Kumiswa, Indaba
Five-Year Plan eSoviet Union: etafuleni, yonke le minyaka, amaphrojekthi ezinkulu ukwakhiwa. kwezimboni Socialist
Ukuze uqhathanise esidlule nezamanje kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa esikhathini esizayo, kuyatuseka ukuba ukuphinda amaphutha yokhokho. USSR - the owawuke waba namandla ukubangisana kwemibuso emikhulu vnosshaya ngesikhathi esisodwa neqhaza ekuthuthukiseni umphakathi. Elinye lamatshe of impilo yezakhamuzi Soviet babe nesikhathi esiyiminyaka emihlanu. Ngokusho imiphumela yabo, izazi-mlando ukuze wahlulele kwezezimboni yezwe, qhathanisa ipumelelo zesikhathi esidlule nezamanje, ukwazi ubuchwepheshe kude kangakanani ushiye isizukulwane sethu, siyini namanje kuwufanele ukulwela. Ngakho, isihloko lesi sihloko - uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu e-USSR. Ithebula elingezansi kuzosiza ukuhlela ulwazi aluthola ngekulandzelana.
Okokuqala Five-Year (1928-1932)
Ngakho, 1 plan oneminyaka emihlanu kuqalile egameni zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni. Izwe ngemva Revolution Kudingeka kwezimboni, ukuze sihambisane ehola imibuso yaseYurophu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuphela esebenzisa ophoqelelwe umthamo-ukwakha izimboni kwakunokwenzeka ukuhlanganisa zwe, alethe eSoviet Union ezingeni elisha ezempi, kanye ayinyuse ezolimo kuyo yonke insimu enkulukazi. Ngokusho uhulumeni, kudingeka uhlelo kanzima lengenamaphutsa.
Ngakho, umgomo oyinhloko kwaba ukukhulisa ukugcwala lempi ngokushesha.
Imisebenzi esemqoka ye uhlelo lokuqala oneminyaka emihlanu
Ngesikhathi XIV iCongress of the CPSU (b), ekupheleni kuka-1925, uStalin waveza umqondo wokuthi udinga uguqule e-USSR usuka ezweni ukungenisa izikhali kanye nemishini amazwe zize kuleli zwe, okuyinto ngokwaso konke ungaveza kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwamanye amazwe. Yiqiniso, kunabantu abaye babonisa umbhikisho oshisekayo, kodwa umbono iningi, lapho wacindezeleka. Stalin balithanda iqiniso lokuthi eminyakeni yokuqala emihlanu ukuletha izwe ku phambili ngokubeka kuqala emsebenzini wokukhiqiza steel. Ngakho, inqubo kwezimboni wawuzoqhutshwa 4 izigaba:
- ezokuthutha sokuvuselela ingqalasizinda.
- Ukwanda izimboni elihlobene ne ukukhiqizwa izinto kanye nezolimo.
- Ukuhanjiswa bezinhlangano eziphethwe uhulumeni on ensimini.
- Ushintsho amandla eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Bobane inqubo akuzona yanjalo, futhi eyinkimbinkimbi okwakuthandelene. Yaqala kanjalo-ke uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu kwezimboni yezwe 1.
Yonke imibono ukuletha ekuphileni ayikwazanga Nokho, ukukhiqizwa umkhakha esindayo kukhuphuke ngo cishe 3 izikhathi, kanye ne-engineering - izikhathi ezingu-20. Ngokwemvelo, kube sesilinganisweni esiphelele ezifana ngempumelelo iphrojekthi kuye kwabangela injabulo ngempela engokwemvelo uhulumeni. Yiqiniso, kunzima ukuba abantu banikwa uhlelo lokuqala oneminyaka emihlanu e-USSR. A itafula nge imiphumela yokuqala yalezi yayiyobizwa eziqukethwe amazwi elandelayo njengoba isiqubulo noma isihlokwana: "Into esemqoka - ukuqala!"
Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi kukhona okuningi abaqashwayo amaphosta abonisa injongo eyinhloko kanye nesazisi abantu baseSoviet.
emisebenzini yokwakha Major ngaleso sikhathi kwakungamadodana ezimayini zamalahle Donbass kanye Kuzbass, Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Hlanganisa. Lokhu kwavumela ukuba kuzuzwe bazimele ngokwezimali wase-USSR. Lesi sakhiwo evelele kunazo zonke - ke Dnieper. Unyaka 1932 th kwaphawulwa hhayi kuphela ekupheleni uhlelo lokuqala oneminyaka emihlanu, kodwa ikakhulukazi ngenxa ukwakhiwa esindayo umkhakha.
amandla okusha ngokukhulu ukushesha kuqinisa isimo salo e-Europe.
inombolo Uhlelo Five-Year ezimbili (1933-1937)
Okwesibili Five-Year Plan kumibuthano okusezingeni eliphezulu wabizwa ngokuthi "uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu of collectivization" noma "ukunikeza umphakathi imfundo." Kwakuthinta evunywe VII iCongress of the CPSU (b). Ngemva umkhakha esindayo okudingwa yizwe lethu kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezomnotho. Kuyinto Kulomkhakha, futhi uye waba umgomo oyinhloko yesibili uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu.
Izikhombisi-main lesibili ezinhlanu
Amabutho main futhi izimali zikahulumeni e ekuqaleni "uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu of collectivization" igcile ukwakhiwa izitshalo Metallurgical. Kwakukhona Ural-Kuzbass, ake Dnieper wokuqala lwamanje. Izwe akazange zisale ngemuva e kwentuthuko yesayensi. Ngakho, kwesibili isikhathi esiyiminyaka emihlanu imakwe ukufika kuqala ku-North Pole uhambo Papanin uvele esiteshini polar SP-1. Ezokwakha esitimeleni.
Ngalesi sikhathi, sizogxila kakhulu wabekwa mncintiswano sezenhlalo phakathi abasebenzi. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke wesigubhu Five-Year Plan - Aleksey Stahanov. Ngo-1935 yena usetha irekhodi elisha, njengoba esegijimela olulodwa shift izinga 14 shift.
Okwesithathu Five-Year (1938-1942)
Ekuqaleni lwesithathu esiyiminyaka emihlanu kwaphawulwa esithi: "! Ezamuva futhi adlula ukukhiqizwa kwemali yamazwe kosozimali athuthukile ngayinye" Imizamo eyinhloko uhulumeni abangu okuhloswe ngazo okwandisa ukuzivikela wezwe, kanye eminyakeni yokuqala emihlanu, ngenxa okuyinto wahlupheka ukukhiqizwa izinto Folk ukusetshenziswa.
Iziqondiso Okwesithathu Five-Year Plan
Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1941, cishe isigamu (43%), inhloko-dolobha yezwe sika yayiwukuwenza ezingeni umkhakha esindayo. Ngobusuku obandulela empini e-USSR, esise-Ural, eSiberia elikhula ngokushesha base amafutha kanye namandla. Iyadingeka Ukuze uhulumeni ukudalwa "Baku yesibili" - endaweni entsha umkhiqizo kawoyela, okuyinto bekumele zenzeka phakathi iVolga futhi Urals.
Ngokukhethekile sakhokhwa ethangini, izindiza kanye nezinye izitshalo yalolu hlobo. Khudlwana ezingeni zokukhiqiza kanye nezinhlamvu wezikhali amagobolondo. Nokho, izingalo eU.SSR namanje abasasilele emuva entshonalanga, ikakhulukazi kusukela isiJalimane, kodwa le ndaba yokungaziphathi izinhlobo ezintsha izikhali akuzona ngempela ngokushesha, ngisho izinyanga yokuqala impi.
