Izimila emathafeni futhi ihlathi emathafeni

Izimila emathafeni futhi ihlathi emathafeni, injalo, izindlela zokuzalanisa izitshalo, lithathelwe okusinda kakhulu ancike izici agcwele ala maqembu.

isikhundla ezindawo

Indawo emathafeni ewela esishintshashintshayo Arctic Zomhlaba. Ezwekazini Eurasia ke welula nasogwini Arctic Ocean emashumini ezinkulungwane amakhilomitha. Ogwini olusenyakatho lwalesi ezwekazini i-Nyakatfo Melika nayo elalihlala nezimfunda. Ubude zone ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu ivuliwe isilinganiso amakhilomitha angaba ngu-500. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Tundra ithatha kwezinye iziqhingi kwakufika eduze ne-Antarctica. Ezintabeni, lapho uzwakalise eziphakeme zone, emathafeni alpine akhiwa. Sikhishwe zonke zensimu, lapho kukhona indawo, ke ibalwa endaweni Imininingwane yale planethi. Kuyinto 3 million km2.

Tundra - indawo esemgwaqweni namabala amancane emathafeni izimila nezimila ehlathini. Tundra osuka entshonalanga kuya empumalanga ngaseningizimu emathafeni ase ezintaba zase-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika. Ubude strip ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu luyehluka in the uhla kusuka 30 kuya 400 amakhilomitha. On imingcele oseningizimu emathafeni yabo uphendukela zone ihlathi.

Isimo sezulu ezithinta ukukhula kwezitshalo

Isimo sezulu zone emathafeni futhi ihlathi emathafeni inzima kakhulu. Winter Uthatha 6 kuya kwezingu-8 ngonyaka. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi esiqhutshwa njalo iqhwa ikhava, izinga lokushisa komoya ngezinye izikhathi lehla degrees 50 ngaphansi kwezingaqhwa. Ngobusuku polar ithatha cishe izinyanga ezimbili. Kucishe kangikaze abohle imimoya enamandla abandayo, iqhwa iziphepho.

Summer emathafeni ase-zimfushane futhi cool. Kunesithwathwa kungenzeka futhi kwezulu ngesimo iqhwa. Naphezu usuku polar, komhlaba ongawamukeli semali ukushisa njengoba ilanga seliyozilahla kunina, futhi ithumela emuva imisebe Earth bahlakazekela kude. Ukuze sisinde ezimweni ezinjena, emathafeni izimila kumelwe zikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo.

Effect eyiqhwa zinhlobo Ukwakheka izimila

Ngezikhathi zasehlobo endaweni emathafeni inhlabathi thaws kuphela ka kungekho ngamasentimitha angaphezu kwangu-50 ukujula. Okulandelayo ungqimba eyiqhwa. Lokhu isici ingenye juqu kunazo zonke Izindawo izitshalo ezonini nezimfunda. Lokhu isici kuthinta ngokwehlukahlukana kwabo.

Iqhwa has nomthelela obalulekile isimo sezwe. Zeqhwa futhi incibilikiswa zinhlobo kuholela ukusonteka yabo. Ngenxa yalokho yenqubo ukuvuvukala avele ezifana ebusweni simise hillocks. ukuphakama yabo ayikho amamitha engaphezu kwemibili ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, kodwa ukuvela la mafomu futhi kungathinta izimila emathafeni, isiphetho yayo insimu ethile.

Ithonya inhlabathi ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo izimila

Emathafeni ase-nehlathi kukhona inhlabathi okusezingeni eliphezulu amanzi-ngemvume. Kungokuphawulekayo ukuthi ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi snowmelt. Amanzi abakwazi ukungena shí ngenxa yokubakhona eyiqhwa. ukuhwamuka wayo Ubuye ngamandla ngenxa ongaphakeme lokushisa ngaphandle. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, ancibilike amanzi kwezulu buthelela phezu, ukwakha emaxhaphozini ezinkulu nezincane.

waterlogging High, khona Iqhwa, nokudlanga okushisa aphansi kuthiye ukugeleza izinqubo zamakhemikhali nezinto eziphilayo emhlabathini. Iqukethe humus kancane, aqoqana yensimbi oxide. nenhlabathi Tundra-gley Site ukukhula uhlobo oluthile izitshalo kuphela. Kodwa emathafeni izimila ezovumelana nezimo zokuphila. Umuntu ovakashele lezi izingxenye esikhathini izimbali, ahlale ekugxiliseni iminyaka eminingi - enhle kangaka futhi ekhangayo emathafeni izimbali!

Ehlathini yemvelo evundile umhlaba ungqimba futhi malomoschen. Engenayo inhlabathi evundile ngezakhi, it libhekene ne-asidi eningi. Lapho ukutshala izwe enhlabathini wenze semali amaminerali kanye manyolo organic. Izindawo iphathwa yehlathi-emathafeni kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene enkulu izinhlobo utshani, izihlahla kanye nezihlahla.

izinhlobo

Izimila emathafeni futhi ihlathi emathafeni ixhomeke uhlobo izindawo zemvelo. namathafa zabo ziyisiliva Ubonakala okuyisidina kuphela efika kuqala.

