Kwabaningi bethu emhlabeni kwezilwane lasendulo babonakala Imihlambi izibankwakazi noma ezimweni ezibucayi, mammoth. Eqinisweni-ke ehlukahlukene nokunye okuningi futhi kumnandi. Iplanethi yethu kuhlale izigidi nezidalwa, iningi okuyinto wanyamalala phakade emhlabeni, enishiyela ukukhumbula izinsalela zamathambo kuphela yabo, iminonjana omile imidwebo zabantu lasendulo noma cha kokushiya noma yini. Kodwa ngamunye wabo bakhonza njengendikimba isakhi umbuso omkhulu, ukubiza yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene.
izilo kumnandi
izilwane sidilizwa ibe nesiqalo ngesimo eziphilayo spineless eside ngaphambi ukubukeka Homo sapiens. Ngakho uthi isayensi olusemthethweni. Lokungakahleleki, esekelwe amakhulu zobuciko ababetholakala izingxenye ezahlukene Zomhlaba, wathi ngaphambi obhekwe impucuko yethu nezinye, kancane athuthukile kunathi. Yiqiniso, thina-ke wahlala abantu nje kuphela kodwa futhi izilwane. Njengoba babenjalo, cishe akunakwenzeka ukunquma. Into kuphela okwase kusele kubo - kukhulunywa emibhalweni yeBhayibheli yesandla yasendulo futhi zonke izinhlobo izinganekwane mayelana Dragons, elves, izilo fabulous, unicorns. Nokho, kukhona Museum emhlabeni kuphela lapho ziphephile zingokoqobo, ngokuvumelana nabasebenzi bayo, izinsalela unicorns, mermaids nezinye izidalwa eziyinqaba. Phakathi kwabo kukhona izinsalela Dragons, mermaids, wasenganekwaneni izinyoka ezimbili esinamakhanda nezinye izilo wafunda abavubukuli abathanda kusukela Earth.
Indlela Bonke baqala
Esemthethweni isayensi-paleontology ithobela inkolelo yokuthi ukuphila kwaqala esikhathini Precambrian. Lena inkathi umxhwele kakhulu isikhathi, okuyinto ebangela u-90% isikhathi khona zonke izinto eziphilayo. Yena yathatha cishe 5 bhiliyoni iminyaka, kusukela ekuqaleni kumiswa umhlaba ngaphambi eCambria. Okokuqala eplanethini yethu ayibanga umoya, akukho manzi, akukho lutho, ngisho nezintaba-mlilo.
Dark futhi ezingaphili, yena buthule ishanelwe orbit. Le nkathi ubizwa ngokuthi Hadean. iminyaka 4 billion edlule salandelwa Archaea, okwakubekelwa Nokho kuphawulwa ukubukeka emkhathini, umoya-mpilo omncane noma awanawo nhlobo. Yayisisuka lokuqala nolwandle, okuyinto izixazululo amnandi kanye nosawoti. Kulezi zimo ezinzima futhi ukuphila kwaqala. Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke silwane - cyanobacteria. Bahlala amakoloni, yakha ifilimu egqinsiwe noma amacansi ukuze substrate. Imemori wabo - stromatolite calcareous.
Kuchubeka ukuthuthukiswa wokuphila
Archean eyathatha iminyaka eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1,5. Cyanobacteria Ugcwalise emkhathini nge-oksijini waqinisekisa ukuvela amakhulu uhlobo olusha nezilwanyana ezincane msebenzi obalulekile ngokusebenzisa esinakho enomkhiqizo wokumbiwa phansi.
Cishe izigidi ezingu-540 edlule le eCambria waqala, owathatha iminyaka engu-abayizigidi ezingu-55-56. Elokuqala inkathi yalo - Paleozoic. Ingabe igama lesiGreki elisho ukuthi "ukuphila lasendulo" ( "Zoe Paleo"). Ngo Paleozoic futhi zakha wokuqala olulodwa
Gondwana zwekazi. Isimo sezulu sase siseduze efudumele nakwezifudumele, okwenza kube ekahle ukuthuthukiswa wokuphila. Khona-ke kuvela ikakhulukazi emanzini. nabameleli bayo nje kuphela unicellular, kodwa lonke uhlelo ulwelwe, ama-polyp, ama-coral, hydras, izipanji zasendulo nezinye izinto. Lezi zilwane lasendulo kancane kancane kudliwa zonke nalabo abahlubuka babumba stromatolite. Esikhathini esifanayo we ukuthuthukiswa komhlaba uqalise.
izitshalo lasendulo
Kukholakala ukuthi izwe ukuthi "phandle" lokuqala isitshalo. Ekuqaleni kwaba zasolwandle ezomile ngezikhathi angajulile. ulwelwe oluluhlaza kukhona izitshalo lokuqala emhlabeni. Bona kwathathelwa indawo psilophytes. Izimpande ungakabi, kodwa sase sikhona kakade izicubu amaseli for beqhuba amanzi nezakhi. Kwabe sekufika horsetails, club wona kanye Izinhlobo. Ngu usayizi lezi zitshalo zaziyimidondoshiya yozalo real njengoba yinde ilingane nesakhiwo 10-storey. Ngo ihlathi yabo kwakumnyama futhi zinomswakama kakhulu. gymnosperms Okokuqala akazange avele Izinhlobo kanye Fern kusukela asebavele izimpande, amagxolo, inhliziyo futhi umqhele. Phakathi glaciation okhokho baba gymnosperms yokuqothulwa. Angiosperms uvele ngaphambi kwenkathi Cretaceous. Bona kakhulu kwaphoqa okhokho babo - gymnosperms, ukushintsha ebusweni bomhlaba futhi baba lesigaba esibusayo.
