Kwemifantu Catalytic kawoyela

kwemifantu Catalytic lamafutha (kusuka esiNgisini - eqhekeza) - inqubo zobuchwepheshe yakhelwe ukwandisa umkhiqizo uphethiloli nge ukucutshungulwa ekhethekile kwezingxenye amafraktjhini esindayo uwoyela. Lapho ukucutshungulwa eyinhloko mkhiqizo etholwe 5-14% we Isisindo esivamile isamba nophethiloli. Izinga fuel emva ziphuzo zazihluzwa iqonde-ukusebenzisa onganelisekile izidingo ubuchwepheshe besimanje.

I okhanda amanye amathuba ngokuhlaziya uphethiloli isivuno inyuka futhi kuthuthukisa izinga layo.

Zimbili izinhlobo ezishisayo (okhanda amanye amathuba) kwemifantu: liquid igesi esigabeni. Ukuze feedstock sokuqala amafutha esindayo, okuyinto sidla phakathi kwesithando somlilo ngaso 600-625 ° C ngaphansi kwengcindezi eduze ozungeze umhlaba wethu. Le gesi okhombisa kwemifantu okhanda amanye amathuba wenziwa khona ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo, kodwa kuyinto impahla eluhlaza for uwoyela negesi (uwoyela welanga). Esikhathini kwemifantu ezishisayo we isakhiwo macromolecular alkanes carboxylic uxhumano ephukile-molecule kumiswa ongaphakeme yamangqamuzana isisindo hydrocarbon, kufakwe ingxenyenamba uphethiloli:

S10N22 - S5N12 + S5N10.

Ngakho, kusukela ephezulu decane akhiwa izinto ezimbili (ayegcwele kanye hydrocarbon unsaturated) ngezinhlamvu ezincane isisindo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

kwemifantu Catalytic wenziwa khona kulethe (ubumba isebenze noma aluminosilicates) ezingeni lokushisa 470-530 C ngaphansi kwengcindezi kusukela 70 kuya 370 KPA. The main impahla eluhlaza for inqubo kuyinto uwoyela negesi, uphethiloli isivuno nge isisindo ingqikithi uwoyela ongafinyelela 30-40%. Ngakho-ke, ukukhiqizwa uphethiloli - kuyinqubo nzima futhi isikhathi esiningi. Ukuze uthuthukise izinga lomkhiqizo esuswa oyiyo alkenes futhi alkynes, ngezinye izikhathi kuthatha 30% isisindo ingqikithi.

Ngokusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe ezintsha, isivuno esasiphethwe inqubo ziphuzo zazihluzwa lamafutha kungaba amaphesenti angu-80. Ukuze ukuhlola ikhwalithi fuel liquid octane. Njengoba isampula uphethiloli nge high antiknock izakhiwo wakhethwa isooctane noma 2,2,4-trimethylpentane.

octane wayo kubhekwe elilingana 100. Njengoba isampula ne aphansi icala antiknock izakhiwo n-heptane: S7N16, inombolo octane (RON), okuyinto kubhekwa elilingana 0. Ukuze sithole lokhu Inkomba detonation izakhiwo eqhathaniswa izakhiwo uphethiloli ingxube isooctane kanye n-heptane.

Ngokwesibonelo, umkhiqizo kanye nenombolo octane 80 has okufanayo detonation izakhiwo, ezifana ingxube 80% isooctane futhi 20% n-heptane. Ayanda octane, ngcono ikhwalithi nophethiloli. Ukwandisa le nkomba konga uphethiloli futhi kusindisa amandla yangaphakathi omlilo engine. Umkhiqizo sengezwe, kanye nezinye izingxenye, kuhlanganise hydrocarbon and zokwenziwa imvelaphi, futhi antidetonators (izinto at lokuhlala ubuncane (ngaphezu kuka-0.5%) ngcono antiknock izakhiwo kukaphethiloli). esetshenziswa Ngaphambili ngalezi zinhloso tetraetilplyumbum. Ngenxa yokuthi lokhu ketshezi kuyinto enobuthi kakhulu, kuthiwa lathathelwa indawo nezinye antiknock, okuyinto zenziwa margantsevoorganicheskih ukuxhumana. Lezi izinto mancane enobuthi emzimbeni wethu futhi enze kube nokwenzeka ukukhiqiza uphethiloli nge octane amayunithi eziyikhulu namashumi amabili nanhlanu amathathu.

uphethiloli ubuchwepheshe ukukhiqizwa

Ngu oqondile ziphuzo zazihluzwa uthole uphethiloli nge octane kuze kube iminyaka engama-91 Le ndlela namuhla - okunethezeka, ngoba isivuno uphethiloli uphansi. Ukwandisa yemikhiqizo fuel futhi bathuthukise izinga labo basebenzisa ziphuzo zazihluzwa uphinda, okhanda amanye amathuba, kwemifantu ezishisayo, ukuguqula, njll

Lezi izindlela ukwandisa zabasebenzi, isikhathi nezinto zethu, kodwa zinikeza kancane lilimaza imvelo uphethiloli. Ukuze kwandiswe octane namhlanje ngokuvamile zisebenzisa ezihlukahlukene amakhemikhali (alcohols, compounds organometallic, ethers, njll).