Ezimele umqondo, isakhiwo kanye nenqubo kumiswa

ukusebenza ngempumelelo kohlelo lomthetho elisungulwe lizwe, ukuhlinzeka iziphathimandla. Omele, esiphezulu, izinkantolo zokwahlulela nizifeze ukwamukelwa kanye nokulandelwa kwale mithetho. nabo isimo ngokuvikeleka okwanele amalungelo nezithakazelo izakhamuzi. Ngokwabacwaningi eziningi, kuqala ohlelweni babe imithetho (omele) emizimbeni. Lesi sikhundla ubangelwa yokuthi lezi zikhungo kuthiwa wasibekela e inkambiso iziqondiso main izinqubomgomo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, ukuqinisekisa umthetho amalungiselelo e umphakathi. Cabangela eminye, yiziphi ezimele kuleli zwe, kanye imisebenzi yabo kanye oda kumiswa.

Uhlolojikelele

Umgomo we ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla ezindaweni ezintathu kuMthethosisekelo, esenziwa ngo-1993. essence yayo itholakala iqiniso ukuthi igatsha ngalinye babelwa ezindabeni ezithile, wokusungula umhlahlandlela wezinga zamakhono, ngaphakathi kwalo kungaba ukuzixazulula. Ikakhulukazi, ekuxazululweni kwezingxabano, ukuqashelwa we unconstitutionality kwemibhalo ezithile ezingokomthetho, indaba zokwahlulela kwesigwebo umsebenzi igunya lomphakathi. izikhungo Omele ukuthuthukisa futhi zamukele imithetho, igunyaze isabelo sezimali nokunye. Lezi zinkinga kukhona wemfanelo Federal Assembly kanye izakhiwo lesifunda.

ephalamende

It uba Supreme kwemtsetfo isikhungo kuleli zwe. I-Federal Assembly siqukethe: Russian State Duma kanye Federation Council. Isakhiwo lokuqala ayisebenzisa ngayo ukuthuthukiswa, ukuxoxisana kanye ukwamukelwa of amazinga. Kwezinye izimo, idokhumenti yezomthetho kuhlolwa yemidlalo yeCouncil of Federation. Lesi sakamuva Kungenzeka sizenqabe iphrojekthi sivunyiwe. I Federation Council, ngakho-ke, uba isikhungo wokuxhumanisa nokwengamela. imisebenzi zako ziyizindlela labanti ladzingekako kute kuncishiswe izingxabano zezombangazwe, ukwamukelwa kwenkolelo-version kahle umthetho ohlongozwayo.

kumiswa

Ukwakheka ezimele wenziwa njalo kobuholi. Ukhetho amasekela senzeka ngaphansi kohlelo ezilinganiselwe. Ivoti ezihilela zonke izakhamuzi. Phakathi nomkhankaso ukhetho amaqembu ezombusazwe ukunikeza uhlu ukhetho. Izindawo e Duma zabiwa ngokuvumelana imiphumela esemthethweni yokuvota.

isakhiwo

The esiphezulu umzimba omele efomini eziyinkimbinkimbi isikhungo esisodwa othola uMthetho Federal. Ngokusho kwabo, evunywe amathuluzi lesifunda. Lomsebenzi enikezwa ezimele yezihloko RF. Nazo ngokufanayo, okukhulunywe ngayo ngezindlela ezahlukene. Kungaba:

• Kurultais.
• Duma (lesifunda, idolobha, nokunye.).
• Khurals.
• Amathiphu nokunye.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imizimba tekusebentisa indawo. Babuye amandla ukuvuma imithetho. Lezi zincwadi zingase zembule okushiwo FZ, olawula izindaba yomthetho ahlangene Russian Federation futhi izifunda zonke, noma izinkinga ikheli ephathelene kuphela ekhono kwezihloko.

