Ubuso lwaleli - King-ncwadi Russian Umlando

2010 I-ochwepheshe ukutadisha Rus lasendulo, futhi abalandeli yomlando kwaphawulwa isenzakalo esibaluleke kakhulu: ukufinyelela evulekile inthanethi othumele indaba kobuso ka -internet Ivana Groznogo (edume ukubizwa ngokuthi yayo inkosi-book). Thina uyiskene bafakwa yinethiwekhi yomhlaba jikelele abameleli Society of nezincwadi zokufunda sidilizwa.

Kuyini lokho okushiwo kulesi sehlakalo?

Uzovuma ukuthi into ebaluleke kakhulu emsebenzini wonke mlando - iyona imithombo eyinhloko: lokubhala, kwezobuciko, ukuklanywa kwezakhiwo, izinto zasekhaya nezinye izinsalela. Ngeshwa, esikhathini sethu, abacwaningi hhayi abaningi kangaka ukuyivala esidlule kubo. Ngokuvamile abakufundayo futhi zibhekisele kaningi umsebenzi nezinye izazi-mlando, futhi labo lwesithathu nokunye. Ngenxa yalokho, uma uqala ukuyiqonda, iningi lezazi ungalokothi usebenzise imithombo yokuqala, futhi yonke imisebenzi yakhe wadala ngesisekelo amahlebezi nemibono. It kuvela ukuthi le misebenzi kungafaniswa a bad copy of ikhophi "ibhayisikobho eshisa izikhotha." Uma uvula bese ufunda lokho okulotshwe mbhalo wesandla wasendulo bese uqhathanisa ulwazi lokuthi izazi-mlando zanamuhla ukubhala, ngokuvamile ukuze kutholakale hhayi kuphela namaphutha athile, kodwa amaqiniso ngezinye izikhathi okuphambene ngokuphelele. Yilokho, futhi lokhu kwenzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi.

amagugu asendulo Russia

Ngeshwa, kuze kube namuhla azikho imithombo eminingi yokuqala eyiqiniso, njengoba kungase oyifunayo. Uma sicabangela esikhumbuzo yezakhiwo, bashiya impela kancane, futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, iningi lazo basonta eminyaka 18-19, ngoba eRussia eyisisekelo yokwakha - ihlathi, nezimpi njalo futhi imililo abasindi izikhungo ezinjengalezi. Uma uthatha izinto zangamalanga nezinto zokuhloba, ngakho-ke akukhona konke ngakho elula: kwakunokwenzeka ukulondoloza - kungcono zonke zobuciko ka 15-19 eminyaka. Nalokhu futhi, kuyaqondakala ngoba amatshe ayigugu kanye amatshe ziye zaba izisulu nezinhlobo ezahlukene abalandeli sithole futhi archeologists omnyama njalo. Cishe zonke Emathuneni asendulo (ezindundumeni, njll) on insimu yethu zaphangwa ezinsukwini zika uCatherine Omkhulu.

emasikweni adluliselwa ngomlomo

I eziphelele kakhulu ngomlando umlando ezweni lakithi wahlala imemori abantu - kungcono inganeko, tinganekwane, inganekwane, epics, njll Nokho, ososayensi sebekubeke waphika ukuthi kungenzeka ucabangela emasikweni adluliselwa ngomlomo njengoba umthombo wokwaziswa, okungenani mayelana lokuthi ngenxa esenzeka kanye nje kuphela .. Russia, nakuba ekulungele ukwamukela ngokugcwele ezinganekwaneni, uthi, zaseScandinavia noma abantu baseBrithani. Kodwa ngo inganekwane yethu yezinganekwane legends walondoloza amaqiniso amaningi ezithakazelisayo, incazelo ethile okufakazela omunye kunemibono yanamuhla ethandwa kakhulu (A. Sklyarov "Owakhiwe Island-Earth"). Ngokwesibonelo, sonke siyazi ngalokhu eseyintsha fabulous, sengathi umlingo apula esosweni ekugcwaliseni, okuyinto ungabona umhlaba wonke - kuka akusiyo "iPhone" nge yayo logo - izithelo yenhlwathi? A amatshe ezindizayo, futhi abayisikhombisa-league amabhuzu? Yebo owazi ukuthi yini enye ...

Nokho, thina baphazanyiswa kakhulu, sekuyisikhathi phindela sihloko eyinhloko kulesi sihloko, sikhumbula ngazo, Personal egumbini Tsar Ivan (iv) Kubi.

imithombo

The main imithombo ebhalwe Russia sidilizwa - irekhodi. Selokhu aqala ukushicilela Collection Qedela YeziKronike Russian kwekhulu le-19. Wonke umuntu angase bajwayelane ukushicilelwa ezinyathelisiwe, sicela uxhumane umtapo. Kodwa manje umsebenzi uyaqhubeka ngaphakathi kohlaka iphrojekthi "izikhumbuzo ngesandla Russia sidilizwa" e ibhadalele nokuthengisa kwayo, futhi kungakabiphi wayeseya futhi Ubhekene Ivana Groznogo, sizothunyelwa ku-inthanethi ukuze isetshenziswe ngumphakathi. Early abacwaningi esiteji kufanele uqaphele ukuthi emibhalweni yeBhayibheli yesandla yasendulo umthombo wokwaziswa akuyona umbhalo kuphela, kodwa futhi izithombe. Lena imibhalo ngezithombe. Chief phakathi lezi zenzo kanye lwaleli ebusweni. Siqukethe ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi amashidi futhi imifanekiso ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nesikhombisa.

