Futhi niyazi ukuthi ikhalenda? Umlando okuvela ikhalenda

Ake sixoxe ngalokho ikhalenda, lokho elikumelelayo. Leli gama emlandweni walo kwakunamafasitela namanani ahlukene. Igama elithi sivela calendae Latin. Lolu usuku lokuqala lwenyanga eRoma. Kamuva kwafika izwi calendarium - ncwadi izikweletu, erekhoda abakweletwayo icala futhi isithakazelo kuwo zonke izinsuku lwenyanga entsha. Kodwa Ephakathi izwi usezuze a wesimanje.

Ikhalenda: definition kanye nokubekwa ngezigaba okufutshane

Ngakho-ke yini ikhalenda ukuqonda kwethu? Lolu hlobo Uhlaka yenkomba kweenkhathi ezithileko kanye nesigaba zabo zibe ezimfushane (ngonyaka, ngenyanga, evikini, osukwini). Isidingo ukuvumelanisa iminyaka, izinyanga nezinsuku kwaholela ukuvela izinhlelo eziningana ikhalenda, ikakhulukazi ezintathu:

• ikhalenda solar
• inyanga,
• lunisolar.

ikhalenda Solar esekelwe Ukujikeleza solar, uvumelana
usuku, kanye nonyaka. Moon - kwi ezinyakazayo zenyanga, ngokuvumelana usuku nenyanga
ngenyanga. Ikhalenda kwenyanga-solar Uzame kuchunywa zonke lezi ngezikhawu.

Ikhalenda zomlando

Futhi manje senza omunye umlando kancane. Ikhalenda ekuboniseni usuku, usuku lwesonto, ngenyanga futhi likuvumela ukubala ukuthi singakanani isikhathi esisele kuze umcimbi othile obalulekile, kuqala ezidalwe Ancient Egypt. kwakudingekile ukuba abaseGibithe ukubala inani lezinsuku ezisele ngaphambi izikhukhula iNayile. Ngu kwalolo suku, kumele uzilungiselele kusenesikhathi: ukuhlanza ezihamba emiseleni, ukulungisa idamu. Kubo kubaluleke kakhulu. Ungayibambi amanzi akho, bebengayikuba ukuthi nje angena elwandle, kanti ukuvuna bekuyoshabalala ngaphandle umswakama. Abapristi baye baqaphela ukuthi ngesikhathi ngenjikalanga ehlobo esibhakabhakeni ekuseni ngovivi livela inkanyezi ekhanya kakhulu. Manje ubizwa ngokuthi i-Sirius. Kuyinto kule suku ukugcwalisa iNayile. Khona-ke abaseGibhithe ibalwa ukuthi inkanyezi ivela njalo ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-365. Kulezi zinsuku, bona zahlukaniswa 12 nezikhathi, ngamunye eyayihlanganisa izinsuku ezingu-30 (manje sibabiza izinyanga). Zokugcina ezingu-5 izinsuku, bona babekwa ekupheleni konyaka. Nasi uhlobo waba "nomkhulu" ka lethu lanamuhla.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abaseGibhithe waqaphela ukuthi iphutha izibalo. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-4, Sirius selishonile usuku lonke. Futhi iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili kamuva ngoba omunye ... Bathola ukuthi ngonyaka has izinsuku ezingu-365 futhi amahora 6. Kubonakala sengathi umahluko kithi mncane impela, kodwa akhwela usuku lonke iminyaka 4. AbaseGibhithe awushintshanga kukhalenda yakho. Futhi kuphela ngo-46 BC. e. izinguquko ohlelweni ngesikhathi sabo wenza umbusi waseRoma Yuliy Tsezar. Ngemva kwalokho, ikhalenda likaJulius laqanjwa ngokuthi. Ngokusho ke, ngamunye izinyanga zomnyaka kwakuba inombolo ehlukile sezinsuku (31, 30, no-Febhuwari - 28). Ukuze emfushane (February) kanye eminyakeni 4 ungeze olulodwa. Thina manje bizelani kimi kulo nyaka ngonyaka eqa. Njengoba wazi, kunesitha izinsuku ezingu-366.

ikhalenda Modern kuhlukile kancane kusukela eGibhithe lasendulo Julian, has umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama yayo ... izibalo Okuningi ngokucophelela kwenza ukuba sithole unyaka wesibili eside. Kunengqondo, lokho trifle zonke imizuzu namasekhondi. Kodwa iminyaka engu-400 babo usuhambe izinsuku ezintathu. Ngakho-ke, ikhalenda usuphinde olungalungile. Futhi wathatha futhi ukuba benze ukulungisa.

Ngo-1582 uPapa Gregory XII Made yakho ishintsha futhi okuthiwa ikhalenda
Gregorian. Njengoba isikhathi siqhubeka. Kule minyaka edlule, the iphutha phakathi Julian futhi amakhalenda Gregorian zaba kakhulu ngendlela 13 izinsuku. Europe uye wathuthela vremyaischislenie ehlongozwayo ngu Pope. Kodwa sekuyisikhathi eside Russia sakubona kukuhle Julian. Ngo-1918, ngesikhathi sithola ukuthi ukwedlulela kuleso ikhalenda entsha okwadingeka zisuswe kanye izinsuku 13. ERussia, kwakukhona 31 kukaJanuwari, masinyane zeza ngoFebhuwari 14. Futhi kuze kube manje echaza izenzakalo eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule e imithombo eminingi ke uvame ukubizwa eyodwa, kodwa izinsuku ezimbili - isitayela abadala nabasha. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ikhalenda lwamanje, lapho thina zijwayele, futhi, asiphelele futhi siqukethe amaphutha akhe. Kuyinto iphutha lwezinyawo losuku olulodwa, okuyinto buthelela engaphezu kwengu-3300.

izinhlobonhlobo amakhalenda

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ikhalenda lwamanje awuyona nje indlela yokunquma usuku, unyaka, inyanga. It has a isicelo ebanzi, futhi ngaleyo ndlela yokuhlukanisa lezi zinhlobo kufanele kube ambalwa. Zonke sizwile, isibonelo, amakhalenda zezingane. Futhi kukhona isonto, zesayensi yokufundwa kwezinkanyezi, Meteorological et al. Kafushane ukugxila ngamunye wabo. Masiliphakamise kuqale izingane.