Indlu wePhalamende

ezimele abe eyisihluthulelo isakhiwo apharathasi zokuphatha yeRussia. izikhungo Ephakeme alawule nezindaba ezihlobene ukusebenza evamile wonke umphakathi kuleli zwe. Isimo sezomthetho mayelana Nelungelo iziNdlu zePhalamende iqinile kuMthethosisekelo. I rulemaking, abasebenzeli laba federal kuze kuqala. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, izwe ongacela izenzo zomthetho nezinye, kufaka ekhatsi imitimba zomthetho kanye nomongameli. Nokho, lokhu akusho kunganciphisa amandla futhi inani le iziNdlu zePhalamende.

umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama

ezimele - lawa izikhungo ukuthi akhiwa intando abantu. FS kwadingeka isimo esinjalo kusukela ngo-1993 kuya ku-1995. Okwamanje, endlini engenhla ephalamende empeleni yayo akuyona isikhungo omele kwamandla. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuqokwa kwe senators nguMkhandlu uMengameli wezwe. Ngakho Duma kungenziwa ngokuthi umzimba omele kancane kuphela. Iqiniso liwukuthi, isibonelo, i-nomhlangano 6th yokhetho lamaphini kwakhona ku uhlu. Ngakho, inani labantu akazange uvotele kumholi othize, kodwa lonke party. Nokho, Ukwakheka eliphakanyiswe ubunye zezombusazwe, zingashintsha futhi ngemva kwamakhetho yakhe. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka "isimiso" amasekela. Ezinye zazo, ememezela yena ngokwakhe, angishiyile, ngisho nokukhanya esikhundleni bazo bungafika omunye, lapho izakhamuzi alazi. Ngokusho kwezazi ezithile, kufanele kubhekwe engabazekayo kuphela umsebenzi zomthetho we Duma. Iqiniso lokuthi zamaphini Unelungelo ngokungaqondile ukulawula ukusebenza kwe-Audit Chamber, usihlalo we-Central Bank. Bangaphinde ukuthumela izicelo umshushisi, liqoke inxusa abantu, kubangele umhlangano ezikhonzayo. Lezi umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama nomthelela ngobuhlobo amagatsha kahle kwemandla embuso komunye nomunye. Ngakho, ayanda ekumisweni kwamazinga, iziphathimandla federal amandla ezibanzi. Bobabili izindlu ephalamende zinikwe inkululeko ukulawula imisebenzi ngaphansi kwalokho enekhono lakho.

iziphathimandla zendawo

Isimo ngokomthetho kwalezi zikhungo nayo livikeleke umthethosisekelo. Amandla umzimba omele yesifunda kuhlanganisa, ngaphezu yekubeka emazinga umsebenzi ukwakheka kanye nezinye izakhiwo, kanye nokuqapha ukusebenza kwabo. Ukuxoxa kwamanye amagatsha kwezikhungo wenziwa ngendlela ehlukile inikezwe iyunithi zokuphatha yezwe. Kukhona futhi umehluko amafomu yenhlangano lapho kwemukelwa imithetho inqubo, izinqubo Ukubuyekeza nekusombulula izinkinga.

ngokucacile

emizimbeni Local omele amahhala ukunquma izindaba eziphathelene ulwazi, yokudla, ukwesekwa zomthetho, zezimali kanye yenhlangano yemisebenzi yabo. Zonke izindleko ezidingekayo ngoba bavunyelwa ngaphakathi izikhungo. Izindleko zokuhlinzeka imisebenzi enikezwe ku oseceleni kwesabelomali lesifunda.

zamakhono

Phakathi izimpikiswano eziyinhloko ukuxazulula tikhungo tetifundza, kufanele kuphawulwe:

• Kumiswa oda, ngesisekelo okuyinto okhethweni izobanjelwa izidumbu ozibuse, kwenziwe imisebenzi yabo ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo nguMtsetfosisekelo.
• Ukusungulwa kweziGungu izimali nezintela, zichazwa ngendlela zoMthetho Federal izifunda kokuqhuba, oda nokugcinwa yabo.
• Ukwamukelwa izinhlelo nokuthuthukisa ezenhlalakahle kanye nomnotho ohlongozwayo ejensi esiphezulu.
• Ukugunyazwa esiphethweni kanye nokumiswa izivumelwano kanye nezivumelwano ezingeni lesifunda.
• Ukusungula ukulawula imodi kanye sengqondo impahla on ensimini angaphansi kokuqondisa kwawo.
• Ukunqunywa inqubo ukubiza futhi ubambe ka referendums.
• Ukuvunywa uhlelo lokugoma esifundeni, ukusungulwa isakhiwo namagunya aphakeme esiphethe le ndaba.

