Skeleton Axial. Amathambo lwamathambo Axial

Uhlaka lwamathambo iphuzu okunamathiselwe imisipha, ethambile izicubu ukwesekwa, ukuvikelwa kanye ayesisebenzisa viscera. Kutfutfukisa kusukela mesenchyme. Kusukela kungathi izingalo ezingamakhulu amabili amathambo ngazinye lwamathambo yomuntu eyikho. skeleton Axial futhi isandiso aqukethe amathambo ezahlukene, kodwa cishe bonke of them by nemisipha, amalunga nokunye ukuxhumana yakha wonke.

izinguquko lwamathambo phakathi nokuphila

Skeleton kukho konke ukuphila kushintsha njalo. skeleton cartilaginous umbungu, isibonelo, phakathi kwengane esiswini kancane kancane indawo kwamathambo. Le nqubo iyaqhubeka esezele iminyaka embalwa. Ingane osanda kuzalelwa, amathambo cishe 270 kule skeleton. Lokhu kungaphezu omdala, esakhiwa 200-208. kwavela Lokhu umehluko ngoba skeleton osanda kuzalwa siqukethe imbewu eziningi ezincane. Kuphela ebudaleni obuthile kuphela, base coalesce zibe nkulu. Lokhu kusebenza, isibonelo, amathambo nomgogodla, ukhalo ugebhezi. amathambo Sacral tho phakathi sacrum (ithambo elilodwa) kuze kweminyaka eyi 18-25.

Yini amathambo ezakho ngqo skeleton?

Ngu lwamathambo akusho ngokuqondile ezihlobene amatshe akhethekile ayisithupha atholakala maphakathi nendlebe, ezintathu ohlangothini ngalunye. Basuke exhunywe kuphela nomunye futhi ube ingxenye umsebenzi isitho ekuzweni. Lezi ithambo ngocansi kunyakaza ukuba zengaphakathi lendlebe le eardrum.

Izici ezithile amathambo

ithambo Hyoid emzimbeni womuntu nguye kuphela hhayi kuhlobane ngokuqondile abanye. Itholakala entanyeni, kodwa ngokuvamile chasiselwe amathambo skull (siqu ikhadi). It is okwesikhashana nalokho imisipha futhi ixhunyiwe nge amalaka. Kunawo wonke - kunazo zonke skeleton, kanye isitibili, ngokuba maphakathi nendlebe - kulencane kakhulu.

skeleton inhlangano

Kubantu, skeleton yakhelwe phezu ezivamile simiso ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla. Amathambo akhe zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili: skeleton Axial futhi isandiso. Eyokuqala kukhona amathambo yakha amathambo endoda emzimbeni. Baqamba amanga phakathi - konke amathambo ekhanda nasentanyeni, sternum, izimbambo, amathambo. izilwane Axial skeleton kusekelwe isimiso esifanayo. Isandiso - a scapula, clavicle, ithambo, emikhawulweni engenhla nengezansi kanye ukhalo.

Subgroups we skeleton Axial

Wonke amathambo akhe lwamathambo zihlukaniswe subgroups. skeleton Axial siqukethe lokhu okulandelayo.

1. amathambo skull kuyisisekelo ekhanda, kanye esihlalweni ubuchopho, izinhlaka iphunga, ukuzwa kanye nokubona. Kusobala izigaba ezimbili: phambili ubuchopho.

2. Uma ucabangela lwamathambo omuntu (Axial skeleton) kufanele kuphawulwe futhi esifubeni, okuyinto ifomu onomfutho of a Isigaxa ufushanisiwe. Kuyinto egcina izitho ezihlukahlukene yangaphakathi. Siqukethe 12 ngazimbili lwezimbambo 12 amathambo thoracic kanye sternum.

3. Spine (aka - ikholomu umgogodla) - ukusekela zonke amathambo, eksisi eyinhloko emzimbeni. umgogodla sihamba ngaphakathi canal umgogodla.

Subgroups amathambo ezengeziwe

Siqokomisa subgroups elandelayo.

1. yibhande nasemilenzeni engenhla, okuvumela okunamathiselwe we skeleton Axial esitho elingenhla. Siqukethe yebhangqa clavicles kanye izindwani ehlombe.

