Impi Iminyaka eyisikhombisa '1756-1763: izizathu kanye nemiphumela

Iminyaka eyisikhombisa 'War 1756-1763 GG. Kwaba umphumela eziningi umehluko phakathi uthi European. Imbangela enkulu impikiswano umbuzo esigabeni sika-insimu phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuziphatha impi kwakubangelwa rearrangement amabutho kuleli zwekazi futhi ukuhlukumeza esele bendabuko. Njengoba amandla amasha futhi Olwa ngobuholi wenza Prussia, okuyinto kwaqina emva ukubusa yesihlalo sobukhosi sika-umbusi abanamakhono noFrederick II ngo-1740. Lokhu kwabangela ukukhathazeka phakathi eziningi uthi ehamba phambili yaseYurophu, okwaholela ekuqaleni kwempi.

isimo sezombusazwe Jikelele

Iminyaka eyisikhombisa 'War 1756-1763 GG. Kuye kwaphakama ngenxa eziningana izingxabano phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu yaseYurophu. Iqiniso lokuthi ngesikhathi esifanele, kwala mazwe womabili elwela ilungelo abe umholi enkundleni ngamazwe. EFrance naseNgilandi langena inkathi ende ingxabano, okwakwenza ngenakugwemeka zinqobe phakathi kwazo. Ngalesi sikhathi, womabili la mazwe waqhamuka ukunqoba wamakoloni, futhi phakathi kwayo kwavela ngomshikisho njalo ngenxa division of izindawo kanye ayezozibusa. Le nkundla eyinhloko ngxabano waqala Melika nawase indawo Indian. Kulezi mazwe, izinhlangothi ezimbili ezilwayo njalo sibhekene ukuzimisela imingcele futhi ukwabiwa kabusha komhlaba izindawo. Kuyinto lezi ukuphikisana ziye zaholela empini.

INGEMUVA ukushayisana

Iminyaka eyisikhombisa 'War 1756-1763 GG. njengoba umphumela yokukhulisa isimo Prussian. NoFrederick II walenza bayibutho impi-njengabawufanelekele nemigomo ngokufaka awalicebayo eziningi sokuwa ngenxa ngalo ezweni lakhe futhi imingcele oyindilinga. Lokhu kwanda kwakubangelwa Austria, kusuka lapho wathatha emazweni Silesian. YeSilesia kwaba yezindawo ezinonileyo egunyazwe umbuso futhi lokhu ukulahlekelwa kwaba ukulimala okukhulu esimweni. Akumangalisi-ke ukuthi iNdlovukazi uMaria Theresa wayenesithakazelo ukubuya kwamazwe elahlekile. Kulezi zimo, umbusi Prussian afune usizo-England, bese yena, bafuna ukuzitholela ezibonakalayo zaseYurophu (Hannover), futhi kwaba nesithakazelo usekela ukulondolozwa ala mazwe bona.

Iminyaka eyisikhombisa 'War 1756-1763 GG. futhi kwaba umphumela izingxabano phakathi naseFrance for ukwahlukanisa kwamazwe wamakoloni, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla. Izwe lethu futhi uye wayenezizathu iqhaza ekubhekaneni ngeziqu ahlomile. Iqiniso lokuthi okushiwo isimo Prussian ezisengozini ayezozibusa ePoland, imingcele aseBaltic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Russia kusukela 1740s. It ahlanganiswe Austria iSivumelwano uhlelo. Kulesi sisekelo kwakukhona rapprochement wezwe lakithi neFrance, kanjalo kwathatha ukuma sokusebenzisana anti-Prussian.

Ukuqala ngxabano

Izimbangela Yeminyaka Engamashumi Ayisikhombisa neMpi 1756-1763 GG. kunqunywa ububanzi yawo ebanzi. Ngokuhamba amandla ekuholeni European bangena ekulweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakhiwa eziningana izimpi impi: Continental, North American, Indian kanye nabanye. Lokhu lempi ngxabano variable ukuvimba ukulingana kwamandla eNtshonalanga Yurophu futhi washintsha ibalazwe yayo geopolitical.

