Ukutholakala kwe-South Pole. URoald Amundsen noRobert Scott. Iziteshi Ucwaningo e-Antarctica

Ukutholakala kwe-South Pole - iphupho eminyaka ubudala wabahloli polar - e esiteji yakhe yokugcina kwehlobo lika-1912 Kusolwa ubunjalo umncintiswano matasa phakathi mikhankaso amabili uthi - Norway nase UK. Ukuze wangaphambili, waphelela ngokunqoba abanye - yinto embi kakhulu. Kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, ukuba babahole nabahloli bamazwe ezinkulu uRoald Amundsen noRobert Scott phakade langena umlando we nasekuthuthukisweni kwezwekazi lase-lesithupha.

I wabahloli lokuqala eningizimu zindawo polar

Conquest we-South Pole lwaluqala iminyaka lapho abantu kuphela ngalokwanele uqaphele ukuthi endaweni ethile onqenqemeni Nenkabazwe eningizimu ukuba kutsho. Eyokuqala amatilosi, ngubani wakwazi ukuthola eduze kwakhe, kwaba Amérigo Vespucci, uzulazula eseNingizimu Atlantic futhi 1501 ifinyelele zindawo wamashumi amahlanu.

Lokhu kwaba inkathi lapho obenziwa omkhulu okutholakele womhlaba. Chaza kafushane kokuhlala kwawo kulezi zindawo ngaphambilini ezingafinyeleleki (Vespucci kwaba itilosi hhayi kuphela, kodwa usosayensi othile), waqhubeka nohambo lwakhe lokuya ogwini entsha, izwekazi esisanda kutholakala - Melika - egqoke ababizwa ngegama lakhe namuhla.

Lolu cwaningo esihleliwe Ezindaweni eningizimu, enethemba lokubona izwe elingaziwa cishe emakhulwini amathathu eminyaka kamuva uhlaziyo abadumile eyiNgisi Dzheyms Awe-Kuk. Wakwazi uyasondela kuye nakakhulu, ukufinyelela kule parallel ayisikhombisa yesibili, kodwa intuthuko yalo okwengeziwe eningizimu uvinjelwe zeqhwa Antarctic futhi iqhwa elintantayo.

Ukuvulwa nezwekazi lesithupha

Antarctica, eSouth Pole, futhi okubaluleke - ilungelo ubizwe futhi oyiphayona Lena icebound umhlaba futhi ahlobene isimo enkazimulweni haunted eziningi. Kulo lonke ikhulu XIX babe imizamo engaphezi sokunqotshwa zaleli zwekazi lesithupha. Sasiba amatilosi yethu Mikhail Lazarev futhi Faddey Bellinsgauzen, okuyinto ithumele iNhlangano Geographical isiRashiya, eyiNgisi Klark Ross ofinyelele parallel ayisikhombisa nesishiyagalombili, kanye eziningi abacwaningi isiJalimane, isiFulentshi isiSwidi. Ezihlalweni zobukhosi bethwele nemiqhele lezi zinkampani impumelelo kuphela ekupheleni kwekhulu, lapho Johann Australian Bullu wathola ilungelo lokuqala kulungiselelwa unyawo ogwini bonobumba Antarctica.

Kusukela leli phuzu emanzini Antarctic baphuthuma ososayensi hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi whalers okuyiwona ukudoba olwandle abandayo lalimelela ububanzi ububanzi. Unyaka nonyaka, kahle coast, esiteshini ucwaningo kuqala, kodwa-South Pole (iphuzu lakhe zezibalo) wayesalokhu engafinyeleleki. Kulesisimo-ke, nge nokucija engavamile kwaphakama umbuzo: Ubani ozokwazi ukushaya lo mncintiswano futhi vzovotsya ifulege kabani kazwelonke lokuqala enhlonhlweni eningizimu ye-iplanethi?