2. nemilenze Upper, iziphi kangcono ukufeza umsebenzi. Zakhiwa izingxenye ezintathu: uhlangothi, ibhodi lemisindo kanye ehlombe.

3. ibhande wemikhawulo aphansi, esinikela ukunamathela skeleton Axial wemikhawulo aphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto ukwesekwa kanye ayesisebenzisa for kwezitho zobulili, amasistimu urinary futhi wokugaya ukudla.

4. emkhawulweni aphansi ezihlinzeka ukunyakaza komzimba emkhathini.

Amathambo izingxenye skeleton Axial

Njengoba ubona, amathambo skeleton basonta amaqembu amabili. Sixoxe kafushane Axial kanye skeleton owengeziwe. ngeke sihlale sicabanga isandiso, njengoba akusiyo ingxenye umsebenzi wethu. Manje ake sixoxe ngokuthi iminyango ehlukahlukene kanye amathambo ezakha ewonke skeleton Axial.

emgogodleni

Lokhu kusekela mechanical emzimbeni. Ubunjwe kusuka 32 kuya 34 amathambo sixhumene. eminyangweni emihlanu ziqokonyiswe emgogodleni: coccygeal, sacral, lumbar, thoracic, wesibeletho. Compounds of lumbar neselula wesibeletho, kanye sacral wamabele - abapholile. Four bokuphila eguqa ikholomu umgogodla. Lumbar futhi goba wesibeletho iqondiswe phambili, ukwakha lordosis futhi thoracic futhi sacral - emuva (kyphosis). Ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene amathambo aziwona usayizi ofanayo. Bathembele ubukhulu lesi sigameko elilodwa noma kwenye wabo ukulayisha nokuthuthukiswa kwemisipha. Sacral kanye lumbar amathambo ukufinyelela usayizi omkhulu. I akwazi ukugcina intervertebral ukwenza njenge ukushaqeka-mfutho - ukusabalalisa ingcindezi phakathi amathambo, futhi ahlinzeke amandla adingekayo ehlanganisa nokuya nomaphi.

Ekuphileni kwalo konke, kukhona ukuthuthukiswa lwamathambo Axial. A emgogodleni osanda kuzalwa cishe ngqo, emva kwesikhashana kukhona Curves sokukhubazeka komgogodla. Zimbili eguqa emuva ezimbili phambili (kyphosis futhi lordosis).

Injongo eyinhloko kubo ufuna ukukwenza buthaka Shake esifubeni nasekhanda lwengubo lapho egijima, ukuhamba, bagxume. Ukugobeka komhlandla (ugobile yomgogodla ukuphendukela kunoma iluphi uhlangothi) is ebonwe abantu abaningi. ngokuvamile kuba umphumela izinguquko eziqhubekayo kabuhlungu emgogodleni ezibuhlungu.

amathambo

Ngu lwamathambo Axial zihlanganisa amathambo. Banezinhliziyo umzimba round futhi ukuvala vertebral foramen lwaleli. Sinenkosi ezihlobene ukuthi ixhumane namanye amathambo ngamunye okushiwo. Emgogodleni sidlula ingaphakathi izimbobo. akha emhubheni okuthiwa umsele umgogodla. Kuyinto isivikelo ithambo ungaphakathi nentambo umgogodla. I vertebra Ukwakheka kufaka: Mater Dura (ulwelwesi zokuzivikela); inqubo spinous wethambo, okuyinto uxhuma yona imisipha; nentambo igazi izitsha umgogodla. On the ingxenye disc intervertebral kungabonwa we-lenticular wangakwesokunxele nucleus pulposus futhi iringi fibrous. inqubo Spinous waphenduka futhi umzimba vertebral - phambili. Phakathi ahlelwe yezilwane ezinomgogodla ukuvula. Ake sithi amagama ambalwa mayelana lwesikhathi. On lwesikhathi amathambo abe kude, okuyinto ndawonye zakha izimbobo intervertebral lapho kudlule izinzwa emgogodleni.