indaba kobuso

Lo mbhalo isethi ngobukhulu Annalistic-ngokulandelana kwazo zonke izenzakalo ERussia yasendulo. It sidalwe umyalo wenkosi e Alexander zokuhlala esikhathini kusukela ngo-1568 kuya eminyakeni 1576. egumbini Front iqukethe umlando ofingqiwe izwe kusukela Kusukela Ekubunjweni Bekube 15 umlando Russian ekhulwini, 16 ukuze 67 leminyaka. Amosov A. A. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kwaleli bhokisi lasendulo siqukethe amavolumu eziyishumi 9745 inani eliphelele amashidi okuyinto ahlotshiswe thumbnail ezinemibala 17.744. Izazi-mlando zikholelwa kufanele ukuthi iNkosi-ncwadi equkethwe nevolumu nanye. Manje useneminyaka engu-elahlekile, futhi lokhu kuyaqondakala, ngoba asebenzelana ngayo nezikhathi eyindida kunazo zonke emlandweni-Russian - kuze 1114.

egumbini Front: okuqukethwe

Ngo nemiqulu yokuqala emithathu ye eliqukethe imibhalo yezincwadi zeBhayibheli, ezifana iziNcwadi Ezinhlanu Zokuqala, Encwadi YabaHluleli, uJoshuwa, uSamuweli, futhi encwadini kaRuthe, u-Esteri, uDaniyeli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona imibhalo egcwele Alexandria, izindaba ezimbili yaseTroy neMpi ( "Indaba ekudalweni futhi poplenenii Troy" akhishwa "chronograph Russian" futhi "Umlando yokuchitheka Troy" - translation Guido Romano de Columna) kanye umsebenzi Iosifa Flaviya ' History of the impi yamaJuda. " Ukuze izenzakalo zezwe okwalandela ziye zakhonza njengabavangeli imithombo umsebenzi ulwazi "Umlobi womlando Illinsky namaRoma" futhi "Chrono Russian."

Umlando Russia Face uchaza iqoqo lemiqulu 4-10, ikakhulu wakhonza njengephayona umthombo Nikon Chronicle. Ngokwe abacwaningi (isib, Kloss BM), kuqala imicimbi 1152 e idokhumenti bese kukhona imithombo eyengeziwe ezifana iqoqo Novgorod (1539), umlando we Vuko "Umlobi womlando we ekuqaleni kombuso" nabanye.

ukuhlela lasendulo

(Nokho Eveza ubufakazi balokhu,, asipheli) King-ncwadi eziningi ukuhlela, kubhekwa, ukuthi enziwa cishe ngo-1575 ngemiyalo yezikhulu Tsar Ivan le Kubi. Ukucubungula umbhalo siphelile okuye kwathinta ikakhulu kwesikhathi kusuka 1533 kuya eminyakeni 1568. ebhukwini umhleli engaziwa senziwa eziseceleni, ezinye zazo equkethwe amangalele abantu waboshwa futhi wabulawa ngesikhathi oprichnina.

Ngeshwa, umsebenzi on the front lwaleli wayengakaqedi: abanye abafana zenziwa kuphela emfushane inki, ukudweba kubo akazange abe nesikhathi.

okutholakele

Phambi Ivana Groznogo akuyona nje lesikhumbuzo yebhuku art of Russia, kodwa futhi umthombo obaluleke kakhulu izenzakalo zomlando: emincanyana, naphezu zomhlangano kunalokho imvelo ongokomfanekiso, ukunikeza impahla ecebile ucwaningo ezingokoqobo isikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutadisha izinguquko yokuhlela ezenziwa ivolumu zokugcina ( "Regal Book"), ukunikeza ithuba ukuze uthole ulwazi ngokujulile mayelana wezepolitiki posleoprichnogo isikhathi. Bavumela okwethu ukwahlulela futhi inkosi yase-izilinganiso washintsha lomsebenzi othile ayebambisene. Kanye ukubukwa entsha phezu izenzakalo ngokwabo ngaphansi kokubusa kwakhe.

Ekuphetheni

Ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi Society of umlando wasendulo, futhi manje wonke umuntu nazane nale mshini elingenakuqhathaniswa. Phela, ngaphambili, ukuze afinyelele kule dokhumenti, kwakudingekile ukuba wenze okuningi umzamo, futhi uthole it can kuphela ososayensi-mlando. Kodwa namuhla zonke singatholwa yinoma ubani. Okudingekayo - une ukufinyelela kuwebhu emhlabeni wonke, futhi ungakwazi Gxila emhlabeni ethakazelisayo sicwaninga esedlule yethu. Bheka ngamehlo akho, walala phezu izenzakalo ezihlukahlukene imibono yabo kunokuba alifundele ngomumo izitembu mlando abangase babuzwe ngisho yomthombo ovulekile.