Race-South Pole

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX, imizamo eminingana ukuze anqobe ekhoneni ungenakunqotshwa Zomhlaba, futhi isikhathi ngasinye bamazwe abaningi polar wakwazi bakwazi ukusondela kuye. Umvuthwandaba okufanayo wafika ngo-Okthoba 1911 lapho iNkantolo mikhankaso ezimbili - i-British, eholwa Roberta Folkona UScott Norwegian, eyayiholwa uRoald Amundsen (South Pole isikhathi eside futhi yiphupho ezithandwayo zezingoma), cishe ngasikhathi sinye amabombo ogwini Antarctica. Bahlanganyela amakhilomitha ambalwa.

Okuxakayo ukuthi la uhambo lokuqala Norwegian wayecabanga ukuthi ngeke umbelesele eSouth Pole. Amundsen kanye zezisebenzi lakhe bathunyelwa e-Arctic. Kuyinto enhla nenyakatho asemhlabeni amacebo Itilosi nabafuna izikhundla. Nokho, indlela aziyala ngayo umyalezo North Pole Unikelé ukuze amaMelika - Pheka kaPeary. Engafuni ukuba asishiye isikhundla sakhe esiphakeme ayesinikwe zabo, Amundsen sashintsha isigubhukane Yiqiniso futhi walibhekisa eningizimu. Ngakho, wabekela inselele eBritish, futhi babengakucabangi ukumelela udumo wesizwe sabo.

Imbangi yakhe Robert Scott, ngaphambi nikela yena kocwaningo isikhathi eside ekhonza njengomdala isikhulu Navy soMkhulu wakhe bese unolwazi olwanele umyalo yempi futhi Cruisers. Lapho ethatha umhlalaphansi, wachitha iminyaka emibili ogwini Antarctica, ngekubamba lichaza esiteshini ucwaningo. Baze wenza umzamo ukuze uthole isigxobo, kodwa njengoba wathutha izinyanga ezintathu amabanga amade uma liya kakhulu, Scott waphoqeleka ukuba ngibuyele emuva ngingahambi.

Ngobusuku obandulela ukuhlasela juqu

Amaqhinga ukuba afinyelele imigomo asemncintiswaneni eyinqaba "Amundsen - amaqembu Scott 'ngabe akubanga njena. Imoto esemqoka ye British babe amaponi Manchurian. Low-elandayo futhi aqine, zingabantu kahle kakhulu izimo Ezindaweni ezibandayo. Kodwa ngaphandle kwabo anawo abahambi at Kwakukhona bendabuko ezimweni ezinjalo, inja ledding, ngisho eseyintsha ephelele kuleyo minyaka - ezithuthuthwini. BaseNorway kulo wancika efakazelwe huskies enyakatho, okumele zonke endleleni ukudonsa nezibhulo ezine, tyazhelogruzhenyh imishini.

Bobabili uyeza ngendlela ubude elingamakhilomitha angu ngandlelanye, okungako (uma esaphila, vele). Phambi kwabo ayelinde izinguzunga zeqhwa, ezimangelengele imifantu ongagcwali, abandayo esabekayo, ephelezelwa blizzards futhi snowstorms futhi aqede ngokuphelele ukubonakala, futhi ayinakugwenywa ezimweni ezinjalo, frostbite, ukulimala, ekulambeni zonke izinhlobo zezinkinga. Lo mklomelo iwukuba elinye lamaqembu lalizoba enkazimulweni namaphayona ilungelo ukuphakamisa ifulegi esigxotsheni kwamandla ayo. Kwalona baseNorway noma British akangabazanga ukuthi umdlalo kuwufanele ikhandlela.

Uma Robert Scott yayinekhono ngaphezulu navigation nokuba yinkimbinkimbi, le Amundsen kwaba ngokucacile ophakeme kunaye njengoba umhloli wamazwe polar abanolwazi. I ukuhwebelana kuzibophezelo isigxobo kwandulelwe overwintering kulelivekati Antarctic futhi Norwegian wakwazi ukukhetha wo selingcono kakhulu kunalokho umlingani wakhe British. Okokuqala, ekamu yabo wawusegunjini cishe engamakhilomitha closer phetho iphuzu uhambo ngaphandle British, futhi okwesibili, umzila kuwo North Pole, Amundsen kwavula indlela, wakwazi ukudlula ezindaweni lapho kudlangile olunzima abandayo lesi sikhathi sonyaka kanye neziphepho engapheli futhi blizzards.

