Miklos Horthy - umholi Hungary esikhathini interwar

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I, Hungary elahlekile 2/3 of insimu yalo. Futhi, izwe ilahlekelwe ingxenye enkulu amandla ezomnotho kanye indlela yokungena olwandle. Kulesi simo, izwe kuyadingeka njengoba air kwaba umholi oqinile plan kobushiqela. umholi okunjalo, futhi baba Miklos Horthy.

Iminyaka Engu esakhula

I ibamba esizayo wazalwa Juni 18, 1868 ku emkhayeni omkhulu abaninimhlaba ophansi. Abazali zazifunde futhi babekholelwa ukuthi izingane zabo kufanele futhi nithole imfundo enhle. Kakade eminyakeni 8 Miklós Horthy iqala izifundo zakhe eKolishi Debrecen sokuqondisa izigwegwe. Ngo-1878, abazali Miklos nokuhumushela olimini isikole German (Sopron). Ngo 1882, bephumelele Ukukhetha ngesikhathi mncintiswano abantu 12 endaweni, Horthy kuba umfundi Naval Academy okwamanje idolobha Croatian ka Rijeka. Wathweswa iziqu kulesi sikole ngo-1886.

Miklos Horthy: Biography ukukhula

iqhawe lethu isivele ngokushesha ngemva Academy waqala ukubonisa ikhono elimangalisayo lokuqamba ebhizinisini zasolwandle. Okuvamile yebutho Austro-Hungarian waphawula amathalente akhe. Ngo-1894, ibutho ubonakele Omkhulu womkhumbi wokuqala ukuwapheka ngesitimu kunokuwabilisa traction. Yazi lesi simangaliso ubuchwepheshe eyalwa Miklos. Ngemva kweminyaka eyisithupha, waba induna wempi enkulu. Kuyacaca ukuthi zonke ukwanda izikhundla inikezwa esicongweni esisha lempi.

Kuze 1918, Miklos Horthy (izithombe kungabonwa esihlokweni) wayala imikhumbi eziningana. Waba khona izimpi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ezinyangeni lokugcina Empire Austro-Hungarian, lapho imikhumbi wazama ukusindisa kusukela nciphisa Karl Habsburg okhethwe Miklós Horthy imikhumbi nomyali.

ezingokoqobo Hungarian ngemva kokuphela Okokuqala Umhlaba

Ngenxa yalokho kohlelo Versailles iSivumelwano Hungary wayephakathi States abathintekayo. Ngomqondo onabile, inkulumo ukungapheleli zezivumelwano zokuthula kwakusobala cishe ngokushesha, kodwa ukwamukelwa kwabo isiqinisekiso kwaphela impi. Ngesisekelo-Austria-Hungary sidalwe ezifundazweni eziningana kazwelonke. Ngenxa yalokho, lo division yokufakelwa kuyizindawo Hungary elahlekile 30% emazweni awo yobuhlanga. Sikhuluma cishe abayizigidi ezingu-3.3 izakhamuzi.

ISivumelwano SaseVersailles eqinisweni ululazekile baseHungary njengesizwe. Njengoba Hungary benza cishe into efanayo ne Germany. Inhloso Miklós Horthy kokuthunyelwe of ibamba kwaba ukubuyisela ubukhulu kazwelonke nethonya Hungary e-Europe.

inqubomgomo Domestic imodi hortistkogo

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka interwar eHungary isinyathelo esiyingqayizivele uhlelo lokulawula. Ngokusemthethweni, isimo wahlala lapho sebebuswa inkosi. Empeleni, ngemva kokugumbuqelwa amakhosi Habsburg ngo-1919 wayengekho, njengoba Entente ophoqelelwe Charles IV iwuyeke. Ngaphezu-November 1, 1921 uhulumeni Hungarian wakhipha isimemezelo ku Ukuhoxiswa le Habsburg lwamakhosi monarsheskogo sobukhosi.

