Yuan Dynasty. Mongol inkathi emlandweni Chinese. Kublai Khan

Yuan Dynasty eqinisweni makubuse China amakhulu eminyaka nengxenye. Kwakuwusuku baseMongolia ngezithako zawo yobuhlanga, okuyinto kwasithinta kakhulu okungokwesiko eChina nokubusa isakhiwo kanye nesakhiwo setepolitiki yezwe. Isikhathi kokubusa kwakhe ngokuvamile ubhekwa njengomunye isikhathi yokujama tsi, umbuso, njengoba ayehlasela angaphandle okunomthelela omubi kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwalo.

amaMongol

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka amaningana China athintana nomakhelwane balo enkangala, okuyinto, ngakolunye uhlangothi, waboleka sifinyelele nomakhelwane wayo kakhulu, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, siba nengcindezi enamandla. Lo mbuso onomoya angaphandle zazinzima evamile emlandweni wezwe. Omunye abantu asemaqeleni owanhlanhlatha ku nomngcele waseChina, kwaba-Mongolian. Ekuqaleni amaMongol bebayincenye amaTatar eSiberia, futhi nakuba ayevelele yolimi zinhlanga, Nokho abantu ngokobuhlanga ziphakama wangekhulu le-12 ekugcineni kwakhiwa.

lempi

Isimo ishintshile ekuqaleni Ngekhulu leminyaka elalandela, lapho vsemongolskom kurultai Khan ezamenyezelwa umbusi okuvamile kubantu. Uye wadala kahle ohlelekile, ibutho oqeqeshiwe, okuyilokho, eqinisweni, kwaba umgogodla isakhiwo ezempi nezombusazwe. yinye eqinile yensimbi isiyalo avunyelwe kuleli qembu elincane yobuhlanga ukunqoba inani elikhulu ukunqoba esifundeni Asian futhi ukudala isimo sabo siqu.

China ekhulwini XII-XIII

Yuan Dynasty yaqala ukubusa kwayo okwakuzothatha ezimweni esikhundleni nzima. Iqiniso lokuthi leli zwe ngempumelelo ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili. Lokhu kungenxa okuye kwafinyelelwa kula isizwe abangophakimpi we Jurchen, ngubani ashaqe ingxenye yayo enyakatho. Esikhathini eningizimu kwakukhona Iculo Dynasty Empire, okuyinto zaqhubeka zikhona yendabuko kwezinkambiso Chinese kanye namasiko. Eqinisweni, le ngxenye isimo isibe isikhungo kwamasiko, okuyinto namanje wabusa ubuConfucian, evamile uhlelo nokuphatha esekelwe simiso esidala yokuhlolwa yokwamukelwa enkonzweni izikhulu.

Enyakatho kukhona Jin Empire, ogama ababusi baye bahluleka ngokuqondile niwunqobe isifunda esiseningizimu. Sinenkosi kuphela intela kuwo ngendlela yesiliva nosilika. Kodwa naphezu kwaleli kunalokho osindayo China yuzhnosunskogo sivumelwano kulezi zindawo baqhubeka ukuthuthukisa umnotho, isiko, uhlelo zokuphatha. Isihambi abadumile M. Polo wahambela eningizimu yeChina, okwakumenza abe okuvelayo ngobuciko, ingcebo, ukusebenza kahle kwakhe kwezomnotho. Ngakho, isisekelo Jin Dynasty ayizange kwaholela uyincithakalo ezweni lonke, okwakuhilela uye wakwazi ukulondoloza izindinganiso zabo kwamasiko nendlela.

ukunqoba

Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-13, amaMongol waqala imikhankaso yabo. L.Gumilev wababona begijima njengenye ukubonakaliswa kunazo yesiteleka drive ezizwe. Lesi sizwe abangophakimpi ngilinqobile esifundeni Asia Ephakathi, lanqoba isimo Khorezm shahs ke baya ezweni Russian abehlula umfelandawonye izikhulu. Khona-ke layibamba isimo Chinese. Umzukulu uGenghis Khan isinyathelo kokubili izindlela lempi nakwezombusazwe: ngokwesibonelo, wayefuna ukuba acele ukusekela Iculo yezikhulu. Noma kunjalo, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi isimo eningizimu wamelana isikhathi eside, iminyaka engamashumi amane. ababusi wayo kuze kube muva nje labetibambile emgqeni ngokumelene abahlaseli, ukuze kuphela 1289 lonke China eyayibuswa yabo.

