Ugwadule lwe-Antarctic: indawo yemvelo

Inkangala yase-Antarctic yiyona enkulu kunazo zonke futhi ebanda kunawo wonke emhlabeni, ekhonjiswe izinguquko ezinkulu zokushisa nokuphelelwa yisikhathi okuphelele kwezulu. Itholakala eningizimu yeplanethi, ihlala ngokugcwelekazikazikazikazi wesithupha - i-Antarctica.

Izidumbu Ezibandayo Zomhlaba

Izidumbu kuzo zonke izimbangela zabantu zibangelwa ukushisa, izinhlanzi ezinkulu nezihlahla ezincane. Kodwa-ke, kunezinhlobo ezibandayo emhlabeni - lezi zihlane zasendulo nezama-antarctic. Babizwa kanjalo ngenxa ye-cover eqinile yeqhwa kanye neqhwa elibi. Ngenxa yokushisa okuphansi, umoya awukwazi ukugcina umswakama, ngakho-ke usomile kakhulu.

Ngokwenyuka yemvula, izinto esizicabangela zifana nezihlabathi ezishisayo eziseningizimu, njengeSahara, ngakho-ke ososayensi babanikeze igama elithi "amahlane okubandayo".

Izindawo ze-Arctic ne-Antarctic zasendle ziyizindawo zamazwekazi kanye neziqhingi ezikude eNyakatho Pole (Arctic) naseNingizimu (Antarctic), ngokulandelana ezihambisana nezindawo zezulu ze-Arctic ne-Antarctic. Ziqukethe ama-glaciers namatshe, cishe azipheli, kodwa ngaphansi kwesazi seqhwa sithola ama-microorganisms.

I-Antarctica

Insimu yehlane lase-Antarctic ingamamitha ayizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-13,8, okuyindawo yezwekazi leqhwa, elisezingeni elincane eliseningizimu yezwe. Kusukela ezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene ezihlanjululwa yizilwandle eziningana: i-Pacific, i-Atlantic ne-Indiya, amagquma akhiwe ngama-glaciers.

Indawo yezindawo zasendle zase-Antarctic, ezithatha i-Antarctica, ayinqumi nje kuphela indawo yezwekazi, kodwa futhi iziqhingi eziseduze nayo. Kukhona ne-Peninsula yase-Antarctica, efinyelela ekujuleni kolwandle olufanayo. Engxenyeni ye-Antarctica yizintaba zeTransantarctic, ehlukanisa izwe jikelele zibe izingxenye ezimbili: entshonalanga nasempumalanga.

Ingxenye esentshonalanga isendaweni ye-Antarctic futhi ibonisa indawo entaba cishe cishe 5 km. Kulesi sigaba kunezintaba-mlilo, enye yazo i-Erebus - esebenzayo, isesesiqhingini seRoss Sea. Ezindaweni ezisogwini kukhona ama-oases okungenawo iqhwa. Lezi ziqhingi ezincane nezintaba zezintaba, okuthiwa i-nunataks, zinendawo engamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-40 ezigidini, ezisogwini lwe-Pacific Ocean. Emaphandleni kukhona amachibi nemifula ebonakala ehlobo kuphela. Konke, ososayensi bathole amachibi angu-140 angaphansi kwamanye amazwe. Kuphela nje kuphela okungafaki - iLake Vostok. Ingxenye yasempumalanga yiyona enkulu kunazo zonke ensimini futhi ebanda kakhulu.

Imithombo yamaminerali emathunzini asezwekazi: ama-ferrous non-ferrous ore, i-mica, i-graphite, amalahle, kukhona ulwazi mayelana nezinqolobane ze-uranium, igolide nedayimane. Ngokwenkolelo yezazi ze-geologists, kukhona amafutha negesi, kodwa ngenxa yesimo sezulu esinzima, ukumbiwa kwemayini yezinto ezincane kungenakwenzeka.

Iziqhingi zase-Antarctic: isimo sezulu

Eningikazinikazikazi eseningizimu yisimo sezulu esibi kakhulu nesibanda, esibangelwa ukubunjwa kwemifudlana ebanda nabomile. I-Antarctica isendaweni yezulu yase-Antarctic yeMhlaba.

Ebusika, izinga lokushisa lingafinyelela -80 ºС, ehlobo - -20 ºС. Ukhululekile kakhulu indawo engasogwini, lapho ehlobo i-thermometer ifinyelela -10 ° C, okubangelwa isenzakalo semvelo esibizwa ngokuthi "i-albedo" - ukubonakaliswa kokushisa okuvela phezulu kweqhwa. Irekhodi lokushisa okuphansi kunazo zonke lirekhodwe lapha ngo-1983 futhi lilinganiselwa ku- -89.2 ºС.

