Neanderthal - lokhu ... Abantu lasendulo - AmaNeanderthal

Le ndoda yayingeve njalo ithande ngemvelaphi yabo. Ungubani, kuphi futhi kanjani - isikhathi eside kwaba enye yezinkinga eziyinhloko. EGrisi lasendulo, ngesikhathi sokuzalwa yenkinga isayensi lokuqala zasezindaweni womuntu bekulokhu kubalulekile ifilosofi abasafufusa. Futhi manje, le nkinga akalilahlile ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo. Nakuba kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule, ososayensi baye bakwazi ukuthuthela kude phambili inkinga ukubukeka yomuntu, imibuzo aqhubeka eza.

Akekho abacwaningi akukwazi ngokuphelele ukuthi umbono wamukela mayelana nemvelaphi yokuphila, kuhlanganise nokubukeka yomuntu ziyiqiniso. Akukhona lokho kuphela, emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, futhi namuhla izazi zemvelaphi nenhlalo yabantu kukhona ososayensi real War, sivikele imibono yabo futhi okuchitha imfundiso yokuziphendukela nabaphikisi.

Omunye wabantu zasendulo kunazo kahle ucwaningo Neanderthal. Lena omele kanye ukuphila kohlanga lwesintu yokuqothulwa kudala, owayehlala 130 - 20 eyinkulungwane edlule.

Umsuka igama

Entshonalanga Germany, maduze Dusseldorf, kuyinto esigodini Neandertal. Igama layo ithole egameni umfundisi isiJalimane umqambi Neander. Esikhathini Maphakathi nekhulu XIX, kwatholakala ugebhezi kwendoda lasendulo. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, umuntu oyisazi Shaafgauzen, etadisha yakhe, owaqamba igama elithi "Neanderthal" lapho kugumbuqelwa umbuso ngokwesayensi. Siyabonga kuye, amathambo batholakala azithengiswa, futhi manje ezweni Museum Rhenish.

Igama elithi "Neanderthal" (isithombe okuholela kabusha ezakheke, kungenzeka ukubona ngezansi) akanawo imingcele ecacile ngenxa nobukhulu amaqembu kanye inhomogeneities hominids. Isimo bomuntu omdala, futhi, akwaziwa. Abanye ososayensi ithwala it zenyathi Homo sapiens, abanye ivelele njengoba zinhlobo ehlukile noma uhlobo lwe. Manje le ndoda endala yiyona okucwaningwa ngawo kakhulu ukubukwa Neanderthal ka hominids wezinsalela zamandulo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bazoqhubeka ukuthola amathambo okuqondene zilwane.

Indlela ukumthola

Amanxiwa ezindawo abameleli umuntu bakudala ayikwazanga ukuthola lokuqala hominids. abantu Lasendulo (AmaNeanderthal) Kwatholakala 1829 eBelgium. Khona-ke, lokhu okwatholakala akusho ulihlanganisa ukubaluleka, kanye nekubaluleka kwalo kuboniswa kamuva kakhulu. Khona-ke izinsalela zabo ezitholakala England. Futhi kuphela ukutholakala wesithathu e-1856 eduze Dusseldorf wanika igama Neanderthal futhi wafakazela ukuthi ukubaluleka zonke izinsalela zamathambo odlule wathola.

abasebenzi Quarry bethole sivale indlela engena emgedeni egcwele daka. Ngemva ukusula bathola eduze kwesango Yekhanda esintu amathambo ambalwa okukhulu. Izinsalela asendulo kuthenga Isazi-German Johann Fulrotom, ngubani ochazwa kubo.

Neanderthal - izici kwesakhiwo kanye ngezigaba

I batholé amathambo wezinsalela zamandulo zabantu ziye balitadishisise, futhi ngesisekelo ososayensi ucwaningo bakwazi kabusha ukuma eseduze. Neanderthal - kungesinye wabokuqala kusukela zifana yayo Homo sapiens ngokusobala. Nokho, kukhona omningi umehluko.