Iminyaka eyisikhombisa 'War 1756-1763 GG. Yaqala lapho kuhlaselwa the King of Prussia Saxony. Ukubala ukuthi lo mbusi kwaba okulandelayo: sihlelwe ukudala lapha zithuthukisa ukuhlaselwa isitha. Austria, ngaphezu kwalokho, wayefuna ukusebenzisa njengoba isifunda elichumayo ubuyise ibutho lawo futhi kubekwe ukusizakala imithombo yezomnotho nezezinto ezibonakalayo. Yena wacasulwa kuhlasela Saxon futhi sahlala la mazwe. Ngemva kwalokhu kunqoba, iNkosi yasePrussia asebenzelana uchungechunge lishayeka Austrians, waze wathatha isikhathi esithile e Prague, kodwa ibutho kamuva Austrian inflicted ukunqotshwa emzini Kolin. Nokho, ebuthweni lasePrussia wanqoba ngesikhathi Leuthen, kanjalo kulungiseke ibhalansi yokuqala amabutho.

ukulwa okuqhubekayo

Ukungena empini yokulwa France nzima kakhulu isimo senkosi Prussian, kodwa nokho wakwazi ukubeka isitha sakhe esisha yigalelo elinzima at Rossbach. Khona-ke impi ezweni lethu. ibutho Russian elalibhekwa njengelinye lamazwe eziqine e-Europe, kodwa ayikwazanga bona izinzuzo zayo ngezindlela eziningi ngenxa yokuthi ojenene iminyaka eyisikhombisa impi 1756-1763 GG. yehlulekile ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele amakhono ayo. Esikhathini sokuqala kwekulu impi umkhuzi Apraksin, naphezu yokunqoba kwabo isitha, ngokungazelelwe wayala ashona. impi Landelayo Fermor wahola eyiNgisi. Ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe, amabutho Russian ezimpini enye yezimpi zokuchitheka kwegazi okukhulu kunakho phakathi nomkhankaso lempi konyaka impi yesibili. Le mpi akazange ulethe ohlangothini decisive ahlula. Battle Zorndorf ngomunye wabantu ayephila nabo ngokuthi impi eyinqaba.

Ukunqoba izikhali Russian

Impi Iminyaka eyisikhombisa '1756-1763 GG., Finqa ngokuvamile ibike ezikoleni ngokuqondene iqhaza Russia, ngomnyaka wesithathu sokuthuthuka ongene lwesigaba juqu zempi. Lokhu kubangelwe Ukunqoba yibutho Russian ngaphansi kobuholi umkhuzi omusha Saltykov. Wayengumuntu lihlakaniphile, futhi ethandwa phakathi kwabantu. Kwaba ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe, ibutho Russian wazuza ukunqoba wayo odumile ngesikhathi Kunersdorf. Khona-ke ibutho Prussian wahlulwa, futhi phambi inkosi yavuka ngokukhanya buyingozi ukuze uthwebule esimweni saso enhloko-dolobha. Kunalokho, ibutho azihlanganisa ancipha, njengoba umfelandawonye wezwe omelene Prussian waqala ukuba amangalele nomunye yokwephula izibopho.

I okunye inkambo

Nokho, noFrederick II isimo kwakunzima kakhulu. Wancenga eBritish usizo, sicela ukuba enze okuthile ngokuthi umlamuleli phakathi World Congress. Iminyaka eyisikhombisa 'War 1756-1763 GG. kafushane mayelana nombiko senziwa maqondana impi ngaphezu kunjalo baqhubeka ngenxa yokuma Russia nase-Austria, lapho zihloselwe ukubangela ophikisana naye igalelo sokugcina futhi esingujuqu. INkosi yasePrussia yabangela umonakalo kuya Austrians, kodwa wonke amabutho esifanayo babe ukungalingani. Ibutho lakhe elahlekile lokulwa yayo umthamo, okuyinto kwathinta ukuziphatha impi. Ngo-1760, amabutho Russian kanye Austrian matasa inhlokodolobha isimo sakhe. Nokho, maduzane nje, baphoqeleka ukushiya osezwile we indlela yenkosi. Ngawo lowo nyaka, zinyanga impi enkulu yempi, lapho iNkosi yasePrussia namanje waphuma onqobile. Kepha selikhathele: I-asilwe walahlekelwa cishe ingxenye yempi yakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nezimpi yesibili abaphikisi bakhe baye baphumelela abanye.

