I-Gorky Automobile Plant. Umlando wembonini yezimoto. Izithuthi zaseRussia

Namuhla kunzima ukucabanga ngokuphila kwethu ngaphandle imoto. Bagcwalisa yonke imigwaqo, akusiyo kuphela indlela ephumelelayo ngokushesha ukusuka endaweni A kuya endaweni B, kodwa futhi ithuba elikhulu ukuthutha izimpahla noma ukuthwala abagibeli abaningi. Ngithanda ukukhuluma ngalokho kuphawuleka Gorky imoto isitshalo, futhi njengoba umkhakha jikelele yezimoto athuthukile eRussia. Believe me, kukhona nokuthile ongaxoxa ngakho, ngoba izimoto zokuqala ukukhiqizwa yayo siqu eRussia wabonakala isikhathi eside.

ukungena

Domestic umlando yezimoto waqala emuva ngo-1896, lapho abantu bebona imoto yokuqala Russian. Yayinendodakazi yangaphakathi omlilo injini nabaqambi bayo Kusolwa Yakovlev futhi Frese. Ngo-1930 e Nizhny Novgorod (manje emzini Gorky) Naz inkampani yasungulwa, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uqambe kabusha ku igesi. Lesi sitshalo ukhiqiza kokubili umgibeli nempahla nemoto brand ngaphansi kwelayisense aziwayo kakade ngesikhathi Ford Motors Inkampani. It Gorky Automobile Plant ngalezo zinsuku yaba isisekelo sezinguqulo isakhiwo kwezimoto. Kakade ngawo-1938 iSoviet Union iye yathuthuka kakhulu kusukela igesi, kanye nezinye izinkampani ezincane (YAGAZ, CMM, njll) ongazizuza phezu ekukhiqizeni amaloli kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili isimo ikhiphe izimoto ezingaphezu kwesigidi, okwakukhona ngaleso sikhathi inani elikhulu. Ngokungangabazeki, kakhulu ekuqaleni kwempi behlisa ukuthuthukiswa embonini.

Ngo-70 ayekade wavuka ukukhululwa okukhulu ngamaloli amasosha neminye imishini emikhulu. izimoto ezingaphezu kuka-600 000 ngonyaka ekhiqizwa iVolga imoto isitshalo elise Togliatti. Kuyinto kulezi zikhathi kwakukhona okuthiwa "Zhiguli" futhi "Niva" - ezine-wheel drive izimoto ukhululekile. Kakade eyodwa ngaphezulu isitshalo eziphambili lakhiwa ngo-1976 - "KAMAZ". Ngo isilinganiso ngonyaka yathela amayunithi 150,000 amaloli futhi abangaba ngu-250 000 amayunithi diesel.

Kanjani ukuthuthukisa Russian embonini yezimoto?

Ngokuqondene ukuthuthukiswa imboni ngokuqondile eRussia, obumbi kwaqala ngo-1992. Inombolo amaloli ezivezwa isitshalo uwile by izikhathi 5-6, ezokuthutha zomphakathi isibe kancane factor 10, nezimoto ezithwala off ibhande 30% ngaphansi. Kodwa ngo-Russian embonini yezimoto is kancane kancane abasafufusa ovela simo esidabukisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, Gaz futhi Vaz bakwazi ukudedela entsha nakakhulu onobuhle, ezifana Vaz-2110, Gaz-3110 "iVolga" nabanye. Ingabe eduze kowezi-2000 kwakukhona owaziwa "Lada Kalina" e 2118, Gaz 31105 "iVolga" / Gaz-2117 kanye nezinye onobuhle. Noma kunjalo, inkinga akakaze agajwe ngokuphelele. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu elula, iningi Russian imoto umkhakha Useke wadlula ekubumbaneni, okuyinto kwakheka ngenxa Holdings Gaz Group (phambilini obuwaziwa ngo "Ruspromavto") futhi "Sollers".

Ngo-2002, ngenkuthalo aqala ukukhiqiza izimoto angaphandle. Cishe ingxenye yabo bonke ukuthi ukhululiwe (ngokuqondile kakhulu, mayelana 42%) babe onobuhle angaphandle (izimoto). Freight, futhi, aphethwe isheya emakethe cishe 8% futhi amabhasi - 10%. Ngenxa yokuthi inani izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe obhekene zokukhiqiza inhlangano yabantwana ezokuthutha ensimini ka WaseRussia, ngo-2009, waba ukwanda okukhulu kwezincwadi share ukungamukeleki ezimotweni amazwe ezimakethe zasekhaya isibe emikhulu. Ngokusobala, imifelandawonye imoto-based okunenzuzo ukuba ukuthuthukiswa embonini yezimoto. Lokhu kusebenza kuzo zombili yokuthengisa umkhiqizo ukuthandwa. Yingakho bakwazi ukusho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi embonini yezimoto eRussia uzoqhubeka ngempumelelo ukuthuthukisa ngokusekelwa ezinkampanini zamazwe angaphandle.

