motor nemisebenzi imisipha ukunikeza umsebenzi ukuphefumula, ukugwinya, ukuhlafuna, kukhona ezihilelekile sebuso, ukushisa sizukulwane futhi ukuhambisana yokukhuluma.

I izakhiwo eyinhloko imisipha yohlaka yilezi:

• excitability - umsebenzi kwezintambo zesivikelo sesifuba imisipha wenziwa ngaphansi kwethonya emsipheni amaza;
• conductivity - kusukela kwalapho ukuze isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko kushesha ungacabanganga conduction;
• contractility - ngenxa emsipheni ngiyibona traffic eyenziwa contractility of imisipha yohlaka.

Imisipha yakhiwa emikhawulweni umsipha (imisipha, imisipha anamekwe amathambo) nesisu (ehlanganisa striated imisipha Imicu yotshani). umsebenzi esihlelwe of the system zemisipha Kwenziwa ekusebenzeni kahle imisipha futhi kudingekile mthethonqubo kwemizwa kwemisipha zesivikelo sesifuba.