Ancient India: izimpumelelo ezisunguliwe

Life eladabuka ezwekazini laseNdiya yinde kangangokuthi kunzima ukukhetha yekucala kuyiphi isikhathi kubalulekile ukuchaza impumelelo yamasiko eNdiya yasendulo. Eminyakeni emihlanu, noma ngisho anamathandathu amawaka has lokhu impucuko, akukho lwamancoko, esihlokweni iDemo ukunikeza ukuhlaziywa okuphelele. Ngakho-ke thina gcina thina ulwazi ezinye emfushane.

isiko Izici

Abantu, amaqembu ezizwe, ngokufanele, izilimi eNdiya enkulu. Ngokungafani namasiko European, zakha ngempela ngokwehlukana futhi ngokuzimela, nokuthi abantu European kubhekwa eyisisekelo, ngakho izakhamuzi India akuyona. Sicabanga empirically futhi India - ku abstract. Sicabanga ezigabeni zokuziphatha, India - isiko. I isiko kubaluleke kakhulu ukwedlula zokuziphatha. umcabango European - zomthetho (yomthetho, amalungelo abantu), e-India - inganekwane, lapho bonke malungelo aminzisa. Sicabanga ezigabeni collective, eNdiya futhi inamathela ukubaluleka insindiso siqu kuphela futhi kabusha. Isigaba "abantu", "isizwe", "isizwe", "co-benkolo" zokuhlalisa amaNdiya akuzona esicacile. Nokho base inkolo bahlangene lapho kungekho ehlelekile. Ngezansi sikhuluma ubuHindu, okuyinto usaphila, futhi owadala India sidilizwa. Kutfolakala imikhuba yalo engokomoya bayigugu futhi abameleli nakwezinye izizwe.

Umsuka wokuphila

Izakhamuzi baqale bahlala emizini Harappa futhi Mohenjo-Daro e-Indus esigodini. Kodwa kancane eyaziwayo ngabo. Kwakuwusuku labamnyama (Dravidians). Yafika Aryans bephundlekile ayimizulane Iran, okuyinto ngolimi kwakusho "enhle", waxosha kwaboMdabu ehlathini kuya kakhulu eningizimu yezwekazi laseNdiya. Bafika ulimi nenkolo. Ngemva kwamakhulu amaningi eminyaka, lapho bona Aryans ifinyelele eningizimu, baqala ziphila ndawonye nezinkawu nezingwenya labantu abanebala elinsundu Dravidian, futhi inkolo yawo united, tho futhi ngakhala.

uhlelo lombhalo

Weza nabo nqambothi. AmaNdiya ngokwabo wasebenzisa igama elithi "Varna", futhi ngokuvamile lihunyushwa ngokuthi "umbala" ukuchaza izigaba zabo emphakathini. Isikhumba okukhanya mhlophe, abantu abangaphezu ayemi isitebhisi nomphakathi. Kukhona varnas ezine. The esiphezulu - Brahmins possess amandla nolwazi. Zikhona abapristi ozalwa nababusi. Khona-ke landela Kshatriyas, amaqhawe khona. Khona - vaisyas. It abahwebi, ababazi kanye abalimi. Ephansi - Sudras (izinceku nezigqila). Zonke amakilasi bavela umuntu wasenganekwaneni - Purusha. Kusukela ekhanda lakhe kwafika Brahmins, sezandla namahlombe - Kshatriyas, kusukela okhalweni futhi izinkalo - vaisyas, okwakuyinto ebalulekile ukuvundisa stop - the Sudras, abangamalungu ebhuqwini. It yadalwa kusuka ukungcola abakhishwa inyumbazane, abazikhundla into embi kakhulu. Yonke labantu ukufunda, ukuthi ngasinda kuze kube namuhla. Lwati possessed kshatriyas futhi brähmaëas. Kuyinto yokugcina futhi wadala amasiko. Babophekile ngu ukuthuthukiswa eNdiya yasendulo. Izimpumelelo emikhakheni ehlukahlukene isiko babe abalulekile. Kodwa ukukhuphuka isitebhisi social ukhona lombhalo engenakwenzeka. Indoda kusuka ekuzalweni kuya ekufeni lihlotshaniswa lombhalo eyodwa kuphela, aze azalwe ngalo.

