The Battle of Gaugamela. Aleksandr Makedonsky futhi uDariyu: Battle of Gaugamela

The Battle of Gaugamela okwenzeka ngo-331 BC. e. Kwakuwusuku lokulwa zokugcina phakathi amabutho inkosi yasePheresiya uDariyu wesithathu futhi Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Le mpi yathatha indawo bokuphakama abalulekile namaPheresiya. Kwakukhona abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu, balwa amashumi ezinkulungwane bempi isiGreki Macedonian. Ekuqaleni le ngxabano Parmenion - the webutho ukuwela Omkhulu - uye eba senkingeni enkulu kakhulu. Alexander wayala flank kwesokudla futhi wenza iqhinga ezikhohlisayo neze. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ukudideka senkosi yasePheresiya, washiya empini. Ngenxa yalokho, ibutho Macedonian iwine. Kwenzekeni ngempela? Futhi njengoba impi yaqhubeka, okuyinto akayikhohliwe, futhi namuhla?

aleksandr Makedonsky

Umholi Famous lempi wahlala iminyaka 356-323 BC. Ukunqoba Aleksandra Makedonskogo waba omunye izenzakalo emlandweni wesintu sonke. On bayizinkulungwane epics namaculo legends, ngokwedlule futhi ebhaliwe mqondo ngokwesayensi. Alexander owayengumbusi eMakedoniya nase umsunguli we isimo emhlabeni amaGreki. Omkhulu wayeyindodana iNkosi uPhilip II futhi indodakazi yenkosi Molosser Olympics. Ingane wakhulela ezweni elithile e umoya ahlukile: wafundisa izibalo, ngokubhala, ukudlala olunezintambo. Uthisha wakhe kwakungu-Aristotle yena. Ukwahlulela uhlamvu bokulwa, u-Alexander waba kakade ebusheni bakhe. Njengoba umbusi wesikhathi esizayo kungaba ozibongayo kwanginika amandla amakhulu ngokomzimba, kanye lokuthi wayekwazi yokulawula Bucephalus - ihhashi, elingazange sokudedela ukuqeqeshwa lothile.

Nazi ezinye izinsuku ebonakalako umlando, okuyinto uyakhazinyuliswa inkosi Macedonian:

• ekuqaleni kuka-August 338 BC. e. - ibutho umbusi oneminyaka engu-16 ubudala wanqoba ibutho lesiGreki;
• Entwasahlobo 335 BC. e. - umkhankaso owaletha ukumehlula Alexander entabeni Thracians, Illyrians futhi triballi;
• ebusika iminyaka 334-333 BC. e. Macedonian wakwazi ukunqoba ePhamfiliya futhi Lycia.

Kodwa kungcono azinakho lonke uhlu zokunqoba umlawuli omkhulu.

ukunqoba

Zonke ukunqoba kuka-Alexander Omkhulu akunakwenzeka ukuchaza imisho embalwa, kodwa abanye namanje Kuhle kokusho. Uma ngonyaka 335 BC. e. Alexander yazibeka inkosi yena, subordinated intando yakhe labo onesibindi ahlubuke: lawa kwakungamadodana amabutho engxenyeni esenyakatho zaseMakedoniya. Wabuye wamshaya Illyrians futhi ngabaxosha ukuba iDanube.

Khona-ke Omkhulu ukuyiveza ngu kwavukelwa ahlomile amaGreki. Wanqoba eThebes futhi engawayekanga Athens anamandla. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, nebutho lakhe elikhulu senkosi yase namaPheresiya wanqoba ibutho kanjalo yabeka ngentando yayo e-Asia Minor. Usuku emlandweni abonisa ukuthi u-Alexander ngokuphindiwe walwa uDariyu wesithathu, anqoba ngayo. Ngokokuqala ngqá kwenzeka 333 BC. e. Khona-ke, uwela Taurus, ngesikhathi Issus impi zenzeka phakathi amaviyo ojenene ababili okukhulu. Kodwa wayinqoba Omkhulu, inkosi yasePheresiya bephoqeleka ukuba babalekele, wabayisa eBabele.

umbusi phansi Alexander wanikeza ukusikisela ngemibandela yokuthula. Kodwa akazange azamukele kubo. Wanquma ukuba anqobe izwe, esisogwini olusentshonalanga empumalanga yoLwandle LwaseMedithera. Ngakwelinye Elikhulu Illyria engakhanyi ke Palestine, bese Egypt. Ezweni imibhoshongo wakha Alexandria. Bese, yiMpi ezilandisiwe Gaugamela.

Izizathu impi

Njengoba umfundi asekwazi kakade, lezi zenzakalo zenzeka ngo-331 BC. e. Ukuze kweminyaka embalwa ngaphambi uDariyu wesithathu yaqale wahlulwa ophikisana naye. Khona-ke umPheresiya yayifuna ukuthula futhi wanikela ngamathalenta 10,000 Macedon njengesihlengo umkhaya wabo lithunjwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkosi yasePheresiya uDariyu wayekulungele ukukhokhela indodakazi yakhe Alexandra ukubhinqa. isipho sakhe sathunyelwa Kusolwa njengefa kusukela yaseHellespont, futhi kuze kube namuhla i-Ewufrathe. Futhi, uDariyu wesithathu wayeselulungele umfelandawonye nokuthula isitha sakho.