Eyishumi yokuqala ukubusa

New Yuan lwamakhosi ekuqaleni kanzima uqale ukubhekana nokumelana. Waqala ekubulaweni kwenqwaba yabantu, ukubulawa, abantu abaningi egqilaziwe. Ngemva kwesikhashana kwanqunywa ukuba abhubhise abameleli izizukulwane zasendulo impela Chinese kanye nemindeni. Kusukela Imininingwane yokubhujiswa isizwe esisindisiwe yokuthi ababusi abasha wakucabangela ukuthi ushibhile kubuyise omningi walo abakhokhi bentela ukuthi uMgcinimafa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, laba bahlaseli ayedinga izisebenzi eliphezulu ukuphathwa kuleli zwe elikhulu. Omunye kidanskih abeluleki belulekwa umbusi omusha ukuze silondoloze amandla endawo ukuphatha. Yuan lwamakhosi yathatha cishe esikhathini esingangeminyaka eyikhulu nengxenye kanye eyishumi nanye wokubusa kwakhe zaziphawuleka ngokungabi bomnotho kuleli zwe, ukwehla, weza emzini, ukuhweba, ezolimo, kanye obalulekile isimiso sokunisela ngenkasa. Okuningi yabantu bakhona noma ubhujiswe noma benziwe izigqila, noma lapho ecindezelwe, isikhundla ababencishwe amathuba ngaphambilini. Noma kunjalo, ngemva kweminyaka engamashumi amabili noma amathathu, izwe waqala kancane ukuthola ukusuka igalelo okwalehlela.

Eyokuqala uMbusi

Umsunguli lohlanga olusha lwamakhosi kwaba Kublai Khan. Eselinqobile izwe, bekatsatsa izinguquko eziningana ukuze ngandlela-thile ukuzivumelanisa nokuphathwa yabo yombuso. Wahlukanisa izwe yaba izifundazwe nambili waziletha ekuphathweni namanye amaqembu amaningi yobuhlanga nezinkolo. Ngakho, esigodlweni sakhe sesimweni kahle eliphezulu kwakuhlezi umthengisi Venetian kanye isihambi-Marco Polo, lapho isimo wayakhe oxhumana nabo baseYurophu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wamonyuka imvelo yakhe, amaKristu hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi amaSulumane, amaBuddha. Kublai Khan axhasa abameleli inkolo samuva lapho kwanqunywa ngokushesha lasakazeka ezweni lonke ngokushesha. Ngaphezu izindaba uhulumeni, yena waba waziphatha izincwadi, isibonelo, ukuthi ngabhala nenkondlo, Nokho, lapho, ngasinda eyodwa kuphela yaziwa.

igebe kwamasiko

The Emperor Lokuqala futhi eqikelela ukungena ulimi baseMongolia imibhalo esemthethweni ibhizinisi. On imiyalo yakhe, a Buddhist Monk ayibekela lwezinhlamvu ezikhethekile, okuyinto kwakheka isisekelo okubizwa ngokuthi izincwadi sikwele, wangena silulumagama zomphakathi-zokuphatha. Lesi isilinganiso zingachazwa ngezinqubo yokuthi abameleli lwamakhosi abasha babeke baba usesimweni esinzima ngenxa yokuvinjwa kwamasiko phakathi kwawo lalolo hlanga. Ezimisiwe, okuyinto esebenza eminyaka uhlelo zezenhlalo nezombusazwe umbuso, esekelwe ubuConfucius bendabuko, kwaba ngokuphelele alien umoya wabahlaseli. Abazange ukwazile igebe ukuthi igebe, noma ezinye ziye zathatha izinyathelo zokwenza ukuba benze kanjalo. Nokho, imizamo yabo eyinhloko, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-okokuqala, zakhiwa ukubeka Chinese esimweni nasekuthengeni. Okokuqala ulimi-Mongolian usezuze isimo isimo ke bendabuko luhlolo uhlelo uyekwa, okwakwenza kube lula ukuthola ukuphathwa ngempumelelo. Zonke lezi zinyathelo sinomthelela ongemuhle kakhulu phezu yasekhaya zezombusazwe sezulu Empire.