Iminyaka post-yimpi ye 1950-1980 historiography Ngokuqondene esigabeni weBhodi Miklós Horthy eHungary njengoba uhulumeni wobushiqela wamaFascist. Ngithanda ungavumelani ke, ngoba:

- esimweni isebenze ephalamende bicameral, ngubani wadlala indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezingeni eliphezulu;

- ke lamiswa uhlelo multi-party ;

- e khulula seludlulille, iqembu kungaba iqhaza zonke izindawo;

- ke ezazakhiwe umsebenzi wangempela amaqembu aphikisayo ephalamende njengoba isici sokubusa ngentando yeningi.

Ngamagama kwezomnotho, isimo isimo yayinzima kakhulu. Dictator (njengoba lalibizwa kanjalo mlando WaseSoviet) kungukuthi kahle kakhulu emnothweni, ngakho sokukhuluma lutho ngaphandle kabusha okukhulu kule ndawo akudingekile. Alukho ushintsho kuye kwasho ukuthi isimo ngo-1932 angaphezu kuka 800,000 abantu baseHungary wahlala abangasebenzi. Kuqhathaniswa 1920, isimo ngokuqinisekile ukuba ngcono, kodwa hhayi kakhulu.

Kakhulu emnothweni Hungarian ushayiswe inhlekelele yembulunga yonke kwezomnotho zeminyaka 1929- 1933. Ngo-1930, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubikwa ukuwa ku Budapest Stock Exchange. I ongaphakeme kakade ukukhula komnotho limiswe. Zonke post-yimpi eyishumi, amaholo alabo e namafemu wahlala ongaphakeme.

Inqubomgomo Foreign umbuso

Sithe kakade ukuthi Miklos Horthy - umashiqela e umfanekiso lo mlando post-yimpi Soviet. Iqiniso lokuthi ngesisekelo inqubomgomo angaphandle umbuso kwaba ukubuya indawo yobuhlanga. The kungenzeka izinguquko Versailles uhlelo Horthy kubonakala kuphela rapprochement nge eJalimane njengenhlangano evumelekile ngokomthetho isisulu ekupheleni iqembu impi, kanye nezinye ezweni undlovukayiphikiswa - Italy. Kulokhu, lo ibamba Hungarian akazange liyafuna ukuba nomuntu ngaphansi kwethonya kunoma isiphi isimo, futhi wafuna ukudala i union alinganayo.

Ngo-1927, inkontileka esayinwe "Ngo ubungani okuphakade" nge-Italy. enobudlelwane Kwamiswa phakathi uthi. I rapprochement nge eJalimane baqala ngemva 1933. Lokhu kusiza yayinesithakazelo futhi u-Adolf Hitler, ngubani yafuna inombolo enkulu umbimbi eYurophu. Phakathi abaholi banengeke babeqhuba imihlangano eminingana phakathi nalapho abaholi uziqonde nomunye futhi ukuza zifana.

Engxenyeni-1930 yesibili Miklosh Horti (biography iDemo ethulwa ngenhla) kwenza ukuvakashela eziningana ezibalulekile ngamazwe. Sikhuluma ukuvakashelwa Horthy sika ePoland, Italy nase-Austria. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona izingxoxo asebenzayo ngokuvusa ezinhlanganweni yeYugoslavia.

uzuza Wendawo 1930 ngasekupheleni

1938 futhi ngo-1939 babe nesikhathi pre-impi lokwabiwa kabusha indawo. Nokuthola Hungary yavunyelwa ngokomthetho okuthiwa Vienna ukulamula umbango. UMbuso Horthy wathutha e Southern neSlovakia ingxenye olusentshonalanga kunayo manje eyi-Ukraine (eTranscarpathia kusukela umuzi omkhulu Uzhgorod). Sebebonke yamasimu esanda yayilokhu izidlela nje zaba abantu 1 million. Njengoba kubonakala la maqiniso, global Horthy umsebenzi wakhe is hhayi lwenziwa ngo-1938, ngakho-ke, waqhubeka uhlanganyele Hitler.