John Keynes. "Umbono jikelele wokuqashwa, inzalo nemali"

Ngo-1936 incwadi kaJohnnesnes The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money yashicilelwa. Umlobi wachaza ngendlela yakhe indlela eyaziwa ngayo mayelana nokuzilawula komnotho wemakethe.

Isimiso sombuso siyadingeka

I-Keynes ithi: "Umnotho wemakethe awunayo indlela yokuhlinzekwa kwemvelo yemisebenzi egcwele nokuvimbela ukuwa ekukhiqizeni, kodwa umbuso ubophezelekile ukulawula umsebenzi nokufuna okubanzi.

Isici esikhethekile sale mbono kwakuwukuhlaziywa kwezinkinga ezivame ukusetshenziswa komnotho wonke-ngasese, ukutshalwa kwezimali, izindleko zombuso, okungukuthi, izici ezithinta ukuphumelela kwesidingo esikhulu.

Phakathi nekhulu lama-20, indlela ye-Keynesian yayisetshenziswa yizifunda eziningi zaseYurophu ukuba zilungise izinqubomgomo zabo zezomnotho. Umphumela waba ukusheshiswa kokukhula komnotho. Ngenkinga yama-70-80-ies. Ithiyori ye-Keynesiya yagxeka, futhi okuthandwayo kwanikezwa emibonweni engaphendukiyo eyaziwa ngokuthi isimiso sokungahambisani nalokho komnotho emnothweni.

Umlando Wemlando

Incwadi ye-Keynes yabonisa ukuqala "kwe-Keynesianism," imfundiso eyabangela umnotho weWest ukuba uphume kanzima, echaza izizathu zokunciphisa ukukhiqizwa ngawo-1930 nokuveza izindlela zokukuvimbela esikhathini esizayo.

UJohn Keynes, unobhala wezokwelapha, wayekade engumsebenzi woMnyango wezaseNdiya, ezeMali nezeMali, futhi wakhonza eMnyango Wezezimali. Lokhu kwamsiza ukuba aphinde acabangele inkolelo ye-neoclassical yezomnotho futhi adale izisekelo zenye entsha.

Iqiniso lokuthi uJohn Keynes no- Alfred Marshall , umsunguli we-neoclassical theory, bawela eCambridge Royal College nabo bakhuluma. I-Keynes - njengomfundi, noMarshall - njengengxenye yothisha owazisa amakhono omfundi wakhe.

Emisebenzini yakhe i-Keynes igunyaza umthethonqubo wombuso womnotho.

Ngaphambi kwalokho, inkolelo yezezomnotho yayisombulule izinkinga zezomnotho ngezinqubo ezincane ze-microeconomic. Ukuhlaziywa kwalinganiselwe ekubambeni kwebhizinisi, kanye nemisebenzi yalo ukunciphisa izindleko nokwandisa inzuzo. I-Keynes's theory igcizelele ukulawulwa komnotho wonke, okusho ukuhlanganyela kombuso emnothweni kazwelonke.

Indlela entsha yokunqoba izinkinga

Ekuqaleni komsebenzi J. Keynes ugxekeza iziphetho nezimpikiswano zemiqondo yamanje, esekelwe emthethweni wemakethe. Umthetho uqukethe ukudayiswa ngumkhiqizi wezimpahla zakhe ukuthengwa kwesinye. Umdayisi uphenduka waba umthengi, ukunikezwa kudala isidingo, futhi lokhu kwenza ukukhiqiza ngokweqile kungenzeki. Mhlawumbe nje masinyane wachitha ngokweqile ukuthengiswa kwezimpahla kwezinye imikhakha. UJ. Keynes ubonisa ukuthi, ngaphezu kokuthengiselana kwempahla, kukhona ukushintshaniswa kwemali. Ukulondoloza kugcwalisa umsebenzi wokuqoqa, ukunciphisa ukufunwa futhi kuholele ekukhiqizeni okuningi kwezimpahla.

Ngokuphambene nabomnotho ababheka ukuthi inkinga yokufuna ayibaluleki futhi ikwazi ukuzibophezela, i-Keynes yenza kube yisisekelo esiyinhloko sokuhlaziywa kwezomnotho. Inkolelo ye-Keynes ithi: isidingo sincike ngokuqondile emisebenzini.

