"Doctor Zhivago": umlando indalo. UBoris Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago": isifinyezo

Ezinyangeni lokugcina impi, uBoris Pasternak lwaluvame ababemenyelwe eMoscow University, Polytechnic Museum kanye House of Ososayensi, lapho efunda esidlangalaleni izinkondlo zakhe. Ngakho-ke, wayenethemba lokuthi uma amaJuda yokunqoba nomthelela obalulekile isimo sezombangazwe. Kodwa nokudumazeka kwakhe okunzima esitolo: ekuhlaseleni abaholi Abalobi Union kwaqhubeka. Wayengeke ukuthethelela ukuthandwa okwandayo phakathi abafundi angaphandle.

Uma usuqala ku-inoveli

Umqondo inoveli "Udokotela Zhivago", umlando olwaqala ekuqaleni yezindlela zokudala Pasternak, eside kwakheka umqondo imbongi. Kodwa ekwindla ka-1945, ndawonye zonke izithombe, imicabango, buviyoviyo, waqaphela ukuthi wayesekulungele ukuqala umsebenzi umkhiqizo. Futhi ngesakhiwo sekukhona ngokucace kangaka umugqa owodwa, ukuthi imbongi Kwethenjwa ukuthi ngokubhala inoveli uyothatha izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela.

Singasho ukuthi ngo-February 1946 limelela kuqale umsebenzi zokuthumela Pasternak. Phela, uma kwalotshwa le nkondlo "Hamlet", uvula Esahlukweni sokugcina "Doctor Zhivago."

Isahluko sokuqala wayekulungele ngo-August. Walifunda abangane bakhe abaseduze. Kodwa Agasti 14 eshicilelwe "kakhulu" Isinqumo leKomiti Central we CPSU (b) "Inkanyezi" Umagazini futhi "Leningrad". Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ongesona isihlobo ngqo Pasternak ke kwadingeka (kwakuthinta isiphetho Anna Akhmatova futhi Zoshchenko), lesi sehlakalo kuye kwavula esiyindilinga entsha yokulwa "ideologically alien" abalobi. Okuningi isimo sakhe kwabhebhethekiswa lapho amahemuhemu mayelana lokuphakamisa okungenzeka candidacy Pasternak analo uMklomelo KaNobel.

Sebenza esahlukweni sokuqala

Nokho, umlobi abayekanga umsebenzi. Le noveli "Doctor Zhivago" Pasternak is ngakho wathumba ukuthi ekupheleni kukaDisemba, kwezahluko ezingaphezu ezimbili zaphela. Igama lokuqala amabili aye kabusha ku ikhophi ohlanzekile, okusenza amashidi abangu crosslinked encwadini.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi igama original kwakuhlukile :. "Abafana Namantombazane" eyaziwa Ngakho umbhali okukhulunywe umsebenzi wakhe kusaqalwa yentuthuko. Kwakungekhona kuphela nencazelo yesithombe zomlando Russia engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu XX, kodwa futhi ukubonakaliswa imicabango yabantu subjective ku indawo Pasternak yomuntu kwi-ukuthuthukiswa emhlabeni, ubuciko kanye nezombusazwe, nokunye. D.

Futhi ngo-1946 imbongi wahlangana nowesifazane owayekhathazeke uthando lwakhe yakamuva. Kwaba Olga Ivinskaya. Ekuqaleni uthando, wakhonza njengephayona uNobhala. Hedges ayenensada phakathi. Le nhlekelele esidlule futhi izimo ekuphileni kwamanje. Ivinskaya umyeni kuqala wazibulala, wesibili, futhi, ufile. A Pasternak ngesikhathi Kwase kungokwesibili washada, waba nezingane.

Uthando lwabo kwaba kumnyama noma kubomvu. Kaningi Babelana phakade, kepha ngiyakuphila ngaphandle wehluleka. Pasternak yena wavuma ukuthi kwaba Olga izici uye etshaliwe esithombeni Heroine noveli - Lara Guichard.

ikhefu

isimo sezimali Complicated buye baphoqa Pasternak uphazamise umsebenzi noveli "Doctor Zhivago". Umlando sokudalwa uqhubekile ngonyaka olandelayo, 1948. Futhi yonke 1947 saqale sahunyushwa ngokuthi imbongi, ngoba kwakudingeka ondle yena kuphela, kodwa yathinta nayo yonke labo unakekela umuntu ngokuzithandela nawo emahlombe abo. Lo mndeni siqu, noNina Tabidze (unkosikazi becindezela imbongi Georgian), U-Ariadne kanye Anastasiya Tsvetaevy (indodakazi, udadewabo imbongi), nomfelokazi Andrei Bely, futhi ekugcineni izingane Olga Ivinskaya.

