Swedish koroleva Kristina: Biography, amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Biography of neNdlovukazi uChristina yaseSweden (1626-1689), ababebusa izwe kusukela 1644 kuya eminyakeni 1654, ubulokhu ihlala omunye kakhulu kukhulunywa ngawe osukwini lwethu. Abantu besikhathi abaningi nezazi-mlando walimisa njengesibonelo abe umbusi, abathandwa abantu, awusebenzi nokumfela phezu kwelathi nezindaba zomphakathi.

Koroleva Kristina Sweden - womunye wabesifazane zokuphila kwakhe okuyinto embuthanweni ebanzi ngokuzithandela abantu abazanayo, futhi mayelana nezinye akukho idatha ngqo. Ngenxa yalokho - amaqiniso amaningi biography wakhe ukuthola izibikezelo namahemuhemu.

Ukuzalwa kuka-Queen esizayo

Wazalelwa Ngokuzayo koroleva Kristina Sweden Disemba 18, 1626 (New Style). Abazali bakhe babe kuKesari Gustav Ii Adolf Brandenburg Princess Maria Eleonora, ngesikhathi ukhulelwe zonke izimpawu, odokotela okwaziwayo namuhla bese bakhomba kokuzalwa kwendodana yakhe - indlalifa esizayo okwakufanele abe inkosi. Same njengokungathi ngazwi linye, wathi abaningi nhlanhla, nabahlola imihlola, ungeniswe enkantolo.

Ngisho ngokushesha emva kokuzalwa yizikhonzi, uyambona umntwana osanda kuzalwa, wambamba umfana. Lapha iqala ngowokuqala bekhala encwadini yomlando wakhe ka Christina. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, isiphetho senziwa ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi ingane lalilikhulu kakhulu. Abanye bathi kubhekisela ngezwi elikhulu ngokungavamile, ukuthi wawubhekwa njengophawu uphawu impilo umfana sinamandla ngokungajwayelekile sika. imithombo Okwesithathu ibonisa ukuthi ingane izalwe kunothile izinwele, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi ngokuhunyushwa esivuna besilisa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, kodwa iNkosi uGustav watshelwa ngokuzalwa indlalifa nalo mfana, yena ngiphuphe inkosikazi.

Lapho kuba ukusula ubulili wangempela wengane, inkosi ngokuqapha kuthiwe ngemva zonke ntombazane wazalelwa. Kodwa naphezu kwazo zonke ukwesaba, le nkosi wayisa izindaba ngendlela enomusa, futhi lapho ngiqala ukubona indodakazi, kusho ukuthi uma ayenakho ngesikhathi sokuzalwa ukukhohliswa lonke ezigodlo, bese esikhathini esizayo kuyadingeka ulinde izinto ezinkulu.

Iminyaka yokuqala yokuphila

Swedish koroleva Kristina, biography olwaqala ewubuciko kangaka, eyindodakazi omunye mithi abafundile isikhathi sakhe esiningi. Wakhulisa ingane ngokuhambisana ukubukwa yakhe yini okufanele ongumbusi wangempela. Kwaba esikhundleni sakhe yesihlalo sobukhosi Gustaf wazibona, lokho watshela izikhulu zakhe, izifundo - uma ngeke babe izindlalifa wesilisa, kuba yindlovukazi Christina. AbaseSweden bazithoba kuye, lapho uChristina wayenguFakazi ngonyaka owodwa kuphela.

imfundo kokuqala wasebenza mathupha Gustav, okuyinto Queen Maria Eleonora, okuyinto kakhulu indodana elindelwe, lokho kwakumane siyojabula. Lapha kulandela biography yokungaqiniseki livela. Ngiseyingane, koroleva Kristina Sweden wathola ukulimala eziningana, ngenxa iyiphi amahlombe kunolunye, futhi uhamba eboniswa Limp lubonakale.

Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, lokhu kwaba iphutha Queen, ngubani azinakwa kahle ingane namanje engakathenjiswa umshado emfundweni amantombazane yinkosi ... Enye inguqulo ithi ukuthi lokhu kwaba nomthelela Uyise, ngubani yayiphethe Christina njalo naye, kodwa ungalokothi ikhokhwe ukunakekela kuphi kanjani ingane ukuthi uma kungenzeka siwe, kuphumele ukulimala wahlala uncured futhi washiya uphawu lokuphila.

Ebuntwaneni futhi izifundo of the Queen

Umlando ngokuvamile siqukethe izingozi - inzalo kungenzeka ukuthi leli gama, njengoba neNdlovukazi uChristina yaseSweden. Biography amantombazane wokuqala wenza esejika emva kokufa kukayise wakhe - e 1832 Gustav Kushone omunye izimpi iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu, futhi hhayi enikeza isimo indlalifa besilisa. Queen Maria Eleonora wayengalokothi unesithakazelo ezindabeni zomphakathi, ngakho-Swedish iSigele wafuna ngazwi linye ukuba ngenze intando kayise Christina futhi intombazane waqinisekisa inhloko yoMbuso, elibusayo ukuthi ngaphambi ekuvuthweni kuyoba ibamba Graf Aksel Oksinshtern. Njengoba umeluleki, wayengumuntu ngoba Christina isibonelo kuzo zonke izinto, lukhulu Queen abasha athola imfundo enhle.

Kuyinto indodakazi uyakufanelekela kayise, indlalifa kancane yesihlalo sobukhosi kusukela ebuntwaneni ababephila ngesikhathi amazed kalula ngalo ukuthola ulwazi olusha. Izilimi zakwamanye amazwe, yobuciko, isayensi nomlando - konke unikezwa intombazane kalula. Kakade engu-12 wayengasizwa khuluma inkulumo evuthayo ngesiLatini, futhi ngesayensi yemvelo asebenzelana ngayo yena Rene Dekart, owathi IsiSwidi koroleva Kristina - umfundi wakhe engcono, futhi bahlala naye kwaze kwaba yilapho eshona.

Ukufa usosayensi omkhulu usezuze amahemuhemu. Le nguqulo olusemthethweni ukuthi wabulawa i-pneumonia ngenxa ezinzima sezulu enyakatho, kodwa kukhona kokuqagela ukuthi wadliswa ushevu, njengoba abanye yizikhonzi esatshwe ithonya lakhe yindlovukazi entsha.

Uhlamvu wombusi

Ukuze uthole abantu besikhathi wawubona ulwazi olujulile izilimi zakwamanye amazwe, umlando, ezombusazwe, umfundi esikoleni sokuqeqeshelwa kudinga ukugxilisa ingqondo ezithile, ukuzinikezela uthando lweqiniso ukuze inqubo yokufunda izinto ezintsha. Zonke lezi zimfanelo babe Christina luningi, kodwa ngaphandle nengqondo ekhaliphile, intombazane wakhulela kwesinye futhi batshala izizukulwane eziningi umgogodla lunegazi lasebukhosini, bezibona ezibucayi engokoqobo futhi ilungelo ukwenza njengoba nje yena ebona kufaneleka khona. Ubaba okuthiwa ngaye kuphela ngokuthi "inkosi" (esikhundleni "The Queen"). Ngesikhathi le ntombazane ekhula, bese uyishintshe kanye isinqumo ozokwazi ukufika kuphela uma uqine kakhulu.

A okuvelayo kwi ukwakheka uChristine emhlabeni bebengasebenzisa ajwayelane biography of U-Elizabeth I - Queen of eNgilandi nase-Ireland ngo-eminyakeni 1558-1603, okwakuwuphawu engumxhasi wezobuciko nesayensi futhi lakhunjulwa ngesinqumo balo ukuthi umthwalo bebodwa kanye nezifungo, futhi noma yini kwaba namadoda. Njengoba empeleni, akekho owaziyo, kodwa ngokomthetho, kokubili Queen zazingakaze sokushada futhi siye uyasala izingane.