Ukwanda isilinganiso indoda lasendulo yayingesinye 165 ngamasentimitha. Wayephethe Yakha esiyisigqigqi futhi inhloko esikhulu, kanye umthamo Nogebhezi lwawo abantu basendulo AmaNeanderthal bangcono kunabangewona umuntu wanamuhla. Izandla zimfushane, okuningi okufana ngezidladla. emahlombe ezibanzi emgqonyeni esifubeni ukhulume amandla amakhulu.

amashiya eqinile, kwesilevu encane kakhulu, ikhala, Intamo esifushane - eyodwa ngaphezulu izici Neanderthal. Cishe, lezi zici khuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima of the Ice Age, lapho abantu basendulo baphila 100 - engu-50 eyinkulungwane edlule.

Ukwakheka AmaNeanderthal kunikeza isizathu ukucabanga ukuthi they fanele linganayo yemisipha ezinkulu, skeleton esindayo fed ogxile inyama futhi babe kunokubuthwa Cro-Magnons, ingashintshwa ukuze sezulu ye-Arctic.

Babefanele inkulumo bakudala kungenzeka aqukethe inani elikhulu ongwaqa.

Njengoba owakhiwe laba bantu zasendulo ndawo enkulukazi, kukhona izinhlobo eziningana. Omunye inezici eduze ukubukeka esincelisayo-like, kuyilapho abanye bafana nendoda yesimanje.

Indawo Homo neanderthalensis

Kusukela izinsalela ezitholakala namuhla siyazi ukuthi Neanderthal indoda (abantu basendulo ngubani wayephila eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziningi edlule) wahlala e-Europe, i-Central Asia naseMpumalanga. E-Afrika, lezi hominids azitholakalanga. Ngokukhamba kwesikhathi indaba le yokuthi wayengomunye walaba ubufakazi ukuthi i-Homo neanderthalensis akuyona ukhokho umuntu wesimanje, futhi eduze kwakhe isihlobo.

Kanjani ukuphatha kabusha ukubukeka indoda ekuseni

Kuzoqalwa nge-Shaafgauzena, "ibhapathizwa" yomuntu Neanderthal Kuye kwenziwa imizamo eminingi lokuphinda ukubukeka kwalesi lasendulo hominid izinsalela ugebhezi lwakhe futhi skeleton. impumelelo Omkhulu lokuzuziwe oyisazi kweSoviet futhi umqophi Mikhail Gerasimov. He qamba indlela yakhe siqu zokubuyiselwa ukubukeka komuntu ngosizo izinsalela lwamathambo. Babedalelwene ukubaza ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amabili emlandweni. Gerasimov futhi kabusha ubuso ngasekupheleni Neanderthal futhi Cro-magnon. He qamba Laboratory of kabusha anthropological uyaqhubeka ukubandakanya ekubuyiselweni ingaphandle abantu basendulo ngempumelelo manje.

Ingabe AmaNeanderthal futhi Cro-Magnons - ekhona ezivamile phakathi kwabo?

ezimbili Lezi abameleli banjani abantu egade bahlala isikhashana kwelinye inkathi kanye yayikhona side by side iminyaka ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili. Ososayensi ubheke Cro-magnon abameleli ekuqaleni yomuntu yesimanje. Bavele Europe 40 - 50 eyinkulungwane edlule futhi zazihluke kakhulu kusukela AmaNeanderthal ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Kwakumelwe ubude (180 cm), kwadingeka ebunzini ngqo ngaphandle ophumile brow, ekhaleni futhi ayibanzi kwesilevu ngaphezulu ecacile neqondile. Ngokubukeka, laba bantu basondelene kakhulu ndoda wanamuhla.