Tussock nezimfunda esingemnandi hlala endaweni ngobukhulu. I Turf emaxhaphozini isitshalo yakha hillocks futhi hummocks, okuyinto umile izimpande izinhlobo eziningi izitshalo. A uhlobo olukhethekile emathafeni - zikanhlangothiningi. Lapha ungakwazi watch amafomu impumuzo ngesimo ngemapholigoni ezinkulu, okuyinto zihlukaniswe ayimigodi kanye frost imifantu.

Kukhona nezinye izindlela ukuze Ukwahlukaniswa izindawo ezinengozi enjalo engokwemvelo njengoba nezimfunda. Yini izimila evelele endaweni ethile, kanje, futhi uhlobo nezimfunda. Ngokwesibonelo, moss-ulele emathafeni ngemikhakha embozwe tinhlobo letehlukene wona kanye ulele. Kukhona futhi emathafeni shrubby, lapho amahlozi willow polar, uphayini yemifino, Alder lwentshebe.

izitshalo

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, kanjalo izimila emathafeni futhi ihlathi emathafeni okwadingeka bazivumelanise ngayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima zezulu zone Arctic Zomhlaba. Kungenjalo ukuphila kwakhe futhi ezizokwazi kungenzeki lapha.

Nezimo izitshalo emathafeni futhi ihlathi emathafeni sivezwe kanje. Iningi nezilwane kukhona Ezikhula iminyaka eminingi. Unyaka ngesikhathi sikhashana esifushane ehlobo ngeke bakwazi umjikelezo walo wokuphila. Kuphela ingxenye encane lesi sitshalo okusakazwa imbewu. Indlela eyisisekelo ukwenza ukuphila - vegetative.

izitshalo Tundra ubambezela kubenza bakwazi ukubamba ngesikhathi imimoya enamandla. Lokhu nakho kunomthelela ezinwabuzelayo uhlamvu amahlumela ikhono lazo Ziyathandelana nomunye, ukwakha uhlobo ezihlalweni ezintofontofo. Ebusika, zonke izingxenye izitshalo embozwe yiqhwa. Lokhu kusindisa kubo kusukela yesithwathwa ezinzima. emathafeni Iningi nehlathi isitshalo amaqabunga abe enamathela emakhilayoni, okuyinto enomthelela ungamele ukuhwamuka umswakama kusukela evele yabo.

Tundra izimila, izithombe kohlobo oluthile olutholakalayo isihloko ethulwa frost zisetshenziswa utshani: sedge, evelele emathafeni nasemaxhaphozini, Buttercup, ukotini utshani, dandelion, imbewu poppy. Kumile yemifino birch, willow polar, Alder lwentshebe. Lezi zinhlobo isihlahla ehlathini kungaba kakade ukufinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha amathathu nokuningi. Phakathi nezihlahla zisabalele aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ama-cloudberry, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, cranberry. Ngezinye eziphakeme ngazivumelanisa nendlela wona kanye ulele, iningi lazo ongeke ukwazi main okuphakelayo Ukubuka izilwane eziphilayo kulezi zindawo.

Ihlathi emathafeni futhi ehlathini

Izimila emathafeni futhi ehlathini wehlukile komunye nomunye. Tundra iyona indawo inguquko phakathi kwazo. On the indawo yehlathi-emathafeni phakathi iziqhingi treeless isikhala zingatholakala amahlozi sonwele birch, larch kanye nezinye izihlahla.

ihlathi emathafeni zone uhlukile njengoba insimu yalo ihlangana kanjalo izimila emathafeni futhi ehlathini izimila uya eba kakhulu ekukhuthazeni eningizimu. izindawo Ihlathi, ehlanganisa zilwane ngazinye nezihlahla, ukudala izimo ezikahle kakhulu zikhule herbaceous. Ngenxa nezihlahla kuyehla isivinini somoya, imisiwe iqhwa ngaphezulu, ohlanganisa izitshalo, ukuwalondoloza kusuka zeqhwa.

Lolu cwaningo izimila zone Arctic

Ikhava izimila emathafeni nehlathi ingakamiswa wafunda ngokugcwele. Izinhlelo incazelo wobusayensi wemihlobo ezikhulayo lapha waqala kuphela phakathi leminyaka elidlule.

Ukuze uqhubeke lo msebenzi, futhi namuhla kukhona uhambo ezikhethekile. Ngokuhamba lezi ososayensi nazo bezama ukumisa indlela izimila emathafeni ase futhi ihlathi emathafeni ezithinta izilwane abahlala ala maqembu. Bafuna izimpendulo zemibuzo mayelana nokuthi izinguquko zezitshalo ukwehluka ezindaweni ivikelwe khona kwezinhlobo ezithile izilwane, kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani alulame ngokugcwele izimila ubhujiswe. Nakuba abacwaningi akazitholanga izimpendulo zayo yonke imibuzo ephathelene kokusele nemvelo endaweni indawo ye-arctic planethi.

nezilwane Ukuvikelwa

Nature emathafeni futhi ihlathi emathafeni usengozini kakhulu. Ukubuyiselwa inhlabathi, izimila zidinga iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi, futhi kwezinye izimo, okwathatha amakhulu eminyaka.
Man Sekuyisikhathi eside wayeqonda ukuthi kunethonya elonakalisayo ubunjalo emathafeni futhi ihlathi nezimfunda. Ukuzama ukulungisa izinto, abantu baye basungula eziningi nemvelo reserves, amapaki kazwelonke, iziqiwu. Basuke etholakala ensimini ka eRussia nakwamanye amazwe emhlabeni.