Umlando Gorky Automobile Plant

Le nkampani yasungulwa V I. Molotovym ngo-1932. Lesi sitshalo kuveza imishini umgibeli, kanye namaveni namaloli ukukhanya. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba 2005, inkampani eziqhutshwa njengoba "OJSC" Gorky Automobile Plant, kodwa ngokuhamba ezinkulu zokwakha kabusha limiswa ukukhiqizwa ephethwe wezimpahla umgibeli imishini, egcwele igama lomunye LLC "GAS". iminyaka 4 kamuva, ngo-2009, kwaba khona ukuncishiswa abasebenzi sekusebenta lesilingene usedilize izisebenzi 2000, washiya-25 000. Okwamanje, "Gaz Iqembu" iqukethe ukwahlukana eziningana - the "izingxenye Izithuthi", "izimoto Esilula." Engxenyeni yokuqala ukukhiqiza preform, okungukuthi konke lingathengiswa. Lilondolozwe ishede. Njengomthetho, kuba amasondo, izindlela ayo, futhi iloli nokuningi. Ngokuphathelene besigaba sesibili, lokhu automaker amandla "Gaz 'ukwenziwa imishini umgibeli.

Eyokuqala, wakhulula umugqa ukukhiqizwa ifektri ngo-1932 - iloli Naz-AA (Gaz-AA) (1.5 amathani). Ngawo lowo nyaka, abaklami basungula sedan Naz-A, okuyinto Unomzimba esihlalweni emihlanu. Kakade ngawo-1933 Gorky Automobile Plant ukhiphe ibhasi Gaz-03-30. Inani lezihlalo kwaba izicucu 17. Ngo-1934, it yabuthelwa iloli 2 ton Gaz-AAA, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo - iloli Gaz-410. Ngo-1938,, emgqeni inhlangano wehlela Gaz-MM - weloli eqhosha ethi amahlanu "amahhashi" ngaphansi hood. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lwakhiwe futhi wasungula angama Gaz-55 futhi Gaz-60 ne permeability kakhudlwana ngenxa ukusetshenziswa amathrekhi.

Development eminyakeni 1941-1945

Phakathi kokulwa, "Gaz 'iye zalungiswa ukwenziwa nezempi. Ngokokuqala ngqá umgibeli ekhiqizwa wezempi imoto Gaz-64, futhi ngo-Okthoba-ke kwadalwa edumile ithangi ukukhanya T-60. Design Its kwaba ngcono izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ukuze andise ukusebenza, ukukhokhela izinzuzo empini. Kukholakala ukuthi phakathi nempi ifektri omunye enamandla kakhulu ngokuya ukusebenza, ngakho kukhona inqwaba zikagesi ashintshwa, ngaphezu, zempi ne-T-60. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa lwakhiwe T-70, okuyinto ngokushesha waba omunye esetshenziswa kakhulu kule iRed Army. Uma sikhuluma ngazo phakathi nempi kwakungamadodana izikhungo imoto, emibili ngobukhulu - ke leli 'GAS "nesitshalo eMoscow №37. Lapha-ke njalo ekhiqizwa imishini ukukhanya, ezifana BA-64B, BA-64, kanye ugibele imoto zonke sezwe Gaz-67.

Ukusebenza ngempumelelo kakhulu onjiniyela sitjalo ithangi T-80, inzuzo enkulu esakhiwa ngo umbhoshongo double. Ngakho, ethile iye aqedwa T-70 eyayintula indawo eyodwa kuphela. Kwakuthinta ngokushesha umkhankaso ukukhiqizwa Su-12 - wezikhali self ezinezinjini. Kungcono ukwazi ukuthi abaklami ubunjiniyela isitshalo bayatfutfuka njalo futhi armored izimoto zilandelwa, okuyinto ngenxa yezizathu eziningi akafakanga ukusebenza. Phakathi nempi, eJalimane lobuNazi ngamabhomu "Gaz 'mayelana izikhathi ezingu-7. Sekukonke, izakhiwo ezingaphezu kuka-50 nge imishini labhujiswa. Bangaphezu kuka-30 000 abantu ziye zasebenza lapho ukubuyiselwa inqubo uchungechunge, kwakunokwenzeka ukuba izinsuku 100 nje. Ngemva kokunqoba zalesi sihlahla waklonyeliswa Order of the Red Banner, uLenin kanye Medal Ukuhlonishwa lweMpi Enkulu Patriotic bezinga lokuqala.