imizamo zokulawula

It has ohulumeni ezifanele, amalungu ephalamende nezikhulu ezithile. Kwesokudla ngokusuka anikezwe ngaphansi kwezimiso zoMthetho-sisekelo kanye Charter of the izifunda kanye nezinye izikhungo kanye nezinhlaka zawo. Phakathi kwabo, ikakhulukazi, kungaba izinhlangano zomphakathi kanye nezinhlangano. Leli lungelo ungathola izakhamuzi abahlala endaweni ethile.

Ukucutshungulwa ehlongozwayo

iziqondiso Yakhelwe olunikezwa abantu abahlangene izikhundla eziphezulu esifundeni kuthiwa lafundvwako njengento yokuqala. Ukucutshungulwa izikweletu, esinikela izindleko enamathela okuthiwa afeze izifundo isabelomali kwenziwa okungenani amaviki 2 (izinsuku ezingu-14).

Inqubo sokuvunywa izenzo

Inqubo isinqumo Kumiswa ngokuhambisana nomthetho ofanele. Inqubo has imininingwane yayo siqu. Ikakhulukazi:

1. Ukwamukelwa Charter mayelana nale ndaba, kanye nezichibiyelo ezenziwa ngevoti leningi kuye. Kulokhu, kufanele kube hhayi ngaphansi kuka 2/3 of lonke inani amasekela.
2. Bills ezibhekwa okungenani 2 ukufundwa. Uma ukwamukela noma ukwenqaba isenzo yakhelwe ukwenza ezifanele isinqumo.
3. Ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho le ndawo yiningi lonke inani amasekela osungulwe futhi izinqumo - inani labakhethiwe.
4. Njengoba kubalulekile isimo isiqondiso ticale kusebenta umusa esimemezelweni yayo (esimemezelweni) ababandakanyeka ezinhlwini eziphezulu.
5. Endabeni ka ukwenqaba bill ungakwazi Veto Onqobayo kakhulu, engesiyo esingaphansi 2/3 of lonke iqoqo amalungu ePhalamende.

Regulations Izimiso angene kuyokwenzeka ngokushesha emva kokushicilelwa e imithombo ezisemthethweni. Imithetho, imithetho ephathelene kuvikelwe namalungelo kanye nenkululeko kanye namalungelo, wanika amandla zomthetho akukho ngaphambi kwezinsuku ezinga-10 ngemuva kokushicilelwa.

ngesimo esingokomthetho

Rule wokwenza lesifunda (sendawo) iziphathimandla kukhona izikhungo unomphela. Ikhonza njengabameleli olulodwa zokuphatha iyunithi isakhiwo, okuyinto unelungelo ukuthatha izenzo zomthetho esisemthethweni. Imisebenzi isikhungo kuhlanganise isiqondiso lwezomthetho ethile okukhethekile esifundeni, kanye nendawo ethile ezikanye sakhiwo esiphezulu ummeleli we lizwe. Isakhiwo amayunithi zokuphatha unamalungelo of izinhlangano ezingokomthetho babe izitembu olusemthethweni. Igama umzimba omele sifundvo ngasinye, isakhiwo layo langaphakathi zinqunywa ngokuhambisana Charter (uMthethosisekelo), ngokuvumelana namasiko kazwelonke, zomlando kanye nezinye.

Imininingwane yalolu khetho

I FZ № 184 isakhiwo kuchazwe nezindlela ngokuhambisana lapho normative wendawo kwakhiwa. amasekela Ukukhetha abayizakhamuzi ophilayo ngaphakathi ukuthi iyunithi zokuphatha. Ukuze iqhaza emkhankasweni, kufanele inkululeko abakhethayo (umsebenzi) umthetho. Njengoba umfundi angakhuluma isakhamuzi Russian ofinyelele ebudaleni obuthile. Ubizwa, umthetho, kumele abe nelungelo yokwenziwa kumele zikhethwe. Ukhetho baqhuba ivoti eliyimfihlo. Isimo amasekela, isikhathi ngokuya sabo ehhovisi, oda ngokuhambisana okuyinto alungiswa lwenteke umkhankaso zokhetho, evunyiwe umthetho kahulumeni, i-Charter (uMthethosisekelo) namanye amathuluzi zomthetho esifundeni. Imihlangano yomphakathi, kodwa imihlangano yangasese kuvumelekile. I-oda we nomhlangano wokugcina enikeziwe in the iziqondiso, okuyinto avumela umzimba zesifunda noma kamasipala ummeleli.