Okwesine Five-Year (1946-1950)
Ngemva kwempi, wonke amazwe kwadingeka ukuba avuselele ukukhiqizwa nokuthengiswa kwazo umnotho, eU.SSR kuphumelele kwenziwa cishe ngokuphelele 40s sekwephuzile lapho kwaqala inkathi lesine. Five-Year Plan ayenzelwe ukugcwala lempi, njengasekuqaleni, kodwa ukuvuselelwa lost in yonke imikhakha yempilo yomphakathi phakathi nempi.
I impumelelo eyinhloko yesine uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu
Eminyakeni emibili nje osekuzuziwe ezingeni elifanayo ukukhiqizwa yezimboni, okuyinto ngaphambi kwempi, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amapulani lesibili nelesithathu uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu ukubeka phambili amazinga okusebenza ezinzima. Ngo-1950, izakhiwo eziyinhloko ukukhiqizwa senibuyele 1940 ezingeni. Lapho isikhathi esiyiminyaka emihlanu iphelile 4, imboni sakhula ngo-41% futhi ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo - 141%.
Ukuze ufake kabusha Dnieper entsha, abuyiselwe wonke amabhomu agqitshiwe of Donbass. Ngalolo inothi phezu 4 uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu.
Okwesihlanu Five-Year (1951-1955)
Phakathi wesihlanu Five-Year Plan izikhali kwande athomu, livela okokuqala kule NPP izwe e Obninsk, futhi ekuqaleni kuka-1953 okuthunyelwe lwekhanda isimo esikhundleni I. V Stalina kuthatha N. S. Hruschov.
impumelelo Major yesihlanu Five
Njengoba utshalomali umkhiqizo wawanda kabili, anda amavolumu komkhiqizo (71%), kwezolimo - 25%. Ngokushesha, izitshalo ezintsha steel ezakhiwa - Caucasian futhi Cherepovets. Kumugqa wokuqala ngokuphelele noma ingxenye wenza Tsimlyanskaya futhi Gorkovskaya HPP. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lesihlanu isayensi oneminyaka emihlanu Ngezwa ngokwakhiwa amabhomu e-athomu ne-hydrogen.
Ekugcineni, kwase yokuqala eyakhiwa iVolga-Don isiteshi futhi Omsk uwoyela yokuhluza, amazinga kakhulu anda of izimayini zamalahle. Futhi izigidi ezingu-12,5 amahektha izwe elisha selingenile kwegazi.
Okwesithupha Five-Year (1956-1960)
Bangaphezu kuka-2 500 amabhizinisi ngobukhulu yaqala ukusebenza, lapho lesithupha uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu. Ekupheleni-ke, ngo-1959, yaqala ngokufana okukhona uhlelo oneminyaka eyisikhombisa. engenayo National kunyuke ngo-50%. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kulesi sikhathi kabili futhi, okwaphumela ukuthuthukiswa olubanzi umkhakha ukukhanya.
I impumelelo esemqoka kohlelo Sixth Five-Year
okukhipha Gross ezimbonini kanye nezolimo landa ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-60%. Bakhandwa igcwaliswe Gorky, eVolga, Kuibyshev futhi Irkutsk HPP. Ngu ekupheleni uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu uyakhile worsted isigayo enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni e-Ivanovo. EKazakhstan, waqala ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo kwamazwe intombi. ESoviet Union ekugcineni abe yenuzi missile isihlangu.
satellite emhlabeni kuqala umkhankaso Okthoba 4, 1957. imizamo Incredible asathuthuka umkhakha esindayo. Nokho, iningi nokuhluleka, uhulumeni ihlelwe uhlelo eneminyaka eyisikhombisa, okubandakanya lesikhombisa uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu futhi eminyakeni emibili lesithupha.
Seventh Five-Year (1961-1965)
Njengoba wazi, ngo-April 1961 abantu okuqala emhlabeni ngendiza isikhala. Lokhu senzakalo saphawula ukuqala kwenyanga yesikhombisa uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu. engenayo kaZwelonke uyaqhubeka ukhula eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo, landa ngamaphesenti cishe 60%. Izinga okukhipha okwedlulele zezimboni kunyuke ngo-83%, ezolimo - 15%.