Development eminyakeni post-yimpi (1946-1960)

Ukuze bathi ngokushesha nje ngemva kwempi waqala esikhundleni imishini, - ukusho lutho. Cishe konke esasetshenziswa ngaphambi kwempi, ilahlwe futhi ngokushesha wathola ukukhiqizwa onobuhle ezintsha imoto. Ngokwesibonelo, kwafika iloli Gaz-51 imoto "Wokunqoba" M-20 ngo-1946. Akunakwenzeka ukuba uqaphele ukukhululwa kwe sezwe imoto Gaz-47, okuyinto waqhubekela amathrekhi futhi kwadingeka esiphambanweni ezinkulu. Ngu mayelana 1949 Jeep Abaklami bahlakulele sibonelo wokuqala - the Gaz-69, okuyinto yimpumelelo. sedan "eZim 'wadalwa ngemva kwakhe. Wayengumuntu isigaba esiphezulu, ngakho-ke, ukukhokhela izimoto ezifana can kuphela amayunithi. amaloli ekhiqizwa Ngezenzo Gaz-52.53, iwine ngo-1952 e-Brussels, Grand Prix nezinye imiklomelo eminingi. Lo mklomelo efanayo wabelwa Gaz-21 "iVolga" Gaz-13.

Phakathi 1953, ayenziwa SUV ukhululekile. Njengoba i-prototype esetshenziswa Gaz-69, futhi imoto kwayona kwaba igama M-72. Ngonyaka 56th of "ukunqoba" kwathathelwa indawo Gaz-21, okuyinto kwaduma kakhulu phakathi kwabantu, njengoba kwakunjalo umshini elula, onamandla futhi enokwethenjelwa. Njengoba sihambisana nale, isizukulwane owesithathu aphathe amaloli ezifana GAS-56, okungaba ukuthwala 1.5 tonnes. Enamandla kunazo kwaba Gaz-53 - kufike ku 3.5 amathani. Kuye kwaba impela eningi imishini ukuthi ongawushiyanga emgqeni kwenhlangano ukuze yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Blame ke kwadingeka zonke izinhlobo ukukhubazeka kanye nezintuba onobuhle. esifanayo Gaz-52.53 engunyaza iminyaka 4 kanye ziye zaya eziningi ukulungiswa.

Lokho yakhishwa eminyakeni 1961-1991?

Ngo-1960, olusha ngokugcwele phezu lempi izimoto umugqa. Emgqeni zomhlangano zazisesimweni GAS-52 GAS GAS-53-ezingu-66. Kule minyaka engu-izimoto ezimbili zokuqala zaqala ukufaka amandla Emayunithi lamasha, ezifana likaphethiloli injini V8, okuyinto ayevelele ngamandla aphezulu. Kakade iminyaka engu-70 emotweni Gaz-24 "iVolga" wethulwa nokukhiqizwa kwezinto ngobuningi, osewaziwa esikhundleni imodeli 21-th. Umsolwa oneminyaka engu-77 sehla umhlangano line edumile "We-seagull" Gaz-14. Lokhu sedan zihlukaniswa hhayi kuphela enokwethenjelwa kodwa ezingeni okwanele induduzo, kanye nokusebenza okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ngu-1973, idaliwe IN "GAS", ezazihlanganisa 11 izitshalo amagatsha. Mayelana yokuthuthukisa abalulekile "iVolga" iqala ekupheleni 70s, kanye nokuthuthukisa isizukulwane esilandelayo amaloli.