Regent yaseSweden, igrafu Oksishtern kusukela zisencane waqala ukulungiselela for ukubusa Christina sobukhosi, ukuxhumana nalo ngezihloko yomphakathi. The Queen esizayo kakhulu wabonisa isithakazelo esibukhali kulezi nezindaba, futhi izincwadi zalo, singaphetha ngokuthi udaba isivele ababeyazi kahle imibhalo eyanele engu-nambili.

Ukuqala wokubusa

Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba wokugcotshwa koroleva Kristina Sweden iqhaza empilweni isimo. Siyabonga amakhono okungavamile, kakade nge engu-16 imvume yakhe emhlanganweni iSigele, lapho ngokuvamile bukhicite furor Emazwini akhe, imicabango yabantu nokubukwa inqubomgomo angaphandle kanye ezifuywayo.

Lapho 1644 eseneminyaka engu-18, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngaphambi wokugcotshwa esisemthethweni kuzodingeka silinde eminyakeni embalwa more, Umkhandlu Wezigele uthi abantu yobudala esemthethweni Christina, futhi de empeleni waba iba ukuphela kombusi umbuso.

Ukuza amandla cishe akuzange kushintshe ajenda, okuyinto banamathela koroleva Kristina Sweden - amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngokuphila, babegcina ezisohlwini Umlando wabantu ababephila, bathi, isibonelo, ukuthi laphaphama 5 ekuseni futhi ngokuvamile yafuna okufanayo kumfundisi wakhe - Rene Dekarta. isikhathi Siqu lalihlukene phakathi, kukhona nezindaba zomphakathi begodu ukudlula lapho self-ukuthuthukiswa, kanye nendlovukazi abasha ngokuvamile musa unake le mihlangano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvamile egqoka izingubo zamadoda, becabanga ukuthi ngokunethezeka. Abaculi ungase ukupenda yimuphi izingubo, kodwa uma paparazzi owawukhona ngesikhathi lapho eseneminyaka IsiSwidi koroleva Kristina, isithombe kungenzeka wasithatha kahle kuye ingubo inki amabala, okuyinto owawuqondene evamile umbusi.

Ukunqatshwa umshado

Sengibuyele ubudala, ekhumbula ekufeni kungakabi yisikhathi ka Gustav weNyuvesi, Umkhandlu Wezigele uhlongoza umbusi akhe ukuba ashade, ukunikeza isimo yindlalifa. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi lokhu ingenye imisebenzi ilungu lokugcina lwamakhosi ebusayo Vasa, owayeneminyaka Christina, Queen yaseSweden. Ngekhulu le-17 kwaba olandelanayo kule ndaba, kodwa naphezu konke, like Thixo wakhe, u-Elizabeth I, Christina wamemezela ukuthi ngeke nanini ishade futhi ibe nabantwana. Lesi sinqumo kwaba njengendlela ukushaqeka wonke Sweden - kusukela abavamile ukuba kwamadoda asebukhosini, engasafuni ukudluliswa kwamandla ezandleni "okungalungile". Kwenziwa imizamo ukushintsha umbono we-Queen - Riksdag wayebheke suitors wakhe, njalo iye yalenqaba. Omunye amaqembu ababehamba ngezindiza babonakala ukuba zonke ephelele - umzala of the Queen sika Carl-Gustav, ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhulu kwamiswa (Yiqiniso, hhayi eziyisikhombisa, njengoba yena Christina, kodwa izilimi ezintathu zakwamanye amazwe wayazi), ebukeka futhi wa ngaphakathi thanda nga uChristine ngemva kokuhlangana kwabo . Nokho, umphumela, kwaba zisesenjalo - ukushiya indlovukazi yenqaba ukuba ungashada, kodwa wacela ukusithatha ukuze abe indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi ngemva kwakhe.