Umsebenzi

Izinkolelo zeDoque zithathwa njengokuntuleka kwemisebenzi ngamafomu amabili: ukuxabana - umphumela wabasebenzi abangafundile mayelana nokuba khona kwemisebenzi, ukungabi nesifiso sokuthutha, nokuzithandela - umphumela wokuntuleka kokusebenza komkhiqizo ohambelana nomsebenzi wokukhokha lapho "imithwalo" yomsebenzi idlula umholo. I-Keynes ifaka igama elithi "ukungasebenzi kwempoqo".

Ngokombono we-neoclassical, ukungasebenzi kuncike ekukhiqizeni okuncane komsebenzi, kanye "nomthwalo" ophansi, okuhambisana nomholo obeka umsebenzi wokunikezwa umsebenzi. Uma abafakizicelo bevumelana nomholo ophansi, umsebenzi uzoqhubeka. Umphumela walokhu ukuxhomeka kokuqashwa kwabasebenzi.

Yimiphi imibono kule ndaba kaJohn Maynard Keynes? Imfundiso yakhe iyaphika lokhu. Ukuqashwa komsebenzi akuxhomekile, kunqunywe ushintsho ekudingeni okusebenzayo, okulingana nokusetshenziswa okuzayo nokutshalwa kwezimali. Ukufunwa kuthinteka ngenzuzo elindelekile. Ngamanye amazwi, inkinga yokungasebenzi ihlobene nokuhweba kanye nezinhloso zayo.

Ukungasebenzi kanye nesidingo

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ukungasebenzi emsebenzini e-United States kwafinyelela ku-25%. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani inkolelo yezomnotho kaJohn Keynes ifaka phakathi nendawo. I-Keynes iveza ukufana okuphakathi komsebenzi kanye nenkinga yesidingo esikhulu.

Izinga lemali engenayo lithatha ukusetshenziswa. Ukusetshenziswa okwanele kubangela ukwehla emsebenzini. UJohn Keynes uchaza lokhu ngokuthi "umthetho wengqondo": ukukhula kwemali kuholela ekwandeni kokusetshenziswa ngokuhlanganyela kokukhula kwawo. Enye ingxenye iqoqa. Ukwenyuka kweholo kunciphisa amandla okudla, futhi ukuqoqwa - kwanda.

Isilinganiso sokukhula komsebenzi dC ne-dS ukonga ukwandisa kwimali engenayo D Keynes ubiza isifiso esincane sokudla nokuqoqa:

• I-MPC = dC / dY;
• I-MPS = dS / dY.

Ukunciphisa ukufunwa kwabathengi kubanjwe ukwanda kwezimfuno zokutshala izimali. Uma kungenjalo, umsebenzi kanye nesilinganiso sokukhula kwenzuzo kazwelonke yehla.

Izimali

Ukukhula kwezimali zokutshalwa kwemali kuyisizathu esiyinhloko sokwenza okusemandleni, ukunciphisa ukungasebenzi nokukhulisa imali yomphakathi. Ngakho-ke, inani elikhulayo lokulondoloza kufanele lihlawuliswe ngokuphakama kwesidingo sokutshala izimali.

Ukuze uqinisekise ukutshalwa kwezimali, kudingeka uhumushe kuzo. Ngakho-ke inqubo ye-Keynesian: izimali eziyinhloko zilingana nokuqoqwa (I = S). Kodwa empeleni lokhu akugcini. UJ. Keynes uthi ukulondoloza akumele kuhambisane nokutshalwa kwemali, ngoba kuxhomeke emalini engenayo, ukutshalwa kwezimali - ngesilinganiso senzuzo, inzuzo, intela, ingozi, ukuhlanganiswa.