Ulimi kanye nekubhala

ngeke sihlale sicabanga ulimi undeciphered, kodwa ujike kulimi-Sanskrit, eyabonakala cishe emihlanu nengxenye abantu eminyakeni eyinkulungwane edlule futhi egcwele ulimi izazi, abapristi nezazi zefilosofi. Lwenza olubanzi izincwadi. Ekuqaleni, lezi kwakungezona emaculweni esonto usithe chants, iziphonso (elithi Rig-Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda, Atharva Veda), nemisebenzi kamuva ubuciko (i-Ramayana ne-Mahabharata). Ukuze ulimi Brahmins-Sanskrit kuyafana Latin kithi. Kuyinto ulimi lokufunda. Kithi, kuyathakazelisa eyavela ke mhlawumbe zonke izilimi lapho Europe ukhuluma. Izimpande zawo usukela kule isiGreki, isiLatini, kanye Izilimi zesiSlavic. Igama elithi "Veda" lihunyushwa ngokuthi ulwazi. Qhathanisa empandeni isenzo Russian "ukuphatha" okungukuthi, ukwazi. Ngakho ingxenye yezwe yesimanje of eNdiya yasendulo. Intuthuko ukuthuthukiswa kolimi kungokwalabo Brahmins, nezindlela zayo ukusatshalaliswa engaqondakali kahle.

Architecture, ebaziwe nokudweba

Brahmins ababevela amehlo wasenganekwaneni Purusha ahileleke ezibukwayo ubuciko. Bona eklanyelwe emathempelini, ukudala imidwebo kanye eziqoshiwe wonkulunkulu. Lokhu ikhanga amaNdiya zenzisa hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi noma ubani nje oza India futhi wahlangana ubuhle elingenakuqhathaniswa izigodlo namathempeli.

isayensi

• Mathematics.

Ukuze bahlanganyele isakhiwo grand, kudingeka simazi ngokunembile. India Lasendulo, okuyinto sifinyelele eliphezulu kakhulu kule ndawo, olwakhiwe idesimali, nezinombolo ngephutha ngokuthi Arab nokuthi sisebenzisa owasungulwa ngo-India. Godu bathuthukisa umqondo ka-zero. Ososayensi base-India okuye kungase kutholakale ukuthi uma noma iyiphi inombolo ihlukaniswe ngo-zero, umphumela uba okufanekisa ingunaphakade. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka eziyisithupha BC babazi inani πi. ososayensi Indian wahlanganyela ekusungulweni kwe-algebra, ukuxazulula zibalo lwento, bakwazi ukukhipha isikwele izimpande cube lwezinombolo, ukubala sine ye-engeli. Kule ndawo, kuze kuqala kunakho konke eNdiya sidilizwa. Izimpumelelo kanye ezisunguliwe emkhakheni wezibalo - ukuziqhenya lesi impucuko.

• Astronomy.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abazange babe izibonakude, ukufunda izinkanyezi wakhonza eNdiya yasendulo endaweni ehloniphekile. Ukubuka inyanga, izazi zezinkanyezi bakwazi ukunquma isigaba salo. Ngaphambi amaGreki, ososayensi Indian baye baphetha ngokuthi Umhlaba uzungeza kuma-axis awo. izazi zezinkanyezi Indian ihlukaniswe amahora on iwashi.

• Medicine.

I-Ayurveda, esinikela postulates yezokwelapha eziyisisekelo, ekuqaleni olwalusetshenziselwa zokuhlanzwa isiko zabapristi, okwadingeka asebenzelane nge untouchable. Sasuka lapho saya zonke izinhlobo ngokuhlanza umzimba, okuyinto ekhona namuhla esetshenziswa kabanzi ngoba imvelo angcolile kakhulu.