I lover Carl-Gustav, ngaleso sikhathi wayeneminyaka engu-27 ubudala, wenqaba, ethi akadingi umqhele Swedish isandla indlovukazi.

Phakathi nokubusa

Ukudlulisela phambili Prince kusukela ecabangela ukushada, okuyinto waphikelela futhi Riksdag UCristina ithumela uKarl-Gustav eJalimane, lapho afike achitha khona iminyaka engu-3 njengoba Umkhuzi kwezinhloko zamaviyo Swedish. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, ukuhlukana eside yayingakuthinti imizwa yakhe - isikhulu nesasingameseki phansi aqhubeka ukufuna njalo umshado. Indlovukazi, wona, futhi akuzange kushintshe umbono - kwaba ngokulandelana - ngokushesha wayenomkhuba imibhalo iSigele ukuthi Carl-Gustav waqokwa owalandela okwakufanele abe inkosi.

Ukuziphindiselela emizweni yabo, isikhulu kwesokunxele inkantolo, waya esiqhingini Öland, okuyinto uthembise ulinde umzala wami ngeke kushintshe salo sengqondo sokungafuni kuso. Kudingeke ukuba ulinde impela isikhathi eside, njengoba IsiSwidi koroleva Kristina sakhe ngisho wacabanga - Kwaqale amuncwa amalungiselelo wokugcotshwa (labetibambile ngo-1650), bese indlovukazi abasha wathatha imisebenzi.

Inqubomgomo angaphandle UCristina ngokuyinhloko imakwe ekupheleni iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu, zabulala uyise. Kule ndaba, sekuyinto a okuphambene akuhambisani ngenhlonipho kumfundisi wakhe Earl Oksishternu isikhundla, owayekholelwa ukuthi ukuqhubeka impi Sweden ezuzisayo. Ngokuphambene ke, indlovukazi ithumela ukuthula Congress German nommeleli wayo, kanye dweba thula vumelwane sasayinwa. Kulokhu, izazi-mlando nabantu bangesikhathi uyavuma ukuthi izimo zawo ingahluphi ngokungavamile Sweden - ngaphandle kokuthi wakhe wahlala ezindaweni ehlasela (West Pomerania, Bremen, Verden, uMuzi Wismar), e-isivumelwano sokuthula yabhalwa ukuthola i lokumiswa e inani talers 5 million.

Ngaphezu ukulawula imisebenzi yezempi, Christina nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni isiko - uma Kwathi isikhathi legolide abaculi.

Ukunqaba sobukhosi

Ngo-1654 kwaba khona umcimbi engakaze ibonwe - Juni 6 emhlanganweni we-Riksdag, IsiSwidi koroleva Kristina ikusho abdication emnandi. Uthi akafuni ukuhola isimo ukuphila futhi uqala on uhambo ukubona emazweni akude, futhi esikhundleni sakhe, njengoba kulindeleke, washiya umzala yenkosi, Karl Gustav.

Ngokwazi konke wathi lokho kwakuyiqiniso, futhi manje singaba kuphela ukuqagela, kodwa ubufakazi engaqondile kusikisela ukuthi akuyona yonke into kwaba bushelelezi ngakho, njengoba kuchazwe version esemthethweni. owalandela yesihlalo sobukhosi waba "esimisiwe 'eside ngaphambi abdication, ngaphezu, ngokumdlinzekela ngokushesha wokugcotshwa umbusi omusha owawuse (Carl-Gustaf seyaziwa ngokuthi Korol Karlom X) - lo mcimbi ngosuku olufanayo njengoba kwalokho ehhovisi lukaChristine.