Inzalo yesithakazelo

Umlobi ubhala ngemali engenayo engenayo kusuka ekutshalweni kwemali, ukusebenza kwayo okuncane (dP / dI, lapho i-P iyinzuzo, ngiyi-investment capital) kanye nesilinganiso senzalo. Abatshalizimali batshale imali, kanti ukusebenza kahle kwezimali zokutshala izimali kudlula izinga lentela. Ukulingana kwenzuzo kanye nesilinganiso senzalo kuzosusa abatshala imali ngemali engenayo futhi banciphise isidingo sokutshala izimali.

Izinga lesithakazelo lihambelana nomkhawulo wokuzuzisa ukutshala imali kwezimali. I-down the norm, enkulu ukutshalwa kwezimali.

Ngokusho kwe-Keynes, ukugcinwa kwenziwa ngemuva kokwaneliseka kwezidingo, ngakho ukwanda kwenzalo akuholeli ukwanda. Intshisekelo yindleko yokungabi yize. Kulolu daba, uJohn Keynes uvela ngesisekelo somthetho wakhe wesibili: ukukhishwa kwempahla ekhishwa ngokweqile kufakwe isifiso sokukwazi ukuguqula imali ibe yizimali zokutshala izimali.

Ukwehluleka kwemakethe yemali kukwandisa ukulangazelela ukuthengiswa kwemali, okunganqotshwa ngamaphesenti amakhulu. Ukuzinza kwemakethe yemali, ngokuphambene nalokho, kunciphisa lesi sifiso nesilinganiso senzuzo.

Izinga lentandokazi libonwa yi-Keynes njengomxhumanisi womphumela wemali kwimali engenayo yomphakathi.

Ukwanda kwenani lemali kuphakamisa uketshezi kwamanzi, amandla abo okuthenga ayancipha , ukuqongelela kungabonakali. Isilinganiso senzalo sinciphisa, futhi utshalomali lukhula.

UJohn Keynes wakhuthaza ukwehla kwesithakazelo sokufaka imali yokulondolozwa kwezidingo zokukhiqiza nokwandisa imali yokunikezelwa kwemali. Ngakho-ke umqondo wezimali ezilula, okusho ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla emali njengendlela yokugcina imisebenzi yebhizinisi.

Ukunciphisa izinga lesithakazelo

Umbhali uhlongoza ukwandisa utshalomali ngokusebenzisa inqubomgomo yesabelomali nemali.

Inqubomgomo yemali ukunciphisa inzalo yenzalo. Lokhu kuzonciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokutshala izimali, okwenza kube lula nakakhulu. Uhulumeni kufanele akhulule imali eningi njengoba idinga ukwehlisa izinga lentela.

Khona-ke uJohn Keynes uzofika esiphethweni ngokungahambi kahle kwalowo mthethonqubo ngenkinga yokukhiqiza - ukutshalwa kwezimali akuphenduli ukuwa kwesilinganiso senzuzo.

Ukuhlaziywa kokusebenza kahle kwemali kulo mjikelezo kwenza kube lula ukuyihlolisisa ekuhloleni izinzuzo zesikhathi esizayo ezivela enkampanini kanye nokuzethemba phakathi kosomabhizinisi. Ukubuyiselwa kokuzethemba ngokunciphisa izinga lesithakazelo akunakwenzeka. Ngokusho kukaJohn Keynes, umnotho ungase utholakale "emgodini wamanzi", lapho ukukhula kwemali kunganciphisi izinga lokuthandwa.

Inqubomgomo yebhajethi

Enye indlela yokwandisa utshalomali yinkambiso yesabelomali, ehlanganisa ukwandisa ukuxhasa ngemali osomabhizinisi ngenxa yemali yesabelomali, ngoba izimali ezizimele ngesikhathi sezinkinga ziyanciphisa kakhulu ngenxa yokukhathazeka kwabathengi.

Ukuphumelela kwenqubomgomo yesabelomali kahulumeni ukukhula kwesidingo esisebenzayo, ngisho nangento engenamsebenzi nokulahlekelwa kwemali. Ukusetshenziswa kukahulumeni, okungaholela ekukhuleni ekunikezeni izimpahla, enkingeni yokweqiwa ngokweqile Ukhiye obhekwa njengokuthandwa kakhulu.

