Isikhathi Soviet: eminyakeni yomlando. Photo of nenkathi yamaSoviet

nenkathi yamaSoviet ngokulandelana ihlanganisa inkathi kusukela eza emandleni amaBolshevik ngo-1917 futhi ngaphambi iSoviet Union iwa ngo-1991. Kulezi emashumini isimo yasungulwa uhlelo sezenhlalo kanye ngesikhathi esifanayo kwenziwa umzamo ukuba bamukele ubuKhomanisi. E sikhathini esithuthuka ngamazwe eSoviet Union iphethwe sezenhlalo amazwe Bloc futhi izimisele isakhiwo wobukhomanisi.

Iminyaka yokuqala kwamandla Soviet

I eza emandleni amaBolshevik kanye okwalandela ukuwohloka olukhulu sphere zezenhlalo, zezomnotho, ezombusazwe nezamasiko umphakathi washintsha ngokuphelele ubuso yangaphambili Russian Empire. Okubizwa ngokuthi ubushiqela yesigaba sabasebenzi kwaholela ingcindezelo ingqikithi yinhlangano eyodwa, ogama izinqumo awazange inselele.

Izwe liye kukahulumeni futhi ukukhiqizwa ezinkulu yangasese akuvunyelwe. Nokho, ezikhathini Soviet sasiqhutshelwa phakathi nawo-1920 New Economic Policy (nep), okuyinto eye yaba nomthelela imvuselelo ezithile ezohwebo kanye ukukhiqizwa. Photo kwesikhathi yaseSoviet yokuthuthela 1920 - iwumthombo omuhle kakhulu emlandweni wezimali odlule, njengoba kuboniswa izinguquko ezinkulu eziye zenzeka umphakathi kusukela ukuwa koMbuso Wase-Russian. Nokho, lesi sikhathi akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside: ekupheleni kweminyaka eyishumi iqembu liye wazibekela umgomo yayo phezu yinye ye sphere kwezomnotho.

Ekuqaleni ukhona, isimo unaka kakhulu yekuphila. Party izinhlelo zemfundo okuhloswe ngaso ukwakheka umuntu omusha e nenkathi yamaSoviet. Nokho, Isikhathi kuze kube 1930, kungenziwa kubhekwe njengendlela yesikhashana, sengathi emphakathini ingakafundiseki inkululeko ethile, isibonelo, bavunyelwe impikiswano yesayensi, ubuciko, izincwadi.

Inkathi Stalinism

Kusukela ngo-1930 izwe ekugcineni kombuso wobushiqela. Nehlelo ubuntu, lapho ukubusa okuphelele LamaKhomanisi, collectivization kanye nekwakhiwa kwetimboni, amafilosofi sezenhlalo - ukuthi eziyisisekelo imihlola inkathi. Esikhathini sphere zezombusazwe esungulwe wokubusa ematheni Stalin, onegunya okungahloliwe, futhi izinqumo awekho ngaphansi ingxoxo noma ukungabaza nakakhulu.

Umnotho uye washintsha kakhulu, ukuthi baba yisakhiwo sodumo phakathi nenkathi yamaSoviet. Iminyaka kwezimboni kanye collectivization kwaholela ekusungulweni eU.SSR of production enkulu yezimboni, ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha okuyinto ngokuyinhloko kuholele ekunqobeni impi Omkhulu Patriotic waletha izwe isikhundla sokuba imibuso emikhulu yezwe. Photo of nenkathi yamaSoviet ka-1930 ukubonisa intuthuko kudalwa umkhakha esindayo kuleli zwe. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ezolimo, isigodi, emzaneni babebuthaka futhi edinga kabusha sina.

ISoviet Union kule minyaka 1950-1960

Ngemva kokufa kukaStalin ngo-1953 kwabonakala isidingo sokushintsha kuyo yonke imikhakha yomphakathi. kwamaSoviet kule minyaka eyishumi waba isayensi letibitwa ngekutsi "ncibilika". Ngesikhathi XX Party Congress yehliswa esihlalweni sobukhosi ngo-February 1956, ubuntu lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa kukaStalin, futhi lokhu kwaba uphawu setingucuko sina.

nokuvuselelwa olubanzi izisulu eminyakeni enzima yokucindezelwa kwenziwa. Amandla waya buthakathaka ekuphathweni komnotho. Ngakho, ngo-1957, uyekwa Ministry of Industry and esikhundleni wadala uMnyango indawo control ukukhiqizwa. Saqala kusebenta ngekukhutsala nemikhandlu emnothweni kazwelonke futhi iKomiti Yombuso Industrial Management. Nokho, lapho izinguquko onginike umphumela wangaleso sikhathi bese kwandisa ukudideka zokuphatha kuphela.