Inani lemvula elincane, cishe 200 mm lonke unyaka, lihlanganisa kuphela iqhwa. Lokhu kubangelwa ukushisa okuqinile, okomisa umswakama, okwenza sikwazi ukubiza ihlane lase-Antarctica ngokwalo indawo eyomile emhlabeni.

Isimo sezulu lapha sinehlukile: phakathi nendawo yezwe, imvula ingaphansi (50 mm), inzima kakhulu, ogwini umoya unzima kakhulu (kuze kube ngu-90 m / s), futhi imvula isivele i-300 mm ngonyaka. Ososayensi baye babala ukuthi inani lamanzi aqhwayo njengeqhwa neqhwa e-Antarctica lingu-90% womthombo wamanzi omhlaba omusha.

Esinye sezibonakaliso ezigunyazayo zokugwaya yiziphepho. Lapha futhi kwenzeka, iqhwa kuphela, futhi isivinini somoya ngesikhathi sakhiwa yi-320 km / h.

Esikhathini esivela enkabeni yezwekazi kuze kufike ogwini, kukhona ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo kwama-ice shelves, ezinyangeni zasehlobo izingxenye zama-glaciers ziqhekekile, zakha ama-icebergs amaningi ahamba olwandle.

Abantu base-Mainland

E-Antarctica ayikho inhlalakahle yabantu, ngokusho kwesimo samazwe omhlaba, akuyona eyombuso. Engxenyeni yendawo yehlane lase-Antarctic, iziteshi zesayensi kuphela ezikhona, lapho ososayensi bahlanganyela ocwaningweni. Ngezinye izikhathi kunezindlela zokuvakasha noma zezemidlalo.

Inani labacwaningi besayensi abahlala eziteshini zocwaningo ehlobo liye landa kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezine, ebusika - kuphela abayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu.Ngokwemininingwane yemlando, abahlali bokuqala lapha babeyi-American whalers, eNorway naseBrithani, ababehlala esiqhingini saseSouth Georgia, kodwa Ngo-1966, ukukhwabanisa kuvinjelwe.

Insimu yonke yehlane lase-Antarctic yi-ice silence egcwele nxazonke zeqhwa neqhwa.

I-biosphere yezwekazi eliseningizimu

I-biosphere e-Antarctica ihlukaniswe ngezigaba eziningana:

• Coast of the landland kanye neziqhingi;
• Izitshalo eziqhelile ziseduze nolwandle;
• Indawo ye-nunataks (izintaba eziseduze nesiteshi "Mirny", izindawo zezintaba e-Land of Victoria, njll);
• Indawo ye-Glacial shield.

Ocebile kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane nezinyamazane yindawo yolwandle, lapho izilwane eziningi ze-Antarctic zihlala khona. Bondla i-zooplankton emanzini olwandle (krill). Azikho izilwane ezincelisayo emhlabeni wonke.

Ama-nunatak kanye nama-oases angasogwini kuphela angaba nama-bacteria, ama-lichen kanye ne-algae, izimpethu nama-copepod, ngezikhathi ezithile izinyoni zingakwazi ukuhamba. Isimo sezulu esivumelana kakhulu yi-Peninsula yase-Antarctica.

Umhlaba wezitshalo

Izimila zasehlane lase-Antarctic zibhekisela kulabo abavela ezigidini zeminyaka edlule, ngisho nangesikhathi sokuhlala kwezwekazi laseGondwana. Manje zilinganiselwe ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zamangcwaba nama-lichen, okuthi, ngokwesayensi ososayensi, zineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-5 000 ubudala.

Izitshalo zezimbali zitholakala ensimini ye-peninsula naseziqhingini eziseduze, kanti ama-algae aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ahlala emanzini amasha ema-oases, enza ama-crust futhi agubungele phansi emzimbeni wamanzi.

Isibalo sezinhlobo zinyama zingama-200, kanti i-moss lapha ingaba ngu-70. I-algae ivame ukuhlala ehlobo lapho kuqhwaqhwa iqhwa nemithi emincane yamanzi, futhi ingaba nemibala ehlukahlukene, eyenza ama-patches ahlukahlukene avela emagqabeni asekude.