Ake bahlale kwamanye amathambo, ucabangela isakhiwo lwamathambo Axial. Atlas - the vertebra lokuqala wesibeletho. Akanalo umzimba. Lokhu vertebra sihambisane 2nd wesibeletho vertebra futhi occipital ithambo Yekhanda. Epistrophe (2nd vertebra wesibeletho) ine inqubo odontoid, okuyinto ehlangene Atlas (anterior lwaleli). inqubo Spinous ngesikhathi 7th vertebra wesibeletho akuyona bifurcated. Kuyinto kalula avelayo. Le nqubo ubabonisa ngenhla amathambo eduze kanye nomgudu walo spinous. Kuyinto evelele ezingabantu. On amathambo thoracic kukhona fossa glenoid. Badinga ukunamathisela izimbambo. Izinqubo spinous ka amathambo thoracic eqondisa phansi nasemuva, zingabantu isikhathi eside. Luhlelo lolukhulu lwa kakhulu - amathambo lumbar. izinqubo zabo spinous kuthiwa baphambukile emuva. Of 5 amathambo tho siqukethe sacrum. Hlukanisa ububanzi engxenyeni engenhla (isizinda), izingxenye ezimbili hlangothi phansi ewumngcingo (phezulu). Ngokusebenzisa emigodini sacrum ihlolwe imizwa, futhi ngaphakathi canal sacral. Kuyinto ezinwetshiwe umsele umgogodla. Taz prichlenyaetsya kuya sacrum. ithambo Coccygeal we skeleton Axial ihlukaniswe 4-5 amathambo tho phakathi ampofu. Lawa izinsalela umsila, owawungumnyaka lokhokho indoda. Ukusebenzisa amalunga omzimba, uqwanga nemisipha amathambo sixhumene. Emgogodleni kungaba unbend futhi ungagobisi, twist, ugoba uhlangothi. ezihambayo Iningi nezigaba zawo - wesibeletho kanye lumbar.

thorax

Enye umnyango, elithatha skeleton Axial - thorax. It siqukethe le sternum (aboniswe egqanyisiwe abomvu), izimbambo kanye amathambo thoracic. Ubude sternum e abadala 16 kuya 23 cm. Lokhu ithambo ayibhangqiwe oluyisicaba lwamathambo Axial. Kuyo zikhona izingxenye ezintathu ezilandelayo: inqubo xiphoid, isilinganiso (umzimba) kanye engenhla (isibambo). Izimbambo akhiwe uqwanga bone. Eyokuqala yalezi itholakala cishe nendawo. amabhangqa ayisikhombisa ohlotsheni izimbambo ne cartilages kwabo kube semikhawulweni phambi kukhona uxhumeke kwi-sternum. Enye ngazimbili ezinhlanu kungukuthi exhumene naso. 8, 9 futhi 10 pair prichlenyayutsya ukuba uqwanga overlying izimbambo. I 11 nele-12 ekupheleni mahhala nge imikhawulo phambi imisipha. Le ndoda esifubeni kukhona izitsha emaphashini, inhliziyo, emphinjeni, kuqhoqhoqho, izinzwa, nezibilini igazi ezinkulu. Nanguya ahileleke ukuphefumula - umthamo yayo ngesikhathi umoya futhi ephefumula ngokusebenzisa ukunyakaza Rhythmic incipha futhi iyakhula. Umphongolo osanda kuzalwa has simise pyramidal. Nokho, it is washintsha ne ekukhuleni thorax. Ngo abesifazane wokuthi imfushane kunalokho eyabantu, kanye ingxenye yayo engenhla abe obanzi kuqhathaniswa. Ukushintsha thorax kungenzeka emva izifo. Ngokwesibonelo, inkukhu amabele kukhule yamathambo okukhulu (kulesi simo, sternum kuphuma ngokucijile phambili).