I impumelelo yamasiko Cro-magnon adlula impumelelo ngaphambili yabo. Njengoba ngofuzo okhokho babo wazakhela ubuchopho esikhulu nobuchwepheshe bakudala, zingabantu ngesikhathi esifushane wenza igxathu elikhulu eliya phambili ekuthuthukisweni yayo. Abakutholile Iyamangalisa. Ngokwesibonelo, emihumeni namatende okwenziwe ngesikhumba wahlala AmaNeanderthal futhi Cro-Magnons ngamaqembu amancane. Kodwa kwaba sekugcineni futhi imizana okuqala ngokuqondile kwakhiwa umphakathi zamaKhosi. Bona walawula inja, kwenziwe ngendlela yesiko lesonto, zaveza izigcawu abazingeli ezindongeni emigedeni, sakwazi ukwenza amathuluzi hhayi kuphela e itshe, kodwa futhi ngenxa izimpondo namathambo. Cro-Magnons Inkulumo abakhuluma kahle.

Ngakho, umehluko phakathi kulezi zinhlobo ezimbili indoda lasendulo babengene abalulekile.

Homo neanderthalensis futhi indoda yesimanje

Kwaphela isikhathi eside, lezinhlamvu ezazisemizini wezesayensi mayelana omunye abamele abantu lasendulo kumelwe zibhekwe njengezindawo okungamelwe ngukhokho indoda. Manje wazi kahle ukuthi Neanderthal (izithombe ezithathwe ngesisekelo kabusha ithambo izinsalela, ke uqinisekise ngokucacile) ngokomzimba nangaphandle ukubukeka wehlukile Homo sapiens futhi ngukhokho indoda yesimanje.

Ngasekuqaleni kule akhawunti kunesinye umbono. Kodwa ucwaningo lwamuva ukunikeza isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi okhokho Homo sapiens wahlala e-Afrika, lapho ingacamelisa khona ngaphandle ophilayo Homo neanderthalensis. Ngaphakathi bo lando eside ekuhloleni amathambo uhlala zazo abakaze batholakale benecala ezwekazini lase-Afrika. Kodwa ekugcineni nkinga yaxazululwa ngo-1997 lapho i-University of Munich ukuthi ziqala Neanderthal DNA. Umehluko ezakhini zofuzo eziye zatholakala ososayensi ukuba ibe nkulu kakhulu.

Lolu cwaningo zofuzo of Homo neanderthalensis kwaqhubeka ngo-2006. Kuye ngokwesayensi kungase kutholakale ukuthi umehluko izakhi zofuzo lolu hlobo indoda yasendulo yesimanje zaziqale cishe eminyakeni eyinkulungwane 500 edlule. Ukuze kulungiswa DNA ziye amathambo esetshenziswa ezitholakala Croatia, Russia, kweJalimane neSpain.

Ngakho-ke, kuphephile ukusho ukuthi indoda Neanderthal - kuyinto ajwayelekile kithi izinto eziphilayo ukuthi akuyona ukhokho ngqo ka Homo sapiens. Lena enye igatsha umndeni enkulukazi hominids, okuhlanganisa, ngaphezu okhokho babantu kanye yokuqothulwa, ngisho wezinkawu eziphambili.

Ngo-2010, ngokuhamba izifundo zezakhi zofuzo Neanderthal kutholakele izizwe eziningi zanamuhla. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi phakathi Homo neanderthalensis futhi Cro-magnon uhlanganise khona.

Life kanye lempilo yabantu lasendulo

Neanderthal (abantu basendulo owaphila Paleolithic Ephakathi) lokuqala asetshenziswa amathuluzi bakudala kakhulu, athole kuye kusukela ababengaphambi kwakhe. Kancane kancane waqala ukuvela, amafomu amasha okuthuthukile kwezibhamu. Basuke zazenzela kusuka itshe, kodwa aye aba wehlukile futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi ekucubungululeni ubuchwepheshe. Ucwaningo luthole mayelana nezinhlobo ayisithupha imikhiqizo ukuthi eqinisweni ukwahlukahlukana izinhlobo ezintathu eziyisisekelo: ngembazo, scrapers futhi ostrokonechnikov.

Ngesikhathi kumbiwa futhi Neanderthal amasayithi bezihlahla atholakele, awls, scrapers futhi isikhali serrated.