Isigaba sokugcina

Izimbangela Yeminyaka Engamashumi Ayisikhombisa neMpi 1756-1763 GG. nomthelela izici zempi. Eqinisweni yezimpi ezinkulu eYurophu zenzeka phakathi Prussia nase-Austria, ne iqhaza lezwe lethu. Nokho, ngokuqondene kokufa Empress Russian kwaba noshintsho elibukhali inqubomgomo angaphandle lapho nomlandeli wayo. Umbusi omusha wabuyisela iNkosi yasePrussia wonke amabutho Russian matasa ezweni, ngemvume kuye ukuthula isivumelwano sokuthula umbimbi ngisho wathumela kuye ukusiza izindlu yawo yezempi. Lolu shintsho ezingalindelekile ngomqondo ongokoqobo ukulondolozwa Prussia kusukela sesinqotshiwe ekugcineni.

Nokho, wanyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi uCatherine II waqeda sivumelwano, kodwa nokho, namanje akukabi unethemba ngokwanele enhloko-dolobha, akazange ukuvuselela ekulweni. Ngakho, ngalesi sikhathi cishe uqede Iminyaka eyisikhombisa neMpi 1756-1763. IRussia yathatha esebenzayo ingxenye kuwo, kodwa asizange uzuza indawo. INkosi yasePrussia, sibambe leli khefu, le Austrians bamshaya amagalelo eziningi ezinkulu kodwa kwaba sobala ukuthi umnotho wezwe lakhe ngeke ukudonsa ukuqhubeka izimpi wezimpi ezalandela.

North phambi American lapho ephikisana

Ukulwa akugcini ezwekazini laseYurophu. A umzabalazo abanolaka zenzeka esikhathini eNyakatho Melika, lapho i-British wahlangabezana sphere French ithonya. Kule minyaka emihlanu phakathi kwalezi zinhlangothi zombili kwakuwumqansa ahlule kwamachweba, yemizi nezinqaba. Impi Iminyaka eyisikhombisa '1756-1763, emfushane lapho ukusho kuphela maqondana Ukungqubuzana amandla ezwekazini laseYurophu, uyithola ishanelwe, ngakho izwe naphesheya kwezilwandle. Ukuchitheka abanolaka kakhulu zenzeka ngoba Quebec. Ngenxa yalokho, France wahlulwa kanye elahlekile Canada.

Izenzo eNdiya

Zivela ngalesikhathi umzabalazo phakathi la mandla futhi ithuthukiswe India, lapho British njalo waxosha French ezikhundleni zabo. Kuyinto isici ukuthi umzabalazo kwaba kokubili ezweni futhi phezu kolwandle. Ekugcineni, amabutho British waxosha French ezikhundleni zabo 1760. Lokhu kunqoba uye ishintsha England ku amandla ngobukhulu wamakoloni, futhi ekugcineni wanqoba India amandla ako.

imiphumela

Impi Iminyaka eyisikhombisa '1756-1763, imiphumela zazo eziye ngokoqobo ushintshe ibalazwe Europe kanye nokulinganisela amabutho phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu isibe mhlawumbe kekulu bezempi nabezombusazwe enye ukuphangwa izibhelu kuleli zwekazi phakathi nekhulu le-18. Imiphumela le ngxabano sina kwaholela ekutheni izikhulu zibonise ukuhanjiswa ezindaweni abaphathi bamakoloni ayezozibusa kwezifunda. Umphumela eyinhloko umzabalazo kwaba ushintsho of England ku kwekulu umbuso wamakoloni ezwekazini. Leli zwe liye ecindezelwe isikhundla salo isitha main France athatha isikhundla okuholela ukusabalala ayezozibusa.