skull ithambo

Echaza skeleton Axial, kubalulekile ukutshela mayelana ugebhezi. Amathambo akhe yakhiwa okulandelayo: ithambo acinene, ithambo frontal, parietal, Malar, occipital, amathambo Lower futhi maxillary namazinyo. Skull (skeleton ikhanda) has umgodi lapho ubuchopho. Kukhona, ngaphezu kwalokho, umlomo, ayesisebenzisa ekhaleni ukuzwa futhi umbono. Uma ucabangela skeleton Axial bezilwane nabantu, ngokuvamile ukuhlukanisa ngaphambili kogebhezi nobuchopho. Wonke amathambo akhe, ngaphandle mandible, phakathi seaming. Amabili namabhuzu dice kuze umnyango ingqondo. Kuyinto mayelana yesikhashana futhi parietal. Iphinde labelwe ezine ayibhangqiwe - occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal. Eziyisithupha amathambo abhanqiwe ebusweni amela ahlukaniswe (ongenhla, lacrimal, acinene, palatal, zygomatic futhi aphansi turbinate), futhi ezimbili ayibhangqiwe. Lezi zingozi zihlanganisa ama ngikwazi ukuqala futhi umhlathi ongezansi. ithambo Hyoid - lena futhi ithambo ubuso. Abaningi amathambo ekhanda we skeleton yiwona iziteshi imigodi ukudlula emithanjeni yegazi nezinzwa. Abanye babo baye yeseli noma umgodi nomoya (okuthiwa sinusitis). Brain skull uyindoda ubusa ngaphezu ebusweni.

I sutures amathambo skull

ezivuzayo ezahlukene okuyinto oluchazayo le amathambo skull. Eza e flat (imiphetho bushelelezi kukhona eduze kwezinye amathambo ebusweni ikhadi ngalinye), lahlelelwa (ngakho ukuxhuma parietal bone yesikhashana), igiya (zingabantu sici ingxenye eyinhloko amathambo skull yiwo anamandla kakhulu). amalunga omzimba kakhulu e abadala ikakhulukazi ossified kwasebekhulile. Nge uxhuma temporomandibular ngokuhlanganyela kuhlangene ithambo yesikhashana we mandible. Leli lunga has uqwanga, imisipha, egobolondweni lelunga sigcizelelwa.

Imininingwane engeziwe mayelana isakhiwo Yekhanda

Roof ngokuthi engxenyeni engenhla ingxenye cerebral we skeleton ikhanda. Futhi phansi - lokhu phansi. It ngokufanele Magnum foramen. Kobuso amathambo ikhadi (ngaphandle igobolondo ngezansi), nophahla skull ekuthuthukisweni kwakhona 2 izigaba: kuqala, webby ke amathambo. Kwabanye, amathambo skull libhekene izigaba ezintathu: membranous, uqwanga bone. Izinsalela Yekhanda membranous (okuthiwa fontanelles) ayatholakala ophahleni ugebhezi ngayo lapho usana. Kukhona eziyisithupha kuphela: ezimbili mastoid, amabili nesigaxa emise, nibulale ezingasemuva, phambi. I enkulu wabo - front futhi bakhulise. Front sise kwalapho kuhlangana khona parietal namathambo frontal (phezulu). Iminyaka eyodwa nengxenye lapho ossified. Occipital (bakhulise) fontanel ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-2 kuphela ngemva kokuzalwa kwengane ikhula. Ngo izinsana eside fontanelles lateral ngokuvamile ayitholakali, futhi uma kufanele, khona-ke ngokushesha lidlule (ku ngenyanga 2nd noma 3rd zokuphila). phambi ehhovisi Newborn lingaphansi athuthukile kuqhathaniswa nobuchopho kunangesikhathi omdala: amazinyo angekho, sinuses womoya amathambo cranial kungukuthi athuthukile. Sutures ossify ngeminyaka, kanye incipha ungqimba ithambo cancellous - ugebhezi ziyaqothuka futhi kulula. ekukhuleni kwayo liyaphela eminyakeni 25-30. Skull amadoda kuqhathaniswa ngaphezu kwabesifazane, okuyinto lihlotshaniswa ubukhulu jikelele zomzimba. Amaqhubu futhi ziboya phezu amathambo cranial kuthiwa kancane liphinyiselwe kubantu besifazane kunabesilisa.

Ngakho, sabuka izingxenye eziyinhloko zale lwamathambo Axial. Khumbula ukuthi ku-isandiso, esixoxe ngakho kafushane nje, ngoba akuwona isihloko salesi sihloko. Manje uyazi ukuthi lolu hlaka lwamathambo Axial siqukethe amathambo ezahlukene, ezithinta izakhiwo ezahlukene kanye nemisebenzi.