Kutholakale izinhlobo ezimbili kuphela zezitshalo zezimbali:

• I-quiloboth whale, eyomndeni we-clove. Kuyinto utshani ngendlela "umcamelo", ehlotshiswe izimbali ezincane ezimhlophe noma ezikhanyayo shades, cishe 5 cm usayizi.
• I-Antarctic meadow evela emndenini wezitshalo. Ikhula ezindaweni ezisebusuku, ibekezelela amaqhwa kahle, ikhula kuze kube ngu-20 cm.

Izilwane zasehlane elibandayo

Inyama yase-Antarctica ibumpofu kakhulu ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibandayo nokuntuleka kokudla. Izilwane zihlala kuphela ezindaweni lapho kunezitshalo noma i-zooplankton olwandle, futhi zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili: emhlabeni futhi zihlala emanzini.

Azikho izinambuzane ezindizayo, ngoba ngenxa yomoya obandayo onamandla abangeke bakwazi ukuvuka emoyeni. Kodwa-ke, izibungu ezincane, kanye nezimpukane ezingenamaphiko kanye nama-springtails zihlangene nama-oases. Kule ndawo nje kuphela kuphila imithi engenamaphiko, okuyinto isilwane esikhulu kunazo zonke ehlane lase-Antarctic - yiBelgica Antarctica elinganisa u-10-11 mm (isithombe ngezansi).

Emanzini amanzi ahlanzekile ehlobo, ungathola abameleli abalula kakhulu bezilwane, kanye nama-rotifers, ama-nematodes nama-crustaceans angaphansi.

Izilwane zase-Antarctica

Isizwe sezilwane sase-Antarctica sinalokho sinciphile futhi sikhona ikakhulukazi endaweni yolwandle:

• Ama-penguins ezinhlobo ezingu-17: Adele, Imperial, njll ;;
• Izimpawu: Weddell (kuze kube ngu-3 m ubude), ama-crabbe kanye ne-lengopard seal (ifinyelela ku-4 m, isikhumba esikhumba), ingonyama yolwandle, izimpwama ze-Ross (ezibizwa ngegama);
• Emanzini aphilayo aphilisa ama-crustaceans amancane, kanye ne-icefish;
• I-jellyfish enkulu ifinyelela ku-150 kg isisindo;
• Ezinye izinyoni zihlala lapha ehlobo, zakha izidleke nezinkukhu ezikhulayo: ama-gulls, ama-albatross, ama-plover amhlophe, ama-cormorants, ihhashi elikhulu, ama-petrels, i-pintail.

Izinhlobo zezilwane ezimele kakhulu ziyi-penguin, okuyinto evame kakhulu yizo izikhulu ezihlala ogwini leli zwekazi. Ukukhula kwala madoda angamahle kungafinyelela umuntu (160 cm), nesisindo - 60 kg.

Omunye ummeleli wezinyoni - Adelie penguins, encane kunazo zonke, ekhula ibe ngu-50 cm nesisindo somzimba esingaphezu kuka-3 kg.

I-ecosystem of Antarctica nokulondolozwa kwayo

Amahlane asezindaweni zeqhwa kanye namanzi abandayo asezilwandle ahlamba i-Antarctica yizinto eziphilayo eziphilayo eziphilayo ezikhona lapha izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Ukudla okuyinhloko kwezilwane kuyi-phytoplankton.

Ngenxa yokufudumala, ama-glaciers kanye neqhwa e-Antarctica kancane kancane aqhubeka, ehamba eduze naso ogwini. Ama-glaciers e-Shelf kancane ancipha kancane kancane, eveza kancane kancane inhlabathi, okubangela ekudaleni imvelo enhle kakhulu yokutshala izitshalo. Kodwa-ke, ukubonakala kwezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingezona izitshalo akuvunyelwe nhlobo kuleli zwekazi.

I-ecosystem ye-Antarctica nehlane lase-Antarctic idinga ukuvikelwa ekubukeni kwezinhlobo ze "alien" zokuphila, ngakho-ke wonke ososayensi noma ovakasheleyo abaza lapha banesibopho. Esikhathini salo, ukuqhuma nokubhujiswa kwezingxenye zezitshalo noma izinhlamvu kwenzeka.

Ngokuvumelana neSivumelwano esayinwe amazwe angu-44 omhlaba, ukusebenza kwezempi kanye nokuhlolwa, okufaka phakathi nuclear, ukucwatshwa kwemfucuza yemisakazo, kuvunyelwe ensimini ye-Antarctica. Ucwaningo lwesayensi kuphela oluvumelekile.