Konke lokhu kusikisela ukuthi Riksdag acindezele indlovukazi, ngokuzama ukuphoqelela yakhe ukuba ishade futhi ubelethe ingakabi nayo indlalifa, kodwa ngo-akhawunti amaningi, Indima nomama UCristina cishe Panic kugwenywe konke ukuphila kwakhe. Kungenzeka ukuthi uma umbuzo wafakwa ngembaba - ukushada noma ukukhishwa kwesihlalo sobukhosi, ngakho Christina ithole indlela yesithathu, ngoba emva komshado, uCarl bekusayoba ukubusa, yena naye yaphenduka inkosikazi nomama omuhle. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uma akusebenzanga ne izingane, bese uvule micimbi bonke ... By endleleni, into efana nalokho okwenzekile - inkosi entsha, naphezu "uthando" lakhe Christina, uma indlalifa lizwe cishe ngokushesha, futhi okubaluleke - ngesikhathi, ngoba Ngamuthi abandayo futhi wafa ngemva kweminyaka engu-5. Nalapha futhi, ingane iba inkosi (manje ezine), futhi kufika yobudala eqinisweni lizwe libuswa Riksdag.

Ukuphila okusha phesheya

Elase-Italy laba yizwe lokuqala, lapho ayehlala khona ngemva abdication we manje wangaphambili Swedish koroleva uKristina. Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo of biography yakhe wayengenaye ekupheleni ukwehluleka amandla, futhi impilo entsha i lady ome njengeqanda kwaqala inguquko enkolweni yobuKatolika (ikhumbula amasiko sikhathi, kwaba umcimbi ezinkulu okuningi kuka uhambo Italy uqobo ngamahhashi egqoke njengoba indoda). Ngenxa nkolo entsha, Christina (endleleni, ngemva kobhapathizo entsha, ethola igama Agasti) e-Italy samukelwa kahle uPapa yena, kodwa emva kwesikhashana "kubuza" Mkhipheni lizwe, njengoba indlovukazi wangaphambili saziwa ngokuthi i-nihilist okweqile - wahlala, ababunaki nanoma yimiphi imithetho wamisa Roma ngokumelene naye.

Izwe esilandelayo lapho ukuthumela Kristina, France khona njalo ukuziphatha okuxekethile. Lapha, ababekade Queen nalo udumo ngaphezu ngendlela engenangqondo - izinguquko njalo abathandi, izibopho eduze nabanye abesifazane, nokubulala (kodwa hhayi ngezandla zakhe, futhi ngemva eduze). Nokho, ne yokugcina njengoba kucaca - Ngisho nangalezo zinsuku, indlovukazi wangaphambili ayenelungelo lokuqhubeka isigwebo enkantolo futhi ukuxolelwa kwezikhonzi zakhe, ngakho konke iye wahlela njengoba ekuphoqelelweni umusho (ngisho ukuthola ubufakazi bokuthi kwenziwa ezinye uphenyo). Kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi - Marquis of Monaldeschi, ngokuvumelana amahemuhemu, umuntu othanda yangaphambili UChristine, oneminyaka engu agwazwe izinkemba, labuyela e-Italy.

Ukuzama bazithole sobukhosi futhi eminyakeni yokugcina

Ngo-1660, wayesefa owalandela indlovukazi wangaphambili - Charles X, eshiya indodana abasha. Nalapha futhi, ungacabanga mayelana nezizathu nokunqatshelwa Christina, livela esihlalweni sobukhosi, ngemva kokuzwa izindaba ezivela ezweni labo, wayihlukumeza kakhulu masinyane uya ezweni lakubo, lapho izimfuno ukubuyela esihlalweni sayo sobukhosi. Kodwa Riksdag enqaba, kusukela manje Christina Augusta kungenye inkolo, futhi indlalifa Sweden manje, futhi unjalo (njengoba inkosikazi endala udaba akunakwenzeka ukuba isinqumo).

Ngemva ukukhuza isiGele yangaphambili neNdlovukazi uChristina yaseSweden (1626-1689) eminyakeni yokugcina okwenzeka e-Italy, futhi ngempela ethule. Kuyinto kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe, yena ukubukelwa abaculi, izimbongi futhi abaculi. Christina wafa Awugustu Apreli 19, 1689 futhi waba ngomunye wabesifazane ezintathu wangcwatshwa Basilica ERoma St kaPetru.