Ming BakwaHan of China. ming BakwaHan

Ngenxa yalokho, i-ongumlimi kuvukela uhulumeni-Mongolian liketulwa. Endaweni le Yuan Dynasty (alien) wafika Ming BakwaHan (1368 -. 1644 GG). Kusukela ekupheleni kwelikhulu XIV ngo. China buyadlondlobala kezomnotho ngamasiko. Idolobha elidala basungula, kukhona amasha, ubuswa ezohwebo kanye izikebhe. Inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yezwe kusekelwa ukuvela izimboni, lapho nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi wenziwa. YiNkantolo Imperial ukuheha okungcono ososayensi, abaklami abaculi. Igxila lwekutfutfukisa.

IsiShayina Ming BakwaHan: uguquko sphere kwezomnotho

Cishe ngokushesha nje ngemva esizayo lwamakhosi waqala ukwenza amagadango ukuthuthukisa isimo abalimi, njengoba basiza ukukhiqiza ushintsho kwamandla. Ming lwamakhosi wavuselela North isabelo uhlelo, okuyinto eye iqedwe nokuqina kwezomnotho kwalelo abane- mihlaba (North China), soyuznyuchavshey ngaphambilini Yuanyamm. Futhi i-South, konke kwakuyize ncamashi okuphambene - landlordism igciniwe. Yesimanje ezimali akhona futhi uhlelo intela, kanye ukunakwa iziphathimandla ukuba ngenkasa - konke lokhu nomthelela ekukhuleni okusheshayo kwezomnotho.

Utsatsisela ukukhula komnotho ezisemadolobheni, imbangela okuyinto - lunye lesifunda (behlaliswe ekukhiqizeni zobumba Jiangxi, futhi Guangdong - ikakhulukazi ujantshi), ukuvela izitayela ezintsha, ikakhulukazi phakathi okuyinto ekwakheni imikhumbi 4-emphemeni.

Kancane kancane ngaba futhi ubuhlobo lezimpahla-imali. Ngesisekelo dolobha abathengisi kukhona womshini yangasese. Central ne Southern China liye laba yindawo nesenzakalo of izikebhe watshala. Ngemva kwalokho, yakha ngemuva ngokudalwa obschekitayskogo emakethe (inombolo nemibuthano yezohwebo olusemthethweni iye wasondela kakade nge 38).

Yini embi ngalo

Kanyekanye izenzakalo ngenhla okuqhubekayo ubuhanjelwe eziningi ukuphazamiseka ekuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi (kwaba ejwayelekile lonke aseMpumalanga). Ukuze labo zihlanganisa monopolies isimo, imboni embuso, abasebenzi abangaphezu kuka-300 eziyinkulungwane. Izingcweti gospobory nemisebenzi yokuhweba futhi izikebhe. Abazange emnothweni kungenzeka ukuba uthuthele ukukhiqizwa ezahlukene.

Inqubomgomo amazwe le Ming BakwaHan

Ngesikhathi ukufukulwa komnotho kanye nokuqiniswa kahle kwemandla embuso Kunenkolelo Inqubomgomo ogxile luhlasela (kuze 1450 yayibizwa ngokuthi "ebhekene kolwandle", bese sahamba kuya "ubuso namaqaba").

Lo mcimbi enkulu esikhathini esiningi - ukunwetshwa China, okuyinto abathintekayo isimo Yezilwandle ZaseNingizimu.

I Ming BakwaHan, ngenxa sihlangabezane nezidingo zombuso okhulayo yokuxazulula le nkinga iyabheda Japanese, Chinese, isiKorea, ukudunwa, waphoqeleka ukwakha imikhumbi, okuyinto olunezinombolo imikhumbi 3,500. ukukhula komnotho Ngaphezu kwalokho nomthelela ikhomishana kakhulu ngendlela eziyisikhombisa mikhankaso ahlukene imikhumbi, eholwa induna yabathenwa Chzhen Yena, eMpumalanga Afrika. Lokhu umkhuzi wamabutho asolwandle kwaba anawo imikhumbi 60 ezinkulu 4 zamadili, okuyinto kwafinyelela amamitha 47 amade, ayebonakala izihloko yimikhuba like "Sula Harmony", "Ukuchuma nokuchuma okwengeziwe." On ngamunye bekukhona abasebenzi abantu 600, kuhlanganise osomaqhinga iqembu.

Isiqeshana esivela logbooks

Ngokusho kwabo, phakathi nohambo ogwini of East Africa, Zheng, Chazela yolimi lwanamuhla, olwandle isinyathelo buthule nangokuzithoba. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi abantu bakwamanye amazwe amancane abazange balilalele izinhloso zombusi zenzisa.