Ehlobo lika-1948 laqedwa isahluko sesine noveli. Ngesikhathi esifanayo umbhali unikezwa igama yokugcina umkhiqizo: ". Doctor Zhivago" Okuqukethwe engxenyeni kakade olwakhiwe, futhi, banelungelo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, futhi kulandelwe kwekhefu elide. Yena waba ezihlobene, kuqala, nge Olga Ivinskaya ukuboshwa lapho Pasternak sola yena. Okwesibili, ne ukucindezelwa elikhulayo kuye.

Waqeda isahluko lwesikhombisa kuphela entwasahlobo ka-1952. Ekwindla lanyatheliswa ngaphandle izilungiso. Yaphela kanjalo-ke umsebenzi Incwadi yokuqala "Doctor Zhivago" inoveli. Ibhalwe ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa wahlupheka isilethikusebenza, iye esibhedlela esibhedlela izinyanga ezingaphezu kuka ezimbili. Lapho, njengoba zisesimweni esibucayi, yahlatshwa abasondelana noMdali. Lo muzwa abathintekayo kwemizwa yakhe ngaphambi kwemisebenzi yamandulo.

Ngemva kokufa kukaStalin futhi Beria abulawe kwakukhona imvuselelo obonakalayo we ukuphila etemibhalo. Yebo, futhi uBoris Pasternak perk, ikakhulukazi kusukela ngo-Olga Ivinskaya wabuya emakamu. Ngo-1954 wakhipha umqulu izinkondlo eziyishumi noveli sidle.

Ukugcwaliswa "Doctor Zhivago"

Ekwindla ka-1954, Pasternak futhi Ivinskaya kuvuselelwe ubuhlobo. Summer 1955 Olga eyayiqhutshelwa eduze Peredelkino. Kukhona ngakho baqasha cottage for wakhe. Wayengeke ngempela ushiye umndeni wakhe. Bahlushwe umuzwa wecala babulawa kumkayo, wayephila ukuphila okumbaxa-mbili. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, u-Olga cishe ngokuphelele wahlanganyela imali, isihloko kanye ukushicilela imisebenzi Pasternak. Manje njengoba BL benesikhathi esiningi ngobuciko. Ngo-July, wayesenza umsebenzi kakade i isiphetho sendaba. Ukuqedela Kwenziwa ekupheleni 1955.

I okunye isiphetho inoveli

Enethemba lokukhululwa kwezinsizakalo zengqondo, Pasternak inikeza wesandla noveli ngesikhathi esifanayo laba bamemezeli ababili. Yazi Boris Leonidovich wanika wesandla umsakazo umlobeli, isiNtaliyane Sergio D'Angelo, owayeyilungu itoho ejenti etemibhalo umshicileli Giangiacomo Feltrinelli. Cishe, ngakho leli qiniso wayaziwa. Wathunyelelwa izindaba olulindelekile publisher Italian ababenikele ukushicilela noveli. Pasternak Savuma, kodwa wayeqiniseka ukuthi ezweni lakubo ngokushesha ukushicilela umsebenzi wakhe ( "Doctor Zhivago"). Umlando noveli ezithakazelisayo ngakho, igcwele esonta kanye ematfuba. Akekho omagazini akazange ukumphendula, futhi ngo-September Pasternak wathola ayenqaba esisemthethweni yendlu ukushicilela "INguqulo Yezwe Elisha."

Imbongi akazange adikile namanje bakholwa impumelelo kule noveli ekhaya. Ngempela, Goslitizdat wamukela ukushicilelwa noveli "Doctor Zhivago". Kodwa umcimbi ngokwayo esalibele ngenxa kwentelwa kutsi letichibiyelo eziningi nabahleli nokuquleka. Kungazelelwe, amavesi ambalwa zahluko ezimbili zika "Doctor Zhivago" eshicilelwe Opinie Umagazini wasePoland. Lokhu kwakuyisiqalo nehlazo. On Pasternak ochotshoziwe, uphoqeleka ukuba ahoxe umbhalo wesandla kusukela Feltrinelli. Boris Leonidovich ithumele yocingo umshicileli isiNtaliyane, lapho kudingeka khona ukubuyela umbhalo kule noveli. Nokho, ngemva ngemuva Writers 'Union Pasternak kanyekanye ezithwala Feltrinelli ku ukushicilelwa noveli "Doctor Zhivago". Umbhali wanika ikhanda embhalweni wokuqala.