Ukwakheka tikhungo tetifundza

Iningi ezimele ezindaweni kuyinto unicameral. ezimbili Amakamelo ephalamende zinikezwa kuphela kwezinye republic. Ukwakhiwa izikhungo omele kwenziwe inqubo yokhetho nge izinhlelo ezilinganiselwe futhi iningi. Hhayi esingaphansi kwesigamu zamaphini kufanele kukhethwe ngokusho wabavoti olulodwa, ngokuhambisana nenani lamavoti inkatho uhlu izinhlangano lokhetho. Isibalo amasekela esiShayamthetho tesifundvo kuchazwa kulesi siVumelwano yesifunda. Isibalo izinqumo ziyahlukahluka kusuka 11 (e Tajmyrsky AO) ukuze 194 (Bashkortostan Republic). Ubude uzime isakhamuzi isimo MP ebekwe kulesi siVumelwano. Nokho, le nkulumo akukwazi isihlale iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu. Isibalo izikhulu ekufezeni imisebenzi yabo njalo, kunqunywe isenzo zomthetho ezifanele esifundeni.

uxhaso

Izindleko, okuyizinto ezidingekayo for ukusebenza omele kutiphatsimandla tesigodzi, inqobo ongahlali kwamanye izindleko ngokuhambisana ngezigaba Isabelomali Russian Federation. Oda futhi ulawule ukusatshalaliswa kwezimali ukuqaliswa engenayo nephumayo izinto amasekela ngabanye noma amaqembu abo kanye le izikhungo umthetho wokwenza azivumelekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo amandla isakhiwo omele yesifunda engamele nokuphathwa kwezimali kwesabelomali ayigcini.

Imithetho umzimba omele yesifunda

izenzo normative yalolu hlobo ukuxazulula izinkinga ezihlukahlukene. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa:

1. Ukugunyazwa isabelomali kwesifunda futhi umbiko ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sitatimende, unikezwa ngumuntu ubambe ehhovisi eliphakeme.
2. Ukusungulwa kwezinqubo kukhethwa wendawo iyunithi self-zokuphatha ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo.
3. Ukuvunywa ukuthuthuka komnotho kanye nomphakathi we esifundeni, uhlelo inikeza inhlangano ephakeme.
4. Ukusungulwa kweziGungu izimali nezintela ezihlobene ukuziphatha ezokuphathwa mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo basuke ekhokhwa.
5. Ukugunyazwa izabelomali indawo isimo izimali extra-kwesabelomali kanye nemibiko ekusebenzeni kwabo.
6. Ukunqunywa ukuphathwa oda kanye nesimo impahla ndaba, kuhlanganise ukwabelana, amasheya kanye nezinye ukwabelana enhlokodolobha yase ukubambisana kwezomnotho, izinkampani namabhizinisi nezinye izinhlobo lwenhlangano zomthetho.
7. Ukugunyazwa ekunqanyulweni futhi ekuphetheni izivumelwano zama-zesifunda.
8. Ukusungulwa kwe-oda yokuhlela futhi ubambe ka referendums.
9. Definition of isakhiwo zokuphatha kanye indawo yale ndawo kanti futhi imithetho yayo ushintsho.
10. Ukusungula isakhiwo nezinye izindawo we-Institute.
11. Icacisa oda amakhetho umzimba omele yesifunda.

iziqondiso

Iziphathimandla zesifunda Omele Unelungelo lokwenza imithetho enjalo ku, ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene zamanje tekusebenta. Ikakhulukazi Ukulungiswa kwenziwe:

1. Ukwamukelwa nezindaba okujwayelekile ukubeka imithetho Institute, ekhuluma ezihlobene nemithetho yangaphakathi womsebenzi.
2. Ukwenza ukudluliswa Igunya eliphakeme endabeni isakhamuzi yi owayengumongameli waseRussia.
3. Ukuqokwa nokususwa kuwo abasebenzi ngabanye.
4. Ukwenza kwemvume okuthumela abantu abathile, uma i-oda Kumiswa kuMthethosisekelo, uMthetho kanye Charter of esifundeni.
5. Ukuqokwa usuku lokubamba lolu khetho emzimbeni omele tesifundvo.
6. Isikhathi nezithangami izenzo lomthetho amacala zakule ndawo.
7. Ukwenza izinqumo mayelana ithemba / ukungabethembi izikhulu eziphezulu, kuhlanganise executive emizimbeni, ukuba amise isikhungo omele ukuthi iqhaza.
8. Ukuvunyelwa yesivumelwano ku zokuphatha iyunithi umngcele izinguquko.
9. Ukuvunyelwa yalesi sivumelwano okusalungiswa division of amandla.
10. Ukuqokwa amajaji ogunyaziwe (ngokomthethosisekelo) enkantolo esifundeni.
11. Ukuthabisa abanye izinqumo ezindabeni ukuthi, ngokwendlela soMthethosisekelo kanye neminye izenzo normative ziye isibaluli ngokuziphatha umzimba omele tesifundvo.

ekunqanyulweni Early imisebenzi

Amandla esenza imithetho zingayeka ngaphambi umnqamulajuqu, uma usuhlakazekile umshado by:

1. Independent ekuthathweni yiphini.
2. Ukulungiswa lwekhanda esifundeni, uma emhlanganweni isenzo normative kwavunyelwana kuphambene amadokhumenti omthetho kokuba emandleni aphakeme. Kulokhu, amaqiniso sokungalandeli umthetho kufanele asungulwe ezinkantolo, futhi umzimba omele ehluleka ukuqeda ukwephulwa wembula ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kusukela ngosuku lokuqala lokwahlulela yesenzo.

uyakubizwa Ngezinye nokonakala ekuseni yokhetho ekhethekile esimisiwe. Ayekholelwa kungakapheli izinyanga ezingu-6 emva ukungena force ngesinqumo sokuqeda amandla zomzimba ummeleli. nokonakala Early kuvunyelwe uma kwenzeka isinqumo ineligibility sokuqanjwa zamanje zamaphini. Leso simo kwenzeka, phakathi kwezinye izinto, futhi ngokungeza amalunga akhethwe igunya labo.

Ukungathembani lwekhanda esifundeni

Umzimba ummeleli we athweswe ilungelo elinjalo. Ukungathembani umuntu ohlezi ehhovisi eliphakeme, lubonakaliswa kulezi zimo ezilandelayo:

1. Ukushicilelwa iziqondiso awahambisani nezinhlinzeko uMthetho Federal, uMthethosisekelo, Charter of esifundeni kanye namanye amadokhumenti wezomthetho. Lapho lokhu okubonakala kumele isungulwe ngaphansi kohlaka kuzwa, njengoba umzimba ophakeme esiphethe umholi engalibulali kungalingani ekupheleni kwenyanga kusukela ngosuku okwaqala ngalo amandla yomyalelo wenkantolo.
2. Ukuhlonza omunye ukwephulwa ingcaca uMthetho Federal, iziqondiso yesifunda, soMthethosisekelo kanye neminye imibhalo yaloluhlobo, uma kwaholela ukuhlukumeza okwandile inkululeko, amalungelo kanye nezithakazelo labantu iyunithi zokuphatha.

Isinqumo ukungakwethembi inhloko yawo ephakeme esiphezulu umzimba Inkulumo ivunyelwe uma uthola 1/3 lamaphini wakhuluma ukusungulwa inombolo yabo ngesikhathi isinyathelo inani elifanayo amasekela. Esimeni umyalo onjalo umuntu enaleyo ihhovisi lesifunda eliphakeme, ngokushesha wathumela incwadi yakhe yokusula emsebenzini ekuqedweni kwe umsebenzi walesi sikhungo, okuyinto ke ayiphethe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kufanele kube ukwakha umzimba omusha esiphezulu. Uma kungaqali, ababekade isikhungo imisebenzi kuze isakhiwo esisha.