Imigomo yesivumelwano

Imiphumela Iminyaka eyisikhombisa 'War 1756-1763 GG. umthelela, ngokuyinhloko ukuhanjiswa izindawo. Ngonyaka ekupheleni ukulwa imisebenzi sasayinwa isivumelwano France elahlekile ngaphansi okuyinto Canada, enikeza le ndawo imbangi yayo, nakho wenza nezinye izindawo eziningana lapho uzuza ezinkulu indawo. isikhundla eFrance ngemva kwalesi sivumelwano ngishukunyiswe. Nokho, lokho abantu abaningi nomthelela ngezizathu zangaphakathi: ezweni ibilokhu ukuphisa utshwala crisis sina, okwaphumela emashumini eminyaka ambalwa inguquko.

Ngawo lowo nyaka, Prussia futhi Austria yasayina isivumelwano ke wahlala yeSilesia nakwamanye amazwe athile angaphansi kwayo. Ngoba lezi zindawo uphikise kokubili uthi isikhathi eside ababekuso ubudlelwane nobutha. Kodwa noFrederick II cishe ngokushesha nje ngemva kwempi, wathatha inkambo rapprochement ne Russia. Impi Iminyaka eyisikhombisa '1756-1763, izizathu, imiphumela okuyinto kunqunywa ukuthuthukiswa kwemibuso yaseYurophu iminyaka eyikhulu ngaphambi, a basakaza ubudlelwane ahlangene ezintsha kanye nezibopho. Ukuze Russia, umphumela eyayibalulekile ukuthi wathola anolwazi ngokuziphatha nempi ngeziqu zamehlo amandla ehola zaleli zwekazi. Kwakusuka abahlanganyeli ngesikhathi empini ojenene Catherine, okwakwenza kube lula ukuthola eziningi zokunqoba okhazimulayo ezweni lethu. Nokho, akukho indawo uzuza umbuso ayizange. Ubani umbusi omusha akazange zimemezele impi phezu iNkosi yasePrussia, nakuba unqamule isivumelwano sokuthula umbimbi naye, esisayinwe umyeni wakhe.

okushiwo yilawo mazwe

Inani elikhulu amasosha lost kule mpi Austria. Ukulahleka isitha zako ezisemqoka abangu aba nguhhafu. Kukhona umbono ukuthi ngenxa yempi, kwashona abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili ngonyaka. Ukuze bahlanganyele empini waqinisa ukusebenza UK amakoloni yayo North American. Ikakhulukazi, anda izintela, wadala zonke izinhlobo izithiyo ekutfutfukisweni kwetimboni kuleli zwekazi, okuyinto, saholela ukuba kuqhuma okusheshayo ukunganeliseki ka bamakoloni, owagcina wathatha bangalwi kokususa impi sokuzibusa. Izazi-mlando eziningi ngifuna impendulo umbuzo ukuvumele Prussia ekugcineni uwine, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izikhathi eziningana umbusi walo wawenziwe esimweni esinzima kakhulu, okuyinto ngokuphindiwe ezisengozini ukuhlulwa kwakhe kokugcina. Kuthiwa imibhalo eminingi ye ochwepheshe likhombe izizathu ezilandelayo: ukungavumelani phakathi obambisene nabo, ukufa Russian Empress futhi kungavelani esingayilindele inqubomgomo angaphandle. Nokho, okubaluleke kakhulu kumele emukelwe Yiqiniso, isizathu sokuqala. Esikhathini zikhathi ezibucayi futhi juqu we oMfelandawonye ayikwazanga ukuthola ulimi olufanayo, okwaholela kokungezwani kwabo, okwakuyoholela kuphela ukuzuza umbusi Prussian.

Ukuze anqobe kakhulu efanayo Prussian kubaluleke kakhulu kokubili Inqubomgomo basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle wentuthuko. Ngemva kwempi, waba omunye amandla ehola eYurophu. Lokhu asheshisa inqubo yokwenza ubunye yamazwe wahlukana German kusimo yomkhakha owodwa, futhi kuba ngaphansi kobuholi kuleli zwe. Ngakho, isimo isibe isisekelo ezweni elisha European - eJalimane. Ngakho, singasho ukuthi impi kwakubaluleke ngamazwe, njengoba umphumela kanye nemiphumela yayo umthelela hhayi kuphela isikhundla amazwe aseYurophu, kodwa futhi isikhundla amakoloni kwamanye amazwekazi.