Kwezolimo, uhulumeni wathatha uchungechunge izinyathelo ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza yayo (izikweletu bhala-off kusuka emapulazini collective, ngezimali zabo, ukuthuthukiswa kwamazwe intombi). Ngesikhathi esifanayo MTS ukuvalwa abangenangqondo corn izitshalo, ukukhulisa amapulazi collective kwaba nethonya elibi phezu ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sigodi. isikhathi Soviet 1950 - engxenyeni yokuqala ka-1960 kwaba inkathi ekuthuthukiseni impilo emphakathini waseSoviet, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kwaveza izinkinga ezintsha.

EU.SSR ngo eminyakeni 1970-1980

LI Board UBrezhnev kwaphawulwa izinguquko ezintsha in the nezokulima nezezimboni. Nokho, amandla ibuyele isimiso legatsha izinkampani ukuphathwa, wenza izinguquko ezithile inqubo ukukhiqizwa. Izinkampani zadluliselwa abiza ezimali, nokuhlola umsebenzi wabo kwezomnotho manje kwenziwe hhayi okubi kakhulu, futhi ngezinye yokuthengisa. Lesi isilinganiso kwaba ukwandisa isithakazelo abakhiqizi ngqo futhi ngcono ukukhiqiza.

Njengendlela yangasese inzuzo izisekelo wadala kokuvusayo kwezomnotho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhi uhwebo lwezitolo kwangena. Nokho, lokhu kabusha akazange kuthinte izisekelo umnotho yaseSoviet Union ngakhoke wanikeza umphumela eyesikhashana. Izwe iyaqhubeka nokuba khona ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu abasasilele emuva ngokuya yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, emazweni athuthukile baseNtshonalanga Yurophu ne-United States.

Isimo esikhathini 1980-1990

Eminyakeni yokwakha kabusha azame ukuguqula umnotho zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa kwenziwa. Ngo-1985, iziphathimandla bekhetha inkambo ukusheshisa intuthuko yomnotho. Kwakugcizelelwa hhayi intuthuko yezesayensi nasezinzuzweni lobuchwepheshe ukukhiqizwa. Injongo izinguquko kwaba kuzuzwe umnotho esezingeni lomhlaba. Kuqala - ukuthuthukiswa ubunjiniyela yasekhaya, lapho utshalomali main agelezé. Nokho, umzamo wokuguqula umyalo umnotho kanye izinyathelo zokuphatha kuhlulekile.

It kwenziwa uchungechunge izinguquko zombusazwe, ikakhulukazi, iziphathimandla iqedwe ngobulukhuni iqembu, wasungula uhlelo ezimbili abaphuma kwamandla zomthetho kuleli zwe. UMkhandlu Ephakeme ngokuqhubekayo isebenze ephalamende, ke sivunyiwe njengomengameli we-Soviet Union, wamemezela nenkululeko yeningi. Khona-ke, uhulumeni waqamba isimiso obala, isb. E. sokuvuleleka nokufinyeleleka kolwazi. Nokho, umzamo wokuguqula i zokuphatha-umyalo ohlelweni oluthile olumisiwe kushabalele futhi kwaholela esimweni esibucayi jikelele emphakathini, okwakuyigama imbangela ngokuwa kweSoviet Union.

Nenkathi yamaSoviet emlandweni Russian futhi izwe

Phakathi neminyaka engu-1917-1991 - iyonke inkathi, hhayi kuphela ngoba Russia kodwa nasemhlabeni wonke. Izwe lethu usebhekene ngokujulile uthuthumele bangaphakathi nabangaphandle, futhi nakuba sekuyinto omunye amandla okuholela nenkathi yamaSoviet. Umlando la mashumi eminyaka ukuthonywa oda zezombusazwe hhayi kuphela e-Europe, lapho kwakukhona khona ikamu sezenhlalo ngaphansi kobuholi eSoviet Union, kodwa futhi ku izenzakalo emhlabeni wonkana. Akumangazi ukuthi lo mkhuba Soviet-inkathi ngakho nesithakazelo abacwaningi kokubili ezifuywayo angaphandle.