izinkinga nokuphathwa

Kublai Khan, umzukulu uGenghis Khan, wandisa umbuso ukuvuma okwakufunwa eziningana izifunda angomakhelwane. Nokho, uhambo lwakhe lokuya ezweni Japanese futhi Vietnamese kuhlulekile. Wayengumuntu kakade kule minyaka wokuqala wokubusa kwakhe, uye wathatha eziningi izinyathelo lula ekuphathweni yezwe. Noma kunjalo, ngesikhathi amaMongol ukubusa ekuphathweni Chinese wazithola esesimweni kunalokho esindayo futhi kunzima ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi ongqondongqondo Confucian ayibalangwa ukwenza ibhizinisi: bonke ohulumeni nalo lempi okuthunyelwe ezinkulu elalihlala abameleli izikhulu ezintsha, abangazange bakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nenkambiso yamasiko futhi amasiko abantu benqoba. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni yini empeleni ngaphansi kwegunya oqondile yamaMongol babe esifundeni inhlokodolobha kanye neHholo izifunda esenyakatho ye-mpumalanga, kanti kwezinye izindawo kwakudingeka ancike neziphathimandla zendawo, amandla Nokho, okuyinto, yayiba inhlokodolobha yizikhulu wathumela kusukela maphakathi.

Lesi sigaba sabantu

Yuan Dynasty e China wayengeyena Umthetho wokuqala angaphandle kuleli zwe. Nokho, uma abanye bakwazile ukuzivumelanisa namasiko aleli lizwe, bafunde ulimi, isiko, futhi ekugcineni uhlangane ngokuphelele nabantu bendawo, amaMongol akazange ukuphatha ukukwenza. Mhlawumbe lokhu kungenxa yokuthi (ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni) amaShayina Bajeziselwa, singavumeli ukuba abaphathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, basuke ngokusemthethweni ihlukaniswe sabantu ngemacembu ezine okusekelwe imigqa inkolo nohlanga. Ikakhulu, ungqimba nelungelo babe amaMongol, kanye nabamele umphako, okuyinto beniyingxenye amabutho azo. Kwenqwaba lwabantu lulokhu ukungalingani, futhi abakhileyo eningizimu ngokuvamile aye ancipha ngezinga aphansi. Konke lokhu kungenxa umthelela elibuhlungu kakhulu ekuphathweni, okuyinto ilahlekelwe abasebenzi bayo engcono. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abameleli amaMongol lwamakhosi elinqunywe kakhulu southerners futhi northerners, phakathi kwabo, futhi babe khona umehluko omkhulu. Futhi, uhulumeni waqeda uhlelo yokuhlolwa, isiShayina uvinjelwe nokufunda ikhono impi, ukufunda ezinye izilimi.