Scrapers ukusiza e yokwehlisa kanye sigqoka kwezilwane kanye izikhumba zazo, amaphuzu babe ngisho letibanti ububanzi. Zazisetshenziswa njengokudla imimese, imimese ukusika phezulu kwezidumbu, njengoba spearheads futhi arrowheads. Isetshenziswa AmaNeanderthal lasendulo namathambo ukwenza amathuluzi. Kwakumelwe ikakhulukazi awls kanye tip, kodwa wathola futhi izinto ezinkulu - imimese, nemishiza sivela uphondo.

Njengoba for izikhali kwakuseneziyaluyalu bakudala kakhulu. umbono wayo lomkhulu, ngokusobala, kwakukhona umkhonto. Lesi siphetho sisekelwe ocwaningweni lamathambo isilwane esitholakala endaweni Neanderthal amasayithi.

Laba bantu asendulo awaveli lucky isimo sezulu. Uma ababengaphambi zabo wahlala esikhathini efudumele ke ngesikhathi Homo neanderthalensis waqala ukupela eqinile abandayo waqala ukwakha izinguzunga zeqhwa. I landscape owawufana emhlabeni nezimfunda. Ngakho-ke impilo Neanderthal lalinonya kakhulu futhi eligcwele izingozi.

Ezezindlu Basaba wakhonza emhumeni, kodwa kancane kancane waqala ukuvela ukwakhiwa evulekile - bamatende izikhumba zezilwane kanye nesakhiwo amathambo mammoth.

izifundo

Esikhathini esiningi ngabantu basendulo eyingoduso ziyofuna ukudla. Kususelwa izifundo ezihlukahlukene, base scavengers futhi abazingeli, kodwa lo msebenzi kudinga ukungaguquguquki izenzo. Ngokusho ososayensi, kwezinhlobo commercial esiyinhloko AmaNeanderthal babe nezilwane ezinkulu ezincelisayo. Njengoba indoda lasendulo wahlala kuleyo nsimu enkulu, izisulu zazihlukile: mammoth, Izinkunzi zasendle kanye namahhashi, obhejane mammoth, izinyamazane. Elibalulekile umdlalo izilwane ibhere emhumeni.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi nokuzingelwa tilwane letinkhulu isibe umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko, AmaNeanderthal waqhubeka ebiza lo mbuthano. Ngokwalolu cwaningo, base ezidla ngokuphelele hhayi, futhi ukudla kwabo lalinabashumayeli izimpande, amantongomane amajikijolo.

isiko

indoda Neanderthal - lokhu akukona nenhlalakahle bakudala, njengoba kwakucatshangwa ekhulwini XIX. abantu sidilizwa ababephila phakathi Paleolithic Ephakathi, bakha mkhuba kwamasiko, okuyinto yaziwa ngokuthi isiko Mousterian. Ngalesi sikhathi, uqala ukuzalwa uhlobo olusha umphakathi - umphakathi zamaKhosi. Ingabe AmaNeanderthal wanakekela amalungu omndeni wakhe. Abazingeli ningayidli zisizakala ngezinyamazane phansi, basusa wakhe angene emhumeni kuya kolunye esizwe.

Homo neanderthalensis wayengaqondi ukudweba noma ukudala izibalo isilwane eyenziwe ngetshe noma ubumba. Kodwa endaweni yayo yokupaka wathola amatshe nge anemifantu yokubukisa. Abantu lasendulo singasebenza nalapho sisebenzelana imihuzuko parallel enethambo amathuluzi nemihlobiso ukwenza yamba isilwane namazinyo neziqhumane.

I okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuthuthukiswa yamasiko AmaNeanderthal Wakhuluma, emasikweni emingcwabo yabo. emathuneni engaphezu kwamashumi amabili atholakele. Umzimba ibekwe emigodini elingashoni isimo sendoda ilele nge izingalo izimisele nasemilenzeni.

Emimoya abantu basendulo futhi ekuqaleni ulwazi lwezokwelapha. Babazi ukuthi yini ukuphulukisa waphuka futhi dislocations. Ezinye Okwatholakala kusikisela ukuthi abantu ekuseni anakekela eyayilimele.

