Stolypin kabusha, ngomzamo ukunqoba le nkinga esibhekene nayo

Umlando Russian abantukazana ekuqaleni XX leminyaka. Kuye njalo yabakhanga mlando nabacwaningi. Akukhona ukuthi kumane kuqondane, njengoba iRussia ke kwaba lapho iningi labantu nezokulima. Ngokusho ukubalwa kwabantu labantu 1897, abalimi yakhiwa 76% yesizwe sonkana kanti ukukhiqiza 92% wabantu ukukhiqizwa Imininingwane wezolimo yezwe, kuyilapho-8% kuphela ngaphambi kwabanikazi bamazwe, ngaphezu, abalimi futhi iqhaza ngqo emnothweni umninindlu.

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-XIX-ekuqaleni XX eminyaka. umbuzo ongumlimi wahlala omunye kunazo ukuphokophela. osopolitiki abaningi futhi amaqembu ukukufaka isixazululo yabo uhlelo iphuzu umbuzo nabalimi abancane, futhi zaba izinhlelo zayo yezolimo. AmaBolshevik labalobi zohlelo nezokulima kwaba VL Lenin, umholi Socialist-mbuso - VM Chernov, le Labaqalayo - AA Kaufmann, le Narodniks - V.P.Vorontsov njll

Isihloko ingxabano umphakathi bamaqembu, uhlobo ubunikazi kanye izwe, ubunjalo emnothweni ongumlimi futhi indlela sokuthuthuka. Ekuqaleni XX leminyaka. Kwakubuye kube yisibonakaliso soshintsho isimo, ababefuna ukusekelwa okuthe xaxa for labantu nokuzama ukuqinisa ababasekelayo, niphihlizwe emva kwempi.

Ngakho, ngaphambi kokuba PA Stolypin, ngemva kwesikhathi sakhe Apreli 26, 1906 okuthunyelwe zangaphakathi isikhonzi, kwadingeka umsebenzi afeze Yiqiniso esisha ngokuphelele Inqubomgomo yasekhaya, omunye wemizila ebaluleke kakhulu futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubunkimbinkimbi okwakukhona Inqubomgomo wezolimo maqondana abantukazana. Ngezindlela eziningi kwaba kwazanywa ukuqothula the nokungasebenzi komnotho ongumlimi, ekucindezela kwezinkambiso zakudala endleleni yomphakathi wakho konke okuphilayo.

Isinyathelo esibaluleke kunazo zonke ukuba banqobe obumbi emkhakheni wezolimo kwaba ukushicilelwa esinqumweni kuya iSigele ukwengeza eminye imithetho yomthetho zamanje eziphathelene ongumlimi bomhlaba "-November 9, 1906 I nokuletha uguquko kwezolimo Stolypin ngokuyisisekelo esekelwe lesi sinqumo.

Isinqumo, kanye zonke refora Stolypin, yayihloselwe ukuqaliswa anhlobonhlobo izinyathelo kukho ukubhubha komhlaba ubunikazi lilonke umphakathi yasemakhaya kanye kudalwa isigaba ongumlimi - egcwele abanikazi bamazwe.

Ingxenye yokuqala yale esinqumweni Novemba 9, 1906 iyona izihloko 18 izithasiselo Article 12 Jikelele Imithetho abalimi. Omunye izakhi eyinhloko yonke umthetho Article mina, isigaba 1, umlimi zaziphinde zibe nelungelo lokuthola isabelo sezwe emkhakheni umphakathi impahla, okufaka phakathi ilungelo ukuthenga ngamanani umhlaba insalela eningi 1861 (Isigaba 3) Ngokuhambisana Article 2 uma hhayi iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-24 kwaba ukuhanjiswa jikelele, ekukhokhweni ngokweqile akudingekile. Izihloko 4-11 nje ukwenza ingxenye translation komhlaba ubunikazi yangasese. Isigaba 12 sibeka ukuthi kungenzeka ongumlimi funa esikhundleni iziza eziningana ezweni udaba ngangokunokwenzeka endaweni eyodwa.

Eyesibili kwesigaba 4 kwalesi simemezelo ibhekwa kuya ukuhleleka kuhlukaniswa ka isabelo ezweni, owakhiwa kwelifa loonyana kaZuma. Ingxenye yesithathu siqukethe 2 izihloko umphelelisi amalungelo abalimi umhlaba isabelo iziza, ehlanganisa kaZuma ifa.

Isigaba sesine ubeka ukwedlulela imiphakathi yonke, kokubili umphakathi kanye kaZuma umhlaba ubunikazi ubunikazi kulezi izingxenye bran yesixazululo of two-thirds amavoti abalimi emcimbini. Ekuqiniseni ubunikazi bezwe ngoba abanikazi abasha, ilungelo odlule ukusebenzisa amazwe indivisible ohlanganyelwe (ezimfundeni, emadlelweni, amahlathi, umhlaba ukuba kuhlalwe, driveways).

Isinqumo baba umthetho emva kokushicilelwa 14 Juni, 1910 uMthetho ukuchibiyela kanye nokuchibiyela imithetho ethile ongumlimi ubunikazi bomhlaba. Yiqiniso, lo mthetho oshiwo ngenhla futhi umthetho kumane nje kuyingxenye yomthwalo izinguquko eziqhubekayo ezweni, kodwa singashi ngempela oqeda ukuvinjelwa uphume ohlelweni lomphakathi lase ngesisekelo yezinguquko Stolypin sika endaweni Agranov.

Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu nokuletha uguquko kwezolimo babe mass ongumlimi nokuvukela, okwandisa nemphakathi ehluphekayo yasemaphandleni, ukukhula isikweletu, amazinga aphansi okukhiqiza.

nokuletha uguquko kwezolimo ukuze kuzuzwe iminqopho yayo ingxenye kuphela, kodwa imiphumela zazisekhona omuhle. Ukwandiswa ndawo kutshalwa. Kube khona ukwabiwa abalulekile esabelweni sabantwana ezweni,. Imindeni engaphezu kuka-2 million, wathola iziqeshana kuphela. Kusukela kuqale kabusha ngakhula yokuphepha abantukazana yokusungula izikhathi 1.5, amahhala ensimbi izikhathi 2.4. Isibalo ama cooperatives elakhiwe.

Ngemva nokuletha uguquko kwezolimo, ukuba enembile, ukuthi kusukela 1901 kuya 1911. engenayo evela wokusanhlamvu zezimboni izitshalo lenyuka lisuka 1.7 kuya 3.4 bln. ukukuthinta., kwehla kwemali lengenako liye lenyuka lisuka ruble 30 kuya 43. Phakathi nenkathi yezinguquko ezinkulu ke uye waqinisa amapulazi - lidlule 10.3% wabo bonke amapulazi endleleni kobunikazi nowangasese ngesimo amapulazi kanye nezimboni.

Ngakho, singasho ukuthi kwekuhlela kabusha Stolypin sika kwezolimo, olwenziwa zokuhlala 1906 kuya 1911., Ukube umthelela okuqhubekayo kwezolimo yeRussia. Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi la izinguquko futhi ezintsha sixazulula akuzona zonke izinkinga zobumpofu yasemakhaya wahlala namanje sici ajwayelekile kwalesi sigodi, ubudlelwane phakathi izingxenye ezahlukene sabantu ngokwanele iloliwe, kuhlanganise ngenxa ukufinyelela ukungalingani credit.