Kuhlangana

Mongol inkathi emlandweni Chinese abakwazanga ukubamba ku kuphela ubudlova. Kuyaqondakala umbusi lwamakhosi omutsha kwesikhashana waqala ukuphishekela umgomo rapprochement ne labantu Chinese. Isinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile kule isiqondiso sasiwukuba abuyisele uhlelo luhlolo ziqasha izikhulu enkonzweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-13 kwaqala ukuvela ezikoleni zomphakathi ngoba abasebenzi. Academy usubuyiselwe agcina izincwadi futhi wasebenza ososayensi yuzhnosunskie. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi yokutakula luhlolo sikhungo wahlangana ukumelana ngempela abanolaka phakathi amaMongol asebukhosini, wona wafuna ukulondoloza isikhundla okuholela kuyo yonke imikhakha yokuphila kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe. Noma kunjalo, isiko Chinese lunomthelela omkhulu lokubhala zomlando-Mongolian. Ababusi futhi azi waqala ukwenza indaba yakhe, kamuva kwakheka isisekelo "Yuan Shi".

historiography

Leli qoqo zomlando uhlanganiswe ezinsukwini zakuqala we Ming BakwaHan elandelayo ekhulwini le-14. Ngokubhala kwakhe kwakuthatha isikhathi esiningi, cishe iminyaka engamashumi amane. Izimo yokugcina alichaza yokuthi ekuqaleni wabuthelwa ezisheshayo, kodwa akazange uthanda lo mbusi omusha, ngakho-ke kwadingeka ukuba lwenziwe kabusha. Nokho, naphezu ukubhuka, ezinikezwa noma amaphutha yokuhlela, umthombo isikhumbuzo eyingqayizivele emlandweni we Yuan Dynasty. Kuwusizo ikakhulukazi ngoba ihlanganisa abaningi yezincwadi zokuqala, zalotshwa, izimiso kanye oda kubabusi. Ukuze kweminye imibhalo yesandla compilers ngaze ngaya eMongolia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, baye bakhangwa wendawo ukulethwa indaba umndeni lethuna kwakunemibhalo eqoshiwe nemisebenzi somlobi. Ngakho, "Yuan Shi" ingenye izakhiwo ezithakazelisayo iningi isikhathi sesifundo.

Inkinga

Ukuwa kwe-lwamakhosi kungenxa yokuthi ababusi umbuso baye abakwazi ukufunda kusuka isiko Chinese, futhi ulungise izindlela yendabuko ekuphatheni izwe. Njengoba kungekho nezihlakaniphi Confucian wendawo ezindabeni yesifundazwe wabashaya ndiva. Umbusi lokugcina Toyon Temur akazange iqhaza ukuphathwa. Uma empeleni wonke amandla kwaba ezandleni chancellors yakhe. Isimo saba sibi kakhulu okunye futhi ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi ukungqubuzana okwandisa phakathi amaMongol yezikhulu. Umfutho ngokushesha ngenxa ukuqhuma kwentukuthelo ethandwa wakhonza njengephayona edamini ukufohla eMfuleni eliphuzi. Umfula idle izindwani zayo nabantu bathutheleka Amasimu, kwashona amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu.

Ukuwa kwe-ingcindezelo Mongol

Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, omningi walo labantu ongumlimi uvukile ukulwa abahlaseli. Kuvulwa umphakathi imfihlo, okuyinto eqinisweni wahola ukunyakaza. Yasungulwa futhi shirilos ngaphansi iziqubulo zenkolo ubuBuddha, kodwa empeleni yayo kwaba kazwelonke-yokushisekela izwe, njengoba lezi zihlubuki wazama ukuketula ukubusa angaphandle. Lokhu ukuvukela eyagcina yaziwa ngokuthi "armbands abomvu". Ngo 1368 lwamakhosi Mongol lashabalala eMbusweni, nombusi waso wokugcina Toyon Temur wabalekela eMongolia, lapho washona eminyakeni emibili kamuva. Isizathu esiyinhloko ukuwa kwaba ezijulile crisis yangaphakathi, esadaleka ngenxa ukungakwazi amaMongol ukuba bafunde bendabuko ekuphathweni Chinese. Umbusi omusha osekelwe the Ming BakwaHan futhi abuyiselwe ubuConfucius bendabuko kuleli zwe. Umsunguli lohlanga olusha lwamakhosi wabuya oludala ekuphathweni, ngokusekelwe uhlelo lokuziphatha Chinese.