Homo neanderthalensis - imfihlakalo yokuqothulwa womuntu lasendulo

Lapho futhi kungani Neanderthal zokugcina linyamalala? Lokhu imfihlakalo okusezingqondweni lososayensi iminyaka eminingi. Lo mbuzo uye ngempela kungase kutholakale impendulo. Umuntu namuhla akamazi isizathu esenza izibankwakazi wanyamalala, abakwazi ukusho ukuthi kuye kwaholela ukushabalala wezinsalela isihlobo bakhe abaseduze.

Kwaphela isikhathi eside, kwakunenkolelo yokuthi AmaNeanderthal Bapotozwa wakhe ngaphezulu kwaguqulwa futhi athuthukiswe izimbangi - Cro-magnon. Futhi ubufakazi lokhu umbono uwukuthi eziningi ngempela. Kuyaziwa ukuthi eyaziwa indoda yesimanje uvele Europe endaweni Homo neanderthalensis emhlabeni 50,000 edlule, futhi iminyaka eyinkulungwane 30 Neanderthal zokugcina wanyamalala. Kukholakala ukuthi lezi eminyaka amabili lokuphila side by side endaweni encane kwakuyinkathi ekuncintisaneni okushubile phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili imithombo. Cro-magnon indoda iwine sibonga preponderance zezinombolo kanye nezimo ezingcono.

Akubona bonke ososayensi abavumelana nalowo mbono. Abanye bafaka phambili umbono wabo engengaphansi ezithakazelisayo. Abaningi banombono wokuthi AmaNeanderthal zonakale kwesimo sezulu. Iqiniso lokuthi iminyaka eyinkulungwane 30 adlule eYurophu baqala kwenkathi ende kubanda futhi omile. Mhlawumbe lokhu kuye kwaholela ukunyamalala da endala eyayingafakazela hhayi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo zokuphila.

Kunalokho theory engavamile ukubeka phambili Saymon Anderdaun, uchwepheshe e-Oxford University. Yena okholwa ukuthi AmaNeanderthal balwa lesi sifo, okuyinto sici amazimuzimu. Njengoba yaziwa, ukudla abantu kwakungeyona into engavamile ngaleso sikhathi.

Enye inguqulo ye ukunyamalala lokhu womuntu lasendulo - nokwenziwa ne Cro-Magnons.

Yokuqothulwa Homo neanderthalensis zenzeka ngendlela engavamile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. ENhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia abameleli kwalesi silwane hominids ezimbiwa phansi wahlala emveni kweminyaka eyinkulungwane emva ukunyamalala lonke elaseYurophu.

Ingabe AmaNeanderthal e isiko yesimanje

Ukuvela phansi ekhuluma ngabantu basendulo, umzabalazo kwakhe okukhulu ukuphila kanye imfihlakalo ukunyamalala bebelokhu kwezihloko imisebenzi etemibhalo namafilimu. Joseph Anri Roni Sr wabhala inoveli "Ukulwela umlilo", okuyinto babubatshazwa abagxeki futhi yathathwa ngo-1981. Le filimu kwegama elifanayo wawina umklomelo ophambili - the "Oscar". Ngo-1985, lo mdwebo "The Clan we Umgede Bear" yadalwa, ositshela ukuthi intombazane omkhaya ngemva kokufa isizwe sabo Cro-magnon phathelana abafundile AmaNeanderthal.

New sici ifilimu anikezelwe abantu basendulo, yadalwa ngo-2010. Kuba "The Last indoda Neanderthal" - indaba EO asele yedwa owasinda uhlobo. Kulesi sithombe, imbangela yokufa Homo neanderthalensis baba hhayi kuphela Cro-Magnons, abahlasela yokupaka yabo eningi wabulala, kodwa isifo engaziwa. Kukhona futhi ucabangela ukuthi kungenzeka nokwenziwa AmaNeanderthal futhi Homo sapiens. Okudalwe isitayela documentary futhi ifuna njalo okuhle ngokwesayensi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, AmaNeanderthal isihloko amabhayisikobho amaningi, etshela ngokuphila kwabo, umsebenzi, isiko, futhi ucabangela yokuqothulwa theory.