Esikhathini 81 th unyaka emgqeni production "Gaz 'useye imoto eziyishumi-sesigidi. Siyabonga kubasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe ukwazi ukuthuthukisa umoya selehlile injini (diesel), okuyinto lasetshenziswa kwi iloli Gaz-4301. Abaholi 1980 selithathe isinqumo wemfanelo ukushintshela ukukhiqizwa udizili. Kulesi sisekelo, kwakudingekile ukuba ubambe nokwakha kabusha mass. I izinjini kuqala ushiye yokwakha izimoto ngo-1993. Yiqiniso, ngemva kweminyaka embalwa ungase ubone yokujama tsi, okwakubekelwa libhekene edishini encane. Ngokwesibonelo, imodeli ngasekupheleni "iVolga" Gaz-3102 wakhishwa inani ayizinkulungwane eziningana zamaRandi ngonyaka. Ngokokuqala ngqá for izidingo amabhizinisi amancane Abaklami abasebenza iloli nesisindo esingaphezu kwamathani 3.5. Gorky Automobile Plant uye wasebenzisa uhlelo CAD design, kanye nokuhlolwa yashesha ekhishwe ezokuthutha, esangenza fast ngokwanele ukukhiqiza onobuhle ezintsha.

Umlando ngonyaka 1992-2000, lesi sitshalo

Ngokushesha ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union, baqala esibucayi ojulile. Kunzima ukusho ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa Russian embonini yezimoto ngalesi sikhathi, kodwa yinye into eqinisekile: isitshalo Gorky wayengomunye wabokuqala nezimo ezintsha emakethe, owamsiza ukuze ingaziki. izimoto kusetshenziswa yasekuqaleni diesel ne air Ukupholisa ngomoya. Kwakuwusuku imodeli Gaz-3306, 3309 kanye 4301. Nokho, ngaphandle ukwesekwa isimo izimoto ezifana bezinezidingo kancane lowo owathembisa ukulahleka elikhulu. Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo kwaba ukwazi kancane ukwandisa yokuthengisa "iVolga", mayelana 2 izikhathi. Abaklami wadala iveni lokuqala - "iVolga" Gaz-2304 ", okwakubizwa ngokuthi i" Burlak ". Kodwa akubona bonke isitshalo ezokuthutha yaphumelela, ezifana ibhizinisi-class Sedan 3105 cishe akazange uyithenga ngenxa amanani ngokungenangqondo okusezingeni eliphezulu. Lokhu kwaba ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi ukuthuthwa womshini angaphandle waqalwa ezijulile futhi udale Umncintiswano izimoto yasekhaya.

edumile "iNsephe" yavela ngonyaka 94th. isisindo Gross imoto kwaba amathani 3.5. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le imodeli kwaba omunye ethandwa kakhulu sonke isikhathi ibhizinisi. Kwakuthinta ngenkuthalo esetshenziselwa izidingo amabhizinisi amancane kanye naphakathi, kanye nezinye izinjongo. Ochwepheshe abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi iyona "iNsephe" lukusindisile inkampani kusuka ucabanga futhi silivumele ukunikeza isikhundla esitebeleni emakethe. Njengoba imboni yezimoto eRussia ayizange bema, kwaba khona eningi mncintiswano, kwakudingekile ukudala into bazokwazi ukukhulisa umnotho zalesi sihlahla. Kwakuyisikhathi ikhumbi Gaz-32213 "iNsephe." Ngo-December wama-95, i-Gorky Automobile Plant ukhiphe sesigidi nanhlanu imoto yakhe.

imicimbi eqaphelekayo for 2000-2010

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngo-2000, lapho esesigxotsheni isitshalo iye wathenga enkampanini enkulu ngokuthi "Basic elementi". Sibambe "RusPromAvto" yadalwa, futhi "Gaz Group". Namuhla lesi sitshalo ingenye izikhundla okuholela ku womshini izimoto eRussia. Ukuhlelwa kabusha eyenziwa ngo-2001, avunyelwe ukuqala ukukhiqizwa uhlelo of pickups futhi SUV, "Ataman". Kodwa ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezimali iningi amaphrojekthi asizange sigcwaliseke. Ukucwaningwa zezimali bavunyelwa ukuba bangene eZweni ezingeni inzuzo (okokuqala eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo). ukunakwa okuningi ikhokhelwa ukuphathwa lula yezokuthutha nesisindo esingamathani 3.5. Ngu-2005, khudlwana ukufunwa amaloli Gaz-3307, 3309. Ukuze kuncishiswe igebe kusuka abakhiqizi eziholela, iye yasetshenziswa isipiliyoni yalezi zinkampani efanayo.