Ukwandisa umthamo wezinsiza zokutshalwa kwezimali ngasese, inhlangano yokuthengwa kwempahla yomphakathi iyadingeka, nakuba ngokujwayelekile uClénes akaphikanga ekukhuliseni izimali zikahulumeni, kodwa ngokutshala imali kulesi capex yamanje.

Futhi, isici esibalulekile ekuqiniseni ukubhekana nokucindezeleka kokukhipha ngokweqile ukukhushulwa kokusetshenziswa kwabasebenzi bakahulumeni, umsebenzi womphakathi, ukusatshalaliswa kwemali engenayo emaqenjini nokusetshenziswa okuphezulu: abasebenzi basezimpesheni, abampofu, ngokusho "komthetho wengqondo" wokusetshenziswa okunyukayo ngenzuzo ephansi.

Umthelela wokuphindaphinda

ESahlukweni 10, inkolelo ye-Canna yandala iyasetshenziswa njengoba isetshenziselwa ukugudla.

Imali engenayo kazwelonke ngokuqondile ixhomeke ekutshalweni kwezimali, futhi ngevolumu ephakeme kakhulu kunalokho, okuwumphumela wethonya lokuphindaphinda. Ukutshalwa kwemali ekwandiseni ukukhiqizwa komkhakha owodwa kunomphumela wendlela efanayo ezimbonini ezihlobene, njengoba nje itshe lidala ukujikeleza emanzini. Ukutshala imali emnothweni kwandisa inzuzo futhi kunciphise ukungasebenzi.

Isimo esibucayi kufanele sikhokhele ukwakhiwa kwamadamu kanye nokwakhiwa komgwaqo, okuzoqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zokukhiqiza ezihambisanayo nokwandisa ukufunwa komthengi kanye nesidingo sokutshala izimali. Ukuqashwa kanye nenzuzo kuyokwanda.

Njengoba imali engenayo isetshenziswe kancane, khona-ke izithombe zayo zinomkhawulo. Ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kudambisa utshalomali - isizathu esiyinhloko salokho okufakiwe. Ngenxa yalokho, i-multiplier isilinganisela ngokweqile kuze kube semkhakheni wokugcina ukugcina i-MPS:

• M = 1 / MPS.

Ukuguqulwa kwentela engenayo kusukela ekukhuphukeni kokutshala izimali kudlula kubo ngezikhathi ze-M:

• DY = M dI;
• M = dY / dI.

Ukwanda kwenzuzo yomphakathi kuncike ekutheni umthamo wokukhula kokusetshenziswa - umthamo wesilinganiso wokudla.

Ukuqaliswa

Le ncwadi yathonya kahle ukubunjwa kwenqubo yokulawula umnotho ukuvimbela izinkinga.

Kusobala ukuthi imakethe ayikwazi ukuhlinzeka umsebenzi ophezulu, futhi ukukhula komnotho kungenzeka ngenxa yokubamba iqhaza kuhulumeni kuwo.

Imfundiso kaJohn Keynes inezinhlinzeko ezilandelayo:

• Indlela ye-macroeconomic;
• Ukulungiswa komthelela wesidingo sokungasebenzi kanye neholo;
• Ukuhlaziywa komthelela wezinqubomgomo zezimali kanye nezindleko zokwandisa utshalomali;
• I-multiplier yokukhula kwenzuzo.

Imibono ka Keynes yabonwa kuqala nguMongameli Roosevelt ngo-1933-1941. Uhlelo lwezinkontileka zikahulumeni luye lwasakaza isabelo sesithathu sezwe kusukela ngonyaka wama-1970.

Amazwe amaningi emhlabeni ayesebenzisa izinsimbi zemali nezokuphatha ukulawula isidingo ukuze kunciphise ukushintshashintsha kwemikhakha yezomnotho. I-Keynesianism isakaze ekunakekelweni kwezempilo, emfundweni, nasezinkantolo zomthetho.

Ngokusungulwa kwesakhiwo sokubusa, amazwe aseNtshonalanga agcizelela ukugxilisa phakathi kwezinto ezididiyelwe nezinhlangano ezibusayo, ezivezwe ukwanda kwenani labasebenzi bezempi kanye nezinhlangano zikahulumeni.