Ming BakwaHan: Umlando

Ukugcizelela Zhu Yuanzhang (lokuqala Chinese uMbusi) ngesikhathi 70-80. Ngenza ku ukuxoshwa sokugcina amaMongol besuka ezweni labo, ukucindezelwa yokuzama bekhalaza social phakathi abalimi Chinese ngokusebenzisa izinqubo ukufukulwa komnotho kanye nokuqinisa amandla akhe siqu. Izinkinga ezinjalo isixazululekile ngokwandisa ibutho, ukuqinisa yinye, ukusetshenziswa izindlela zamandla kakhulu, labo ababebanga ukuba ukunganeliseki kuzo zonke izingxenye sabantu.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo nokukhawulela amandla iziphathimandla zendawo uMbusi wancika nomndeni, kamuva owaba ababusi - Vans (isihloko) fiefdoms iqiniso lokuthi, ngokusho kwakhe, enokwethenjelwa kakhulu kukhona izingane nabazukulu bezifundo.

Vanstva kwaba ezweni lonke: mayelana azungeze benza umsebenzi ukuzivikela ekulweni nosongo kusukela ngaphandle, futhi phakathi nendawo wasebenza njengomfundisi nokulingana ukuze separatism futhi ukuvukelwa kombuso.

Ngo 1398, wafa-emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, okwathi ngemva kwalokho camarilla enkantolo, edlulele izindlalifa zalo oqondile, abasezihlalweni zobukhosi Zhu Yunvenya - omunye wabazukulu bakhe.

IBhodi Zhu Yunvenya

Waqale wabeka amehlo ohlelweni isiphetho adalwe kumkhulu wakhe. Lokhu kwaba imbangela nempi Tszinnan (1398 -. 1402 GG). I standoff saphela ukuthunjwa inhloko-dolobha yombuso umbusi Nanjing Beijing - eyizibulo Zhu Yuanzhang, Chzhu Di. It ngomlilo kanye nesitha sakhe.

Umbusi wesithathu Ming BakwaHan

Zhu Di baqhubeka Inqubomgomo uyise yinye isimo, ngesikhathi esifanayo yokwenqaba vanstv uhlelo ezikhona (e 1426 waba ukuyiveza kokuhlubuka kuka Vanir Angenelisekile). Yena ovinjezelwe E ukwazi futhi wasisekela ukubaluleka esigodlweni amasevisi imfihlo enqubeni nokubusa.

Lapho ekugcineni wanquma udaba maqondana enhlokodolobha Chinese, okuyinto babeba nethonya elikhulu kubantu isisindo zombusazwe waseNingizimu kanye North. Ngakho, IBamba yokugcina njengesizinda sombuso impucuko Chinese, ulahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwayo kule III - V eminyaka. esivuna lokuqala ngenxa kosongo imihambuma. Lezi izingxenye zezwe - abezindaba amasiko bahluke, mentalities: southerners - ngabandayo, angenandaba, futhi Northerners - eqinile, ezinzima, abe ngaphezulu isikhundla emphakathini - "Han-jen." Konke lokhu lusekelwa ulimi (dialectic) umehluko okhona.

Yuan kanye Suna oyikhethile base zezombusazwe of the North, kodwa Ming BakwaHan, ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-South. Lena yini eyabasiza ukuba bakwazi ukunqoba.

Ngo 1403 lo mbusi omusha ekhona Beypin (elihunyushwa ngokuthi "kudalwa laseNyakatho"), uqambe kabusha Beytszin ( "Northern Capital"). Ngakho kuze 1421, eChina imizi emibini dolobha - Imperial enyakatho uhulumeni ubushiqela eningizimu. Chzhu Di ngaleyo ndlela, lahlani ithonya eningizimu yena ngenkathi wayencisha ukuzimela ngokweqile ubushiqela eningizimu (Nanjing).

Ngo 1421 kwavela sokuhlanganiswa sokugcina dolobha eNorth. Kule ndaba, i-Ming BakwaHan uye walungiselela ngokwayo ngokusekelwa enyakatho labantu Chinese futhi kwaqinisa ukuzivikela wezwe.

Ababusi we Ming

Njengoba kubaluliwe phambilini, lokhu lwamakhosi wabusa China kusuka 1368 kuya eminyakeni 1644. Min esikhundleni-Mongolian Yuan e kwaba nesiteleka ethandwa. Sixteen bababusi lokhu lwamakhosi wabusa iminyaka lengema-276. Ukuze kube lula, ababusi babewabheka we Ming BakwaHan ahlelwe ethebuleni elingezansi.