Ngisho bekhuluma abakhulu engumshushisi Pasternak, A. Surkov, ne-Italian awushintshanga isinqumo ukushicilela noveli. Futhi kwamanye amazwe silungiselela kakade ukukhulula amakhophi okuqala umsebenzi.

ukuphendula lwaseNtshonalanga noveli "Doctor Zhivago". Umlando sokudalwa yaphela siyinhlekelele

baxgeki Western basabela resonant ngakho, ukuthi Pasternak futhi wayefuna ukubeka phambili uMklomelo KaNobel. Umbhali wakhuthazeka kakhulu nge ukunakwa abafundi angaphandle kanye ngenjabulo bazamukela izincwadi okuvela emhlabeni wonke. Okthoba 23, 1958, wathola incwadi yocingo enalo izindaba umklomelo we umklomelo kaNobel futhi isimemo intshumayelo yakhe.

Kuyacaca ukuthi Writers 'Union sasimelene uhambo, futhi Pasternak isiyalelo ngqo nginqabe umklomelo. Pasternak lalingasamukeli lesi ugwayi katiki, futhi ngenxa yalokho, waxoshwa ubulungu we-Union of Soviet Abalobi.

Umugqa wokugcina

Boris Leonidovich kwase igugile ngokwengqondo alethwe iphuzu lokuthi namanje yaguquka, unqabile indondo. Kodwa lokhu akuzange inciphise ithala izitatimende ngolaka kuye. Imbongi wayazi ukuthi lokhu scandal aphenduke kwaba nemiphumela emibi nakakhulu ngaye. Wahlupheka kakhulu. Imizwa oba nayo ngemva wazwakalisa kwelinye izinkondlo zakhe zokugcina. Lokhu inkondlo kwaba impendulo zonke ukuhlaselwa nokuxoxisana uthukuthele. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo imigqa zokucina ukhulume futhi mayelana ngabanye: ikhefu nge Olga, ngoba yena ayekulangazelela.

Ngokushesha Pasternak ngamelwa yinhliziyo. Futhi kamuva amasonto amathathu, May 30, 1960, uBoris Leonidovich wafa.

Life kanye Ukudalelwa Pasternak ingenye ethakazelisa kunazo emlandweni izincwadi zethu, nge inhlekelele yalo futhi ubuqhawe.

UBoris Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago": isifinyezo

Le noveli uchaza izenzakalo zeminyaka 1903-1929. I protagonist kuyinto udokotela. Lona umuntu ukubukwa okudala kakhulu futhi uhlamvu ezithakazelisayo. Nezinkinga zokuphila wamthinta esemncane, lapho kuqala uyise washiya umndeni, kamuva wazibulala, futhi lapho ngineminyaka engu-11, walahlekelwa unina. Yena, eqinisweni, yilokho Dr. Zhivago. Yuri Zhivago wahlala hhayi eside kakhulu, kodwa ocebile kakhulu ekuphileni. Ukuphila kwakhe kwakuthakazelisa nabesifazane abambalwa, kodwa uthando eyodwa kuphela. Igama lakhe kwakungu Lara Guichard. Ukudalelwa wamnika isikhathi esincane ukuba ndawonye. sikhathi esinzima, izibopho kwabanye abantu, izimo zokuphila - konke sasimelene uthando lwabo. Yuri wafa ngo-1929, ngemuva kokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo. Kodwa kamuva uthola ukuqoshwa yakhe stepbrother netinkondlo ezakha ingxenye yokugcina kule noveli.

Emgqeni esiqintini inoveli ithonywe kakhulu yokuthi kunzima kangakanani ukubhala umsebenzi wakhe, uBoris Pasternak. "Doctor Zhivago", sifinyeto okungadingi ukuqedela umuzwa lo msebenzi omkhulu ka, afudumele kakhulu, kwenza kwaba nomfutho omkhulu eNtshonalanga nokunye ngonya aliwa eSoviet Union. Ngakho-ke, zonke Russian kufanele ufunde le noveli emangalisayo, futhi uzizwa umoya wabantu Russian.