Hinduism

Lokhu inkolo, wesabeka kuwo uthi, cishe eyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha, futhi usengummemezeli luphila futhi luchuma. Yena uvalwe kakhulu exhumene uhlelo lombhalo, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla. Izincazelo Hinduism noyedwa kwezazi zenkolo enganikanga, ngoba ihlanganisa wonke elihlangabezana endleleni yakhe. Kungenzeka ukuthola izakhi Islam nobuKristu. Esontweni, ngoba inkolo "omnivorous", alilokothi kwaba, kwakungeyona ezimpini zenkolo baseNdiya. Kuyinto impumelelo obungenakuphikwa of eNdiya yasendulo. Into esemqoka ubuHindu - umbono non-udlame futhi ukuzila. Onkulunkulu eNdiya njengoba humanoid, futhi zihlanganisa isilwane izakhi. Nkulunkulu Hanuman kungumzimba nenkawu, futhi uNkulunkulu Ganesha - inhloko indlovu. Uhlonishwa Unkulunkulu ophakeme owadala umhlaba bese aphambane phansi zibe izingxenye ezincane, njenge-vase crystal - Brahma. Ucwaningo lwakhe kanye nokuthuthukiswa izimfundiso zakhe bekwi Brahmans. Shiva sobala Abantu abavamile eduze - iqhawe (zingangabazi ukuthi wayenobuhlobo iso yesithathu, yakhelwe ukubhujiswa izitha; ngemva kwayo kwaba khona ushintsho olukhulu ukwazi, namehlo sadingeka ukuhlola izwe kwangaphakathi) futhi unkulunkulu wenzalo kanye Vishnu - black wasemuva nomndeni fighter yokulwa nobubi.

Buddhism

Kuyadingeka ukuthi ngesikhathi esisodwa, hhayi inkolo, ngoba indaba yobuzimu kuwo futhi akukho umthandazo njengelungelo ukukhala ukuze ngithole insindiso. Lena imfundiso eziyinkimbinkimbi zefilosofi wadala kancane ngaphambili ubuKristu Prince Gautama. Into eyinhloko lokho afuna kuzuzwe Buddhist - ukushiya isondo samsara, isondo yokuphindukuzalwa. Ngaphandle kwalokho, asinakuba sifinyelele Nirvana, lokho akaqondakali. Injabulo nokwaneliseka - ukumelwa okungamanga, bamane ungapheli. Kodwa Buddhism India alisetshenziswa kabanzi, ngoba akukho mprofethi + ezweni lakubo, futhi benu bukhule, shintsha, ngaphandle kwalo izwe. Kuze kube manje, kodwa kukholakala ukuthi umuntu angase angazi lutho mayelana Buddha, kodwa uma uhlala ngokomzwelo wemvelo lesifanele futhi kuhambisana nayo yonke imithetho wenkolo yobuBuddha, wayesebanga has ithuba lokuba ukukhanyiselwa futhi uthole indlela eya Nirvana.

Impumelelo ye eNdiya yasendulo kafushane

Mathematics - i-Algebra futhi izibalo yesimanje.

Medicine - wokuhlanza imisebenzi, incazelo isimo sokungapheleli komuntu uku-pulse lokushisa lomzimba. amathuluzi aqanjiwe yezokwelapha - iphenya, scalpels.

Yoga - imikhuba ezingokomoya nezingokwenyama ukuthi ngcono womuntu.

Cuisine, izinongo ocebile, phakathi esimelela out ukhari. Izingxenye ezisemqoka lokhu izinongo - turmeric impande, okuyinto sithuthukisa namasosha omzimba futhi kuvimbela Alzheimer.

Chess - umdlalo izitimela ingqondo ithuthukisa ikhono lobuciko. Bona vumelanisa hemispheres zobuchopho, ukukhuthaza obunobunye ukuthuthukiswa.

Konke lokhu wanika India sidilizwa. impumelelo Cultural basendulo abazange zibuye ziphelelwe isikhathi kuze kube namuhla.