Triumph kanye ukuhlulwa

squad Norwegian wakwazi ukuza yonke indlela futhi sahlela ukubuyela ekamu base, uphuthelwe ngesikhathi esifushane ehlobo Antarctic. Singagcina ngokubu- zibabaza amakhono kanye Ukukhalipha ngawo Amundsen wachitha iqembu lakhe ukumelana ngokunemba Amazing namaculo ngokwaphula kwakhe siqu elandelayo igrafu. Phakathi nabantu wayethembele kuye, kwakungekho kuphela efile, kodwa ngisho nasezimpahleni usathola ukulimala kabi.

Izimo zethu zihluke kakhulu nesimo esihlukile ngabomvu uhambo Scott. Ngaphambi ingxenye olusindayo emkhondweni, lapho lo mgomo ngayikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu amamayela, babuyela emuva ilungu lokugcina labangu-support group, futhi abacwaningi ezinhlanu British usetshenziswe ngokwabo e nezibhulo esindayo. Ngalesi sikhathi wonke amahhashi, wawa phansi, iphuka, motor nezibhulo nezinja babemane sidliwe nabahloli bamazwe polar - Kwakudingeka aye izinyathelo kakhulu ukuze usinde.

Ekugcineni, ngo-January 17, 1912 ngenxa yemizamo amanengi sesifike eqophelweni zezibalo we-South Pole, kodwa kukhona base elinde badumaza esabekayo. Nxazonke Sibhalwe iminonjana wavakashela lapha phambi izimbangi kubo. Kunyatheliswa eqhweni zazibonakala skid sleds futhi inja ngezidladla, kodwa iningi ekholisayo wakufakazela kunqotshwa kwazo kwesokunxele phakathi ice etendeni, phezu okuyinto landizela ifulegi Norwegian. Ngeshwa, ukutholakala eSouth Pole lalahleka.

Mayelana ukushaqeka okungukuthi amalungu abanolwazi yeqembu lakhe, Scott ushiye kwedayari. ukuphoxeka Kubi kwafaka Britain ibe ukushaqeka real. Ngobusuku okwalandela bachitha uphapheme. Zase zilinganisela umcabango wokuthi indlela uyobheka emehlweni labo bantu ngoba engamakhulu amakhilomitha ithrekhi kulelivekati ezineqhwa, umnkantsha futhi ewa ngokusebenzisa imifantu, sabasiza ukufinyelela elula lokugcina indlela futhi uthathe juqu, kodwa kudala ukushaya akuphumelelanga.

inhlekelele

Nokho, naphezu kwakho konke, kufanele sihlangane ngamandla babuye. Phakathi kokufa nokuphila sibekwe elingamakhilomitha angu ukubuyela uhambo. Ukuhambisa komunye Lesisemkhatsini ekamu fuel kanye nemikhiqizo kwenye amandla polar catastrophically ukulahlekelwa. Isimo abakuso usuku ngalunye oludlulayo baba esingenathemba ngaphezulu. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa ikhambo okokuqala ekamu wavakashelwa ukufa - wafa omncane kubo futhi yayibonakala enamandla ngokwenyama Edgar Evans. Isidumbu sakhe sangcwatshwa eqhweni futhi wanqwabelanisa esindayo zeqhwa.

Isisulu olandelayo kwaba Lawrence Oates - induna dragoons, ayeyile North Pole, eliqhutshwa ukoma for adventure. Izimo sokufa kwakhe iyamangalisa ngempela - izandla yiqhwa zaqina futhi izinyawo futhi bayazi, kuba umthwalo labe selithi kozakwabo, ebusuku ekusithekeni wonke umuntu washiya indawo ukuze uhlale wahamba ebumnyameni kuyo, ngokuzithandela ezazilahla ngokwabo kuze kube sekufeni. Isidumbu sakhe abakaze batholakale benecala.