Ukuze nabancane

Ngakho, ake sibone ukuthi ikhalenda izingane, xoxa iyini injongo yaso kanye nezici ehlukile.

ukuthuthukiswa ikhalenda Wezingane kusiza abazali ukuqapha ukukhula izinguquko ukukhula komntwana: noma kwanele ukukhuphuka isisindo somzimba? Kuyini ukuphakama kwalo? Ingabe ikhona inqubekela ekuthuthukisweni motor, psycho-ngokomzwelo? Indlela bazibandakanya ingane, okuyinto amathoyizi okokuqala kudingeka banikele kuye? Njalo izinyane ihlukile, futhi ngenxa yalokho eba ngezinga labo, futhi ukuyifinyelela zingahluka kusuka kwezinkambiso owamukelwa. Umsebenti amakhalenda izingane Kulokhu amanga ngokungenaphutha Eqinisweni, ukusiza abazali uzulazule izilungiselelo oyifunayo.

Silinde sezulu

Kungaba ubulungisa phakathi nengxoxo yethu indiva izinhlobo ezifana astrology, inkolo, isimo sezulu amakhalenda. Eyokuqala izinhlobo ezimbili baziwa. Kodwa umbuzo sezulu amakhalenda kufanele ihlolisiswe kahle ngaphezulu. umlando abathandwayo uqobo kuzona. Ngakho, ake sibheke ukuthi ikhalenda sezulu, futhi yini kungcono ngoba.

Khona kanye ukubukeka kwawo kungenxa yesidingo wabokuqala nokumisa
imibono yakhe yezenzakalo sezulu. Ikhalenda ethubeleza ulwazi mayelana izimo sezulu ngezikhathi ezahlukene ngonyaka, izinyanga, zonyaka. Ngu Isifaniso ne izinkanyezi, isimo sezulu ukubikezela isimo esizayo nemvelo. Lezi amakhalenda babe eRoma yasendulo. ukwenza izinto zokuchitha isizungu isiqongo kubo ewela Ephakathi. Ngaleso sikhathi ngisho yanyatheliswa "The Book of Nature" (1340).

Kulula ukucabanga ukuthi kunzima kangakanani ukubala izibikezelo eside.
Khonza kubo kuphela ngesisekelo intando abavamile nje ukuzikhohlisa. Kodwa eziningi sezulu khalenda iyawakha ngale ndlela. Abantu bakholwa kuzo. Esinye sazo kwakungu-ikhalenda lwethi. Futhi wayedabuka kanje. Ekhulwini XVII kwakukhona Abbot Mauritius Knauer. Ngemva mpi esabekayo phakathi kwamaProthestani namaKatolika
emazweni zashabalala futhi zonakalise. Ezolimo zabhuntsha. Abbot Knauer wayekhathazeke kakhulu lokhu. Isimo sezulu liphinde akajabuli. Snow kanye ngasekupheleni yesithwathwa entwasahlobo sebehlushwa sokuhlwanyela, kusukela izihlambi banethwe ngokusebenzisa isiko, isomiso ehlobo zonakale izitshalo. Abbot Knauer waqala sigcine idayari kokuma sezulu. Yiqiniso, Akaphindanga amathuluzi Meteorological. Wamane wabhala phansi imibono yakhe, wanika izilinganiso subjective. Ubaba ngephutha babekholelwa ukuthi isimo sezulu kuncike izibani ezikhanya. Wazama ukuthola amaphethini. imibono yakhe Abbot ekhiqizwa iminyaka 7. Ngokusho izibalo wakhe, isimo sezulu bekumele siphindwe eminyakeni eyisikhombisa ezayo (ngenani mayelana nezinto zasemkhathini, zaziwa ngaleso sikhathi). Kodwa kamuva wakholiseka ukuthi izibikezelo zakhe akuzange kube njalo. Njengoba liphele, wesigodlo saphela ukuqhuba observation yabo iphephabhuku. Nokho, ngenxa yalesi simo, wayesalokhu wanyathelisa incwadi-Umhlahlandlela zezindela wezolimo.

Iminyaka yadlula beloba phansi wesigodlo wafika ngezinkanyezi-udokotela Hellwig. Futhi ukuzisebenzisa, I, wakhipha umyalo ikhalenda sezulu eyikhulu, okubizwa ngokuthi ikhalenda lwethi. Yiqiniso, kwaba nesayensi. Kodwa wasebenzisa kulo lonke elaseJalimane. Futhi ukuhumusha zasakazekela kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ububanzi kwawo kwakunjengokwetshe abanzi, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nokubikezela ukufanisa. Futhi mayelana "ezibikezelweni" engenabulungisa abantu bangakhohlwa kalula ...

Nokho, siye sahlola okushiwo ikhalenda, njengokuvela kwalo, wakhumbula ukuthi akhona namuhla ezahlukeneyo zalo. Sithemba ulwazi kwaba wusizo kuwe, futhi wena wafunda okuningi ezintsha nezithakazelisayo ngokwakho.