Maphakathi no-1965 iSoviet Union wathatha isikhundla eziphambili kwi zamalahle nsimbi kanye ukukhiqizwa usimende, futhi akumangalisi lokhu. Izwe namanje ayenziwa umkhakha esindayo futhi embonini yezokwakha, landa edolobheni emehlweni akhe, futhi izakhiwo eziqinile kudingeka usimende.
Lesishiyagalombili Five-Year Plan (1966-1970)
uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu kwakungasho neze ukukhiqizwa izinto zokwakha izakhiwo ezintsha kanye nezimboni. Amadolobha iqhubeka yanda. Ukuze ihhovisi likamengameli iza L. I. uBrezhnev. Phakathi nale minyaka emihlanu, kukhona iziteshi eziningi ngomshoshaphansi, laba West-eSiberia futhi Karaganda Metallurgical Plant, owokuqala imoto ifektri Vaz (Inkinga:. Izimoto ayizinkulungwane 600 ngonyaka), Krasnoyarsk HPP - esiteshini esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ngaleso sikhathi.
Active ukwakhiwa kwezindlu axazulula obezdolivaniya nenkinga (Echoes empi namanje enanela emadolobheni amakhulu). Ekupheleni 1969 ezingaphezu kuka-5 million izakhamizi wathola ezindlini ezintsha. Ngemva indiza Yu. A. gagarina emkhathini astronomy ukwenze eqa enkulu phambili, lihamba lokuqala, baletha umhlabathi inyanga, umshini safinyelela ebusweni Venus yadalwa.
Owesithoba Five-Year (1971-1975)
Phakathi lesishiyagalolunye Five-eyakhelwe ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane amabhizinisi zezimboni, ivolumu bezakhamuzi ubunjalo yezimboni umkhiqizo kukhuphuke ngo-45%, kanye nezolimo - 15%. Ngezenzo ekuthuthukiseni yezimoto, izimoto kwalungisa nojantshi. Investment lidlule ruble ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-300 ngonyaka.
Ukuthuthukiswa uwoyela negesi esindayo imithombo Western eSiberia kwaholela ukwakhiwa kwamabhizinisi amaningi, kuvuleke amapayipi. Njengoba ukubukeka inqwaba ezikhulileyo kanye nezinga labantu abasebenza, kwase kunesiqiniseko isibonakaliso "Drummer we lesishiyagalolunye Five-Year Plan" (ngomsebenzi oncomekayo umsebenzi wabo nasemsebenzini).
Weshumi Five-Year (1976-1980)
Ngezenzo ukhulisa ingeniso kazwelonke nezezimboni okukhipha ivolumu siqala ukwehla. Manje izwe ayidingi ukukhuphuka okukhulu ibhizinisi, kodwa kudingeka njalo ukuthuthukiswa nzile yonke imikhakha kule mboni.
umkhiqizo kawoyela eyathinteka, ngakho amapayipi eziningi welule ngaphesheya Western eSiberia lakhiwa iminyaka emihlanu, lapho umsebenzi wakhe uye wazakhela iziteshi eziningi. Okuphawulekayo anda inani imishini ukusebenza: kogandaganda, emalolini.
Eleventh Five-Year (1981-1985)
Ukuze zeSoviet Union, baqala nezikhathi ezinzima kakhulu. Zonke uhulumeni wazizwa ukufika esibucayi, okuyiwona babebaningi izizathu: yangaphakathi, zangaphandle, kwezombangazwe nakwezomnotho. Ngesinye isikhathi kuyenzeka ukushintsha isakhiwo kwamandla, ngaphandle kokudela ndawonye, kodwa akekho lokhu yadalwa. Ngenxa komnotho, abantu abahlangene tebuholi we State, kwathathelwa indawo ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngakho, L. I. uBrezhnev wahlala uNobhala CPSU kuze 10.11.1982, Yu V Andropov isikhundla laphenya kwaze 13.02.1984, K. Ngo .Chernenko -. Kufike ku 03.10.1985.
It uyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa igesi ezokuthutha kusukela Western eSiberia ziye eNtshonalanga Yurophu okwesikhashana. Yakhelwe iphayiphi "Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod" ubude 4500 km, ukweqa-Ural, namakhulu emifuleni.
Nambili Five-Year (1986-1990)
Kugcine Five-Year Plan for the USSR. Okwesikhathi yayo, kwakuhlelwe ukusebenzisa isu kwezomnotho eside, kodwa uhlelo waya nenkinga enkulu. Ngaleso sikhathi, abaningi kwabahlaba isibonakaliso isando Nambili Five-Year: abalimi, abasebenzi kanye ongoti amabhizinisi, onjiniyela kuhlelwe ... (futhi kugcwaliswe incenye) ukuhlela ukukhiqizwa umkhakha ukukhanya.
Five-Year Plan ye-USSR: ithebula isifinyezo
Ngakho, siye ohlwini kafushane uhlelo lweminyaka emihlanu e-USSR. Ithebula ukuze ukunakwa kwakho, kuzokusiza ukuhlela abuye atakhele zendaba engenhla. Le ncwadi iqukethe izici ezibaluleke kakhulu plan ngamunye.
№ (iminyaka oneminyaka emihlanu) | izinjongo uhlelo | ukwakhiwa Major oneminyaka emihlanu izinhlelo | Imiphumela |
lokuqala (1928-1932) | Noma iyiphi intengo ukwandisa umbuso wezempi futhi sithuthukise ukukhiqizwa umkhakha esindayo. | Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Hlanganisa, Dnieper, ezimayini zamalahle Donbass kanye Kuzbass. | izikhathi 3 umkhiqizo wawanda ka umkhakha esindayo nezikhathi 20 - ubunjiniyela, ukuqeda abangasebenzi. |
yesibili (1933-1937) | I. V Stalin: "Kufanele ijahe amazwe sezihambile 5-10 kweminyaka, noma uyochoboza kithi." Izwe okudingekayo ukuze ukwandisa ezingeni zonke izinhlobo izimboni, kokubili ezinkulu nezincane nokukhiqiza. | Ural-Kuzbass - ilahle yesibili futhi base Metallurgical yezwe, isiteshi imikhumbi "Moscow - iVolga". | Okuphawulekayo anda ingeniso kazwelonke kanye ukukhiqizwa yezimboni (izikhathi 2), ezolimo - by izikhathi 1.5. |
wesithathu (1938-1942) | Ngenxa izinqubomgomo nolaka amabutho main kwamaNazi eJalimane bathunyelwa ukuzivikela wezwe kanye ukukhiqizwa imishini kanye umkhakha esindayo. | Ukugcizelelwa izikhungo zemfundo ekuqaleni umzamo ezinhlanu-post idluliselwe Urals: ezindizeni, izimoto, izibhamu izigqulo akhiqizwa khona. | Izwe balahlekelwa kakhulu ngenxa yempi, kodwa seyithuthuke phambili izivikelo lokutimele ekukhiciteni umkhakha esindayo. |
wesine (1946-1950) | Ukwakhiwa kabusha izwe ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Kuyadingeka ukuba sifinyelele ezingeni elifanayo ekukhiqizeni njengoba esikhathini sangaphambi impi. | Nalapha siqalile ukusebenza Dnieper, Donbass amandla North eCaucasus. | Ngo-1948 kwafinyelelwa ezingeni pre-impi, US sintula esinakho zenuzi, kakhulu ziyancipha amanani entengo izinto eziyisisekelo funa. |
yesihlanu (1951-1955) | Ukwandisa umthamo ingeniso kazwelonke kanye ukukhiqizwa yezimboni. | IVolga-Don Canal (1952). Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant (1954). | Akha amadamu kanye izitshalo Hydropower eziningi, izikhathi ezimbili kukhuphuke izinga zokukhiqiza yezimboni. Isayensi uyezwa ngalolu amabhomu e-athomu ne-hydrogen. |