Kwanqunywa ukuba sandise kwenkululeko ibhizinisi, okungukuthi, ukuthengisa igesi hhayi kuphela Insimu Russian Federation futhi amazwe angomakhelwane, kodwa futhi ngaphakathi amazwe CIS. Lokhu kuzakwenza isitshalo ukuze babe omunye wabadlali ngobukhulu emakethe yezimoto emhlabeni wonke. Abaklami wadala amabhasi kanye izingxenye ezisele kusukela nezimvubu, eyavela England (SKD). Nokho, ukudiliva kwavinjwa, iphrojekthi ekuphileni kuhlulekile ukuhumusha ususela ucabanga of inkampani lincishisiwe LDV. On wonke, 2010, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi ngempela yimpumelelo uma ziqhathaniswa sangaphambilini. It wadedelwa izimoto abangama-78% ngaphezulu (amayunithi 70 300), kanye 61% - commercial. Izinto ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe eyenziwa emazweni angaphezu kuka-30.

obumbi bomnotho

Ngo-2008 kwafika inhlekelele enkulu. Kwezinyanga ezimbalwa nje lapho nezinkinga ukuthengiswa kwezimpahla. Amasayithi babe ezinezinhlamvu ngokugcwele yini, kungokwenduduzo lokhu elula isizathu elihambayo wayeka izikhathi eziningana. Demand akasebenzisanga ngisho "GAS" yokulahla iloli, udizili okuyinto uJesu akabanga nje izinga, kodwa futhi uma kuqhathaniswa ukonga. Ngenxa crisis sezithathe izinyathelo ayimpoqo, isibonelo, mayelana 10 000 abantu usedilize. Ngo-2009, sahlela ukusebenzisa iphrojekthi eside elindelwe ukwenziwa iVolga Siber. Kodwa kwacaca ukuthi, ngokomthetho wehluleka. Nge elihambayo owehla zonke sedans e 1718, futhi ngabona ukuthi ibe ngaphansana kwesigamu - izingcezu 418. Futhi, ngenxa Inkinga 2009, lesi sitshalo ladayiselwa naseBrithani, lapho izimoto ezikhiqizwa Maxus brand. Kancane kancane, imodeli kususelwe emakethe Russian. Ukuze ngandlela-thile ukuba landise inani lawo yokuthengisa, intengo athuthukile "iNsephe" uyekiswe ukuba 6000 zamadola. Kodwa akazange asize, ke ephethwe bathengisa izimoto 600 kuphela.

Ngemva kwalokho, uzama ukuphuma crisis ayikapheli, futhi ngokokuqala uqalile ukukhiqizwa serial izimoto we brand "Gazel-Business." Auto kwadingeka inombolo zokuguqulwa futhi intengo kuqhathaniswa ezingabizi, okuyinto kancane bakhangwa abathengi. kanye nezinye izinyathelo zithathiwe, okwenza bakwazi ukuqondanisa isimo kancane kwezomnotho - kwaba isinyathelo esikhulu, okwakwenza Gorky Automobile Plant. "Gaz 'bukhicite ukuguqulwa udizili yemoto" Gazel-Business. " Futhi kakade 2010, nabaqambi waqala ukwakha iloli 4-ton nge umthamo injini 3.8 amalitha. Ungene isivumelwano Daimler ngalolu daba ekupheleni kuka-December, i-Mercedes-Benz le umsubathi «Gaz 'ezakhiweni.

isiphetho

Njengoba ubona, umlando we Gorky Automobile Plant kuyinto ngempela ebanzi futhi kujabulise, nokuthi akugcini. Iqiniso liwukuthi okwamanje "Gaz Iqembu" kuyinto nomkhiqizi elikhulu nezimoto bezentengiselwano, izingxenye yezimoto, kanye nemishini ekhethekile ensimini ka WaseRussia. Ngokuphathelene izenzakalo zamuva, ke yasayina isivumelwano ngo-2011 ne ukukhathazeka mayelana ukukhiqizwa GM Chevrolet Aveo ezakhiweni of "Gaz '. Sasehlobo kwaqala basayina isivumelwano ubude zeminyaka 8 - Volkswagen Group futhi "Gaz" kwaba nomthelela okwenza izimoto 110,000 ngonyaka. Kakade 2013 ekukhiqizeni serial ezikhishwe "iNsephe Landelayo». Ekuqaleni kwalo kuhlelwe ukugcina yokwakha izimoto ngosuku 50, bese wandise ukuthi inombolo kathathu ukuthekelisa Turkey, Poland nakwamanye amazwe. Isimo somnotho uzinzile ngokwanele, + nawo wonke umsebenzi ipayipi, ngakho yokuthengisa kulindeleke ukuba kube esebenzayo. Njengoba kuphawulwe ngenhla, umlando embonini yezimoto lena akuyona ukuphela. Ake bathemba ukuthi abakhiqizi ezifuywayo uyojabula imishini yethu elisha elimangalisayo.