Yini ahlinzekwa umPheresiya, kwaba ngendlela emangalisayo kubalulekile Alexander, ngakho ukuthi sike saxoxa yini konke lokhu kuncike kubangane bawo. Omunye esekuficile Macedon, Parmenion, wathi uyozamukela zonke izimo, nokuba indawo ka-Alexander. Kodwa hhayi endleleni yokubhala kwaba kuholwa omunye. Ngakho-ke yathi ukuthi ubeyokwenza nendlela wavuma lapho esikisela, uma kwadingeka ithuba lokuba endaweni Parmenion. Kodwa njengoba - Aleksandr Veliky, hhayi omunye umuntu, futhi ngenxa sekubekwe ngeke uhambe.

UDariyu ayethumele incwadi efanayo, okuyinto yayithi akukho muntu unelungelo lokuyala umlawuli omkhulu. Indodakazi umfazi Persian kungaba Elikhulu kuphela uma yokugcina yena ngakho ufisa, ngoba wonke umndeni isitha amandla akhe. Alexander wabhala ukuthi uma uDariyu ufuna ukuthula ke mabeze enkosini yakhe njengoba lokho ayekufundisa. Ngemva umlayeto lotsite uDariyu wesithathu waqala ukulungiselela impi yangempela.

izimbangi ibutho

Izimpi Aleksandra Makedonskogo bekusolo olunegazi futhi uletha eningi ukulahlekelwa nabaphikisi. Phela, ibutho Macedonian laba likhulu. Lapho belungiselela impi ye Gaugamela, ke baba yizinkulungwane 40 elihamba nezinkweli zamahhashi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa. Kodwa namaPheresiya kwadingeka mkhulu izinombolo onohlonze. Nokho, lokho akusho ukucasula Enkulu, njengoba iningi impi yenkosi lalinabashumayeli amasosha oqeqeshwe kahle abanolwazi. UDariyu wesithathu ibutho yizinkulungwane 250. Abantu, phakathi lapho kwakukhona izinkulungwane 30. Mercenaries zivela eGreece nase-ayizinkulungwane 12. Baktrians kakhulu ngehhashi.

Njengoba sasidlula-Ewufrathe

The Battle of Gaugamela owaqala ngokuvukela iqiniso lokuthi, ngemva edlulisa Syria, ibutho Macedonian wafika e-Ewufrathe. Ibutho Persian kwakufanele avikele ukuwela. Kodwa namaPheresiya wanyamalala ngokushesha nje lapho ebona amabutho main abaphikisi babo. Ngakho-ke, u-Alexander ephethwe kalula unqobe Ewufrathe uqhubeke ukuze bamashe baye empumalanga. UDariyu akazange akuvimbele ukukhandwa Omkhulu. Sikanye ibutho lakhe izitha elinde ethafeni, okuyinto kahle ukuthunyelwa kwamasosha kanye ukunqotshwa ngamaKristu aseMakedoniya. Emzaneni Gaugamela wawusegunjini ngendlu eceleni kucace lokhu.

Tiger nethuthukisiwe ibutho kaDariyu

Ngo-September, waya emfuleni iTigrisi Aleksandr Makedonsky (Battle of Gaugamela, omunye zobuqhawe bakhe abaningi, kwaba nje ekhoneni). Iziboshwa, yena owayesevele ubambe, wathi kaDariyu izwi likaJehova kuzovikela owela ngamaKristu aseMakedoniya ngokusebenzisa le ndawo. Kodwa ngemva kweGreat waqala ukuwela umfula, kwakungekho muntu ngebhange okuphambene. NamaPheresiya babelungiselela wokuba kuhlaselwe kwenye.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, amabutho uDariyu wesithathu abangu ngcono futhi elicwengisiswe izikhali zabo. Ngakho, ukuze ihabhu nezinqola drawbar banamathela ithiphu ngensimbi. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi lezi zinto amayunithi kufanele ubangele ukulahlekelwa okukhulu phezu wamabutho esitha. elihamba izikhali futhi babe namandla kakhulu.

Impi waqala

I flank kwesokudla Omkhulu tye, obliquely kuya ngaphambili komugqa main. UDariyu ngaphambilini sephiko lalo kwesokunxele nizungeze flank kwesokudla isitha. Kula mabutho baphuthuma ukusigcwalisa. Alexander ngaphambilini empi ngesiGreki ashaye, kodwa amadoda akhe zehlulekile. Nokho uDariyu izinhlelo ezingazange zifinyelelwe.

Alexander Ukunqoba

The Battle of Gaugamela sasishisa. Ekugcineni uDariyu wesithathu wabaleka nebutho yempi like cat nashkodivshy. Naphezu nebutho lakhe eziningi Macedonian wakwazi ukunqoba ngoba nokuhlakanipha kwakhe nobuhlakani. Le mpi kwaphawula ukuphela uMbuso WasePheresiya nombusi walo wabulawa nomfelandawonye wayo siqu eseduze. Aleksandr Makedonsky, ngemva kwempi enkulu kangaka anqoba ezimpini eziningi, uye wanda ubunikazi yalo ayiyona amandla.