lesithupha (1956-1960) | Ukuphakamisa imali hhayi kuphela osindayo, kodwa futhi embonini ukukhanya, kanye nezolimo. |
Gorky, Kuibyshev, Irkutsk Volgograd HPP. Worsted (Ivanovo). | Investments kukhuphuke ngo-cishe amabili izikhathi, ngenkuthalo ukuhlola emazweni Western eSiberia ne eCaucasus. |
lwesikhombisa (1961-1965) | Yandisa imali kazwelonke kanye nokuthuthukiswa isayensi. | Apreli 12 - ukundiza Yu A. gagarina.. | Yandisa kwempahla omiswe 94%, imali kazwelonke kukhuphuke ngo-62%, okukhiphayo okwedlulele zezimboni ngu-65%. |
lesishiyagalombili (1966-1970) | Ukuthuthukisa zonke izinkomba: ukukhiqizwa okwedlulele ezimbonini, kwezolimo, ingeniso kazwelonke. | Yakha Krasnoyarskaya, anobuhlobo, Saratov HPP West Sibirisky Steel Works, iVolga imoto (umkhonyovu). Lwenza le nqola wokuqala kwenyanga. | Astronomy waqhubekela phambili (inhlabathi walethwa Moon, Venus safinyelela ebusweni), nat. ngenzuzo wakhula 44%, umthamo umkhakha - ngo-54%. |
lesishiyagalolunye (1971-1975) | Thuthukisa ezolimo zasekhaya kanye ne-engineering. | Ukwakhiwa zokuwuhluza e Western eSiberia, ekuqaleni ukwakhiwa iphayiphi. | Kuyaphawuleka ukuthuthukisa umkhakha chemical ngemva ukuthuthukiswa imali Western eSiberia. Wabeka 33 ayizinkulungwane. Km gas amapayipi, 22.5 thous. Km ka namapayipi kawoyela. |
okweshumi (1976-1980) | Ukuvulwa amabhizinisi amasha, ukuthuthukiswa yeSiberia Western neMpumalanga Ekude. | Kama isitshalo, Ust-Ilim esiteshini emifula. | Isibalo uwoyela negesi amapayipi. Kukhona etimbonini letinsha. |
Eleventh (1981-1985) | Ukusetshenziswa kahle kwempahla yokukhiqiza. | Pipeline "Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod" ubude 4500 km. | Ubude igesi futhi amafutha ahamba 56 safinyelela 110 ayizinkulungwane. Km ngokulandelana. Ukwandiswa ingeniso kazwelonke, nezinzuzo zezenhlalo anda. Expanded imishini yezobuchwepheshe izimboni. |
nambili (1986-1990) | Ukuqala kokusetshenziswa kabusha yamasu kwezomnotho. | Abaningi izakhiwo zokuhlala kuthiwa kusakhiwa. | Kancane umkhankaso ukukhiqizwa umkhakha ukukhanya. Ukuthuthukisa izinkampani ugesi. |
Nakuba kunzima kwalezi zinhlelo, imiphumela izinhlelo oneminyaka emihlanu abonisa ukuphikelela nokuthembela isibindi abantu. Yebo, ngenzile awuzange zonke. Okwesithupha Five-Year Plan kwadingeka ukuba "ukuvuselela" ngenxa uhlelo oneminyaka eyisikhombisa.
Nakuba kunzima plan yeminyaka emihlanu emuva e-USSR (Ithebula - ubufakazi ngqo), kodwa abantu baseSoviet ngesibindi babhekana nazo zonke imithetho ngisho ngaphambi schedule. Isiqubulo oyinhloko zonke izinhlelo oneminyaka emihlanu kwaba: "Ziyisihlanu Year Plan eminyakeni emine!"
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