Umsuka ukuphuma nokushona kwelanga kuqala
Ukubukeka phezu izitshalo umhlaba nomthelela ukuvela ukuthuthukiswa izinambuzane. Imibhalo emidala kunayo yonke silwane - besicabucabu, nomele abavelele balo okuyinto spider zempi. Kamuva, kwakukhona izinambuzane ezinamaphiko, bese nezilwane eziphila ezweni. Lwathi luphela Paleozoic ezihuquzelayo wabusa emhlabathini, kwadingeka usayizi umxhwele kakhulu. Phakathi kwabo kukhona imitha emithathu pareiasaur, pelycosaur, ekhula ukuze 6.5 amamitha, therapsids. Lesi sakamuva babe isigaba eziningi kakhulu, owayeboshiwe ezinhlwini zabo kanye nabamele amancane giant. Balinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-252 edlule kwakukhona nenhlekelele emhlabeni wonke zemvelo, okwaphumela ukunyamalala ephelele 70% azo zonke izilwane zasemhlabeni, 96% of izilwane zasolwandle-83% walezi zilokazane. Kwasekusithi esikhathini Permian. Bakuqeda Paleozoic futhi Mesozoic waqala. Lo mbuso waqhubeka ubusa amaningi njengoba 185-186 kuphela ngemva kweminyaka eyisigidi. I Mesozoic ihlanganisa Triassic, Jurassic nezikhathi Cretaceous. izilwane sidilizwa nezimila ngasinda owayenecala ngale nhlekelele, baye baqhubeka ziphenduke. Kusukela engxenyeni yesibili Triassic ukuze ekupheleni Mesozoic izibankwakazi matasa isikhundla evelele.
Nkosi izibankwakazi
Lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo kwadingeka ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane zilwane, amise futhi bafunde ukusiza izinsalela izilwane lasendulo. Eyokuqala kakhulu dinosaur kubhekwe staurikosaurus isidumbu Ubude esingaphansi imitha kanye isisindo ngu-30 kg. Kamuva kwafika errorazavr, eoraptor, plesiosaur, Tyrannosaurus nabanye. Baye yingcweti ngokuphelele ezweni, izilwandle, lagibela emoyeni. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke ye izibankwa flying - the pterodactyl. Kubo kwakukhona izinhlobo eziningi, kusukela izingane kuze kube nenkundla imidondoshiya undlunkulu nge namaphiko 12-13 amamitha. Badla inhlanzi, izinambuzane, nabafowabo. Ngo-1964, ngesikhathi kugujwa athole izinsalela isidalwa ngokuthi deynonihom. Kwakuwusuku dinosaur lokuqala esinegazi elifudumele. Kucatshangwa wayengumuntu ngukhokho izinyoni, njengoba kwadingeka izimpaphe.
Dinosaurs - izilwane lasendulo emangalisayo. Abaningi ababheke abayiziphukuphuku nabangahlakaniphile bakudala, kodwa babengenaso hhayi kuphela amaqanda, kodwa zichanyuselwa, ukukhathazeka banakekele inzalo, ukuvikela kanye nokufundisa izingane zabo. A pelycosaur babe okhokho baso ezincelisayo kuqala.
umbuso ezincelisayo
Balinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-65 edlule, ekupheleni the Mesozoic, kwaba khona omunye kwenzeka ingozi ebucayi, okwaphumela zonke izibankwakazi saphela. Futhi wanyamalala izinhlobo eziningi mollusk ezihuquzelayo zasemanzini, izitshalo. Nalapha futhi, ukufa kuye eyaqanjwa ukuvela ukuthuthukiswa kwabanye. esincelisayo futhi esinegazi elifudumele kwavele kwemvelo eside futhi kancane kancane ixazululwe zonke niche zemvelo. Kwasekusithi Cenozoic, Mesozoic eyathatha isikhundla. isikhathi sayo eziNgekho ngaPhansi kukaHulumeni, nokuqhubeka namuhla, uvele indoda. Umhlaba sidilizwa izilwane ngasinda izinhlekelele zemvelo, zabulawa abantu bakudala ekuqaleni isintu futhi Homo sapiens esikhathini esidlulileko. Ngakho, i-1500 ukubulala bonke izinyoni MOA. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-17 wayeka khona kaDodo, uDodo izinkambo, umgibeli ijuba. Ngekhulu le-18 kwabulawa zokugcina ulwandle inkomo. Esikhathini 19 Wafa Quagga zakamuva efana owela idube, kanye-m 20 - impisi Tasmanian. Futhi lena kuphela ingxenye encane uhlu umxhwele.
uyathola engavamile
Zonke lezi zilwane zibulawa ukuhaha kwabantu. Nokho, kukhona abantu abaningi ezimangalisayo emhlabeni ngubani ukhathazekile mayelana ukulondolozwa izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni futhi uthathe uhambo ukuthola ezintsha. Abathandi bakholelwa ukuthi akubona bonke lasendulo izilwane saphela. Kukhona ngisho isayensi - cryptozoology ekubhekaneni engavamile zinhlobo relict. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke kubo - plesiosaur ka-Loch Ness kanye Puerto Chupacabra Rican. Abagxeki abakholelwa khona kwabo, kodwa esanda kutholakala, akekho ayekholelwa ebukhoneni we okapi, elibhekwa njengabaThwa izimvubu, Crossopterygii, izinyamazane yemifino kanye nezinye izilwane avulekele ubudala 18-20. Njengoba uma ukufakazela ukuthi izinto ezintsha eziseza, abantu bathole amathambo engavamile noma izingxenyana zemizimba izidalwa angaziwa isayensi, enilindé incazelo yabo kanye ngezigaba.