Eliseduze ekamu Lesisemkhatsini wawungaphansi kwamakhilomitha ayisithupha nanye kuphela, kungazelelwe lapho rose isiphepho esikhulu seqhwa, khipha ngokuphelele kungenzeka intuthuko eyengeziwe. AmaNgisi kwakunezimbambo ezintathu ekuthunjweni ice, nginqume emhlabeni, zibancishe ukudla noma iliphi ithuba elivelayo ukuze sifudumale.

Broken kwetende, yebo, kungabalula izinto njengokungathi indawo yokukhosela enokwethenjelwa. lokushisa air Ngaphandle uwile ezingeni ^-40 ° C, ngokulandelana, ngokungabi bikho-heater, kwaba ethe xaxa. Lokhu ziwumshoshaphansi isiphepho esikhulu seqhwa Mashi neze ezikhishwe kubo kusukela esifubeni sabo ...

umugqa posthumous

Ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, lapho mphumela odabukisayo bomkhankaso kucaca, iqembu wokutakula wathunyelwa kusesho wabahloli polar. Phakathi ice esingaweleki, wakwazi ukuthola amashuni iqhwa lamatende imizimba abacwaningi ezintathu British - Genri Bauersa, Edvarda Uilsona noRobert Scott nomyali.

Phakathi nezimpahla izisulu atholakele Diaries Scott, nokuthi abatakuli bamangala, amasaka zezinhlobo Geological eqoqwe emithambekeni amatshe athé yeqhwa. Akukholeki AmaNgisi ezintathu waphikelela ukuze hudula amatshe, ngisho nalapho kwa- cishe akukho ithemba lensindiso.

Emaphuzwini akhe, Robert Scott, kukhona enemininingwane futhi bacubungula izizathu okwaholela mphumela odabukisayo, walidumisa zokuziphatha futhi nginenhliziyo njengenhlangano ohambisana akanye nalo. Ekuphetheni, elibhekisela kulabo likabani izandla sizothola idayari, wabuza ukwenza konke ukuze sihlale yalahlwa umndeni wakhe. Ukunikezela a imigqa ambalwa yokuvalelisa umkakhe, Scott wayiyala ukuba uqinisekise ukuthi indodana yabo ithole ukuqeqeshwa ezifanele futhi ngakwazi ukuqhubeka nocwaningo lwakhe.

By the way, esikhathini esizayo, indodana yayo uPeter Scott baba sezemvelo abadumile wanikela ukuphila kwakhe ukuvikelwa kwemithombo yemvelo yomhlaba. Okwase kuza ezweni nje ukubona usuku lapho uyise waya zokugcina ekuphileni kwakhe eviyweni, waphila Esegugile futhi washona ngo-1989.

ukukhala komphakathi okubangelwa nhlekelele

Eqhubeka indaba, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi umncintiswano mikhankaso ezimbili, umphumela owawungumnyaka ukuvulwa ngoba omunye eSouth Pole, nezinye - ukufa kwaba nemiphumela engalindelekile. Lapho sebuphelele ekugubheni lokhu Yiqiniso, ukutholakala ezibalulekile womhlaba, ukubingelela bethule inkulumo wafa kude ihlombe, kukhona umbuzo mayelana ohlangothini zokuziphatha okwenzeka. Akungabazeki ukuthi imbangela engaqondile yokufa waseBritish ubekade ukucindezeleka okukhulu, kubangelwa ukunqoba kwe-Amundsen Kwakukhona.