Umphumela Abalimi 'Impi

It wayengadlali owabangela ukuwa Ming BakwaHan. Kuyaziwa ukuthi eyaziwa empini ongumlimi, ngokungafani kuvukela, hhayi kuphela kukhulu, kepha futhi kungathinta izingxenye ezahlukene sabantu. Kuyinto ethe xaxa, okuqhubekayo, kahle ohlelekile, enikezwa isiyalo ngenxa yokuba khona nokutholakala imibono eziqondisa isikhungo.

Kuyinto ukuqonda lo mcimbi kabanzi, ukuqonda ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani into efanayo kokuwa Ming BakwaHan.

Isigaba sokuqala sale ukunyakaza ongumlimi waqala ngo-1628 futhi yathatha iminyaka engu-11. 100+ izilonda kuhlulekile yokuhlanganisa, ngenxa okuyinto eziye zacindezelwa. Isigaba sesibili wangena 1641 futhi yathatha iminyaka engu-3 kuphela. Wabhekisa amabombo le united kumavukelambuso umkhuzi enekhono abakhulu Lee Tszychen. Uye ephethwe eziningi ezikhona squads kunezinxushunxushu ezivukayo akha ibutho ongumlimi, okuyinto kwahluka isiyalo, kwadingeka nohlelo olucacile kanye amaqhinga.

Lee wawanda ngokushesha ngaphansi kwesiqubulo esithi ethandwa phakathi uquqaba mayelana kokugumbuqelwa Ming lwamakhosi. Wakhuthaza ukulingana jikelele, wanika ayithembisayo ngokuqondene Ukugodla kwezintela ekupheleni kwempi.

Njengoba kwaziwa, ekuseni ka 26.04.1644 ku ukushaya insimbi owanibiza izikhonzi ukuza kuKesari Zhen Chun nezilaleli ngokuphelele kwavela muntu. Khona-ke wathi ukuthi lena ukuphela, nabasizi bakhe baqala baba nesilokozane. UMbusikazi Ngagcina nini waphendukela umyeni wakhe futhi ngamtshela ukuthi le iminyaka engu-18 yena yayizimisele kuye, kodwa akazange ukhathazwa ukumlalela, okwaholela ezinjalo. Ngemva kwalokho, iNdlovukazi elenga nebhande lakhe.

UMbusi kwakungasekho okunye, ukuthi ngobubhimbi ukubulala indodakazi nesancinza sakhe inkemba futhi hung yena phezu ibhande nakusolwa. Ukulandela imithetho yombusi, ngokuvumelana nesiko langalesosikhathi, odlule emhlabeni ngokukhulu ukudabukisa konke Isiphathamandla ayizinkulungwane ezingu-80.. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, uMbusi Omkhulu kwesokunxele inothi ucezu lwaso, sibhekiswe Lee Tszychenu. Kuyo ethi zonke izikhulu - amambuka, ngenxa okuyinto ifanelwe ukufa, kufanele abulawe nakanjani. UMbusi walungisiswa ngokuhamba kwakhe ekuphileni zokungazimiseli nakanjani kube sekugcineni, ukweyiswa kwezikhonzi zakhe. Ngemva kwamahora ambalwa izithunywa umhlaseli wasuka umzimba koMbusi emthini, bese wambeka esimweni lomngcwabo ukuthi uNkulunkulu wayehlose ukuba abantu abampofu.

Ithuna omkhulu Ming BakwaHan

Okuningi ngokunembile, ethuneni, njengoba endaweni yesikhumbuzo elidume amathuna bababusi nantathu we lwamakhosi. Tomb Ming kudlulela 40 sq. km. Itholakala cishe 50 km kusuka Beijing (enyakatho) esinqeni ezintabeni wasezulwini omkhulu kade. Ming Tomb kufakwe UNESCO. Abantu abaningi beze Beijing nje ukumbona.

isiphetho

IsiManchu ijoka esanda Qing BakwaHan, kungashiwo, kwathiwa onikezwe lizwe ngesikhathi European wobunxiwankulu ekuvukeleni owawulahla China ngu kakhulu ngendlela 268 eminyakeni yokujama tsi zezombusazwe kanye nezenhlalakahle phambi ezikhulayo bemisa amakoloni kwi ngxenye yeYurophu.

Amabili wemindeni ezinamandla kakhulu - yababusi futhi Qing. Kodwa umehluko phakathi kwabo kukhona ezinkulukazi: owokuqala zabonisa abantu ithuba ufake, indlela entsha lesichubekako, makangilandele ukhululeke futhi okunenjongo. Eyesibili abhubhisa konke sidalwe iminyaka eminingi emsebenzini, isimo benza reclusive.