Hhayi kuphela eBrithani kodwa futhi in the press Norwegian uye ukumangalela umuntu oqondile ngokumelene yakamuva winner ohloniphekile. Ngabuza umbuzo enengqondo: kwase ilungelo zokuziphatha okwehlela kakhulu ulingeka ukutadisha zindawo kakhulu uRoald Amundsen ukudweba kutinchubo adversarial wokuvelela, kodwa elingenalo amakhono adingekayo of Scott nayehamba nabo? Kwakungekona yini elungile ngaphezulu wayimemela ukuhlanganisa futhi ndawonye ukuqaphela amacebo ethu?

imfumbe Amundsen

Indlela asabela ngayo kule Amundsen uma wasola yena ngoba oludale sabulala ozakwabo British - umbuzo ngeke phakade engaphenduliwe. Nokho, abaningi kulabo wayazi isihloli Norwegian, bathi bake babona izimpawu ezicacile ukudideka kwengqondo yakhe. Ikakhulukazi, ubufakazi wakwazi ukukhonza njengephayona imizamo yakhe athalalise yomphakathi, akusiyo eyinqaba nobuntu bakhe uyaziqhenya futhi kancane ezikhukhumezayo.

Ezinye wokuphila bavame ukubona ubufakazi Unforgiven yena icala kwezimo kokufa Amundsen. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ehlobo lika-1928 waya indiza Arctic, sulivshy kokufa kwakhe ezithile. I izinsolo ukuthi wayekubikezele kakade yakhe izimbangela zokufa siqu uthethe ukuqeqeshwa. Akukhona lokho kuphela, Amundsen balethwa ukuze konke futhi ukhokhe abakweletwayo yayo, ukuthi nabo bathengisa zonke izinto zayo, njengoba uma kukhona ayezofika kuzo emuva.

Six amazwekazi namuhla

Ngandlela-thile, futhi kokutholakala South Pole izimisele kubo, nodumo akekho ngeke bathathe. Namuhla, enhlonhlweni eningizimu Zomhlaba olwenziwa nocwaningo olunzulu. On kakhulu endaweni lapho kanye baseNorway balindele ngokunqoba kanye nayo iBritish - ukuphoxeka enkulu kunayo yonke namuhla esiteshini International Polar "Amundsen -. Scott" Igama lakhe is bengabonakali united lezi umnqobi anesibindi zindawo ezimbili kakhulu. Siyabonga kubo, i-South Pole yembulunga ibonwa namuhla njengoba okuthile ajwayelekile futhi kahle ifinyeleleke.

Ngo-December 1959 kwaphethwa ngokuthi isivumelwano samazwe onke ku-Antarctica, ekuqaleni esisayinwe nambili uthi. Ngokusho kwale dokhumenti, yiliphi izwe unelungelo ukwenza ucwaningo lonke izwekazi eningizimu latitude sixtieth.

Ngenxa lokhu namuhla, eziningi iziteshi ucwaningo e-Antarctica bayatfutfuka izinhlelo isayensi eziphambili kakhulu. Namuhla sekunamabandla angaphezu kuka-mahlanu. Ngesikhathi nokulahla ososayensi hhayi kuphela izindlela eliwumhlaba ukulawula imvelo, kodwa futhi izindiza ngisho iziphuphutheki. It has nabameleli bayo kulelivekati lesithupha Russian Umphakathi Geographical. Phakathi izitshalo ezikhona kukhona Veterans, njengokuthi "Bellingshausen" futhi "Friendly 4", futhi empeleni esasisesisha - "Russian" futhi "Inqubekela". Konke kubonisa ukuthi ezinsukwini zethu abayeki omkhulu okutholakele womhlaba.

Umlando omfishane kanjani onesibindi abahambi Norwegian waseBrithani, odelela ingozi, wafuna umgomo babezazisa, kodwa ngokuvamile lingadlulisela wonke ukungezwani futhi idrama lezo zenzakalo. Engalungile ukubheka impi yabo kuphela njengempango umzabalazo izifiso zomuntu siqu. Ngokungangabazeki, indima enkulu ke eyadlalwa ukomela ukutholakala kanye eyakhelwe ukushisekela ubuzwe kweqiniso, isifiso bagomela isithunzi lizwe.