Inventor Herman Hollerith amakhompyutha: Biography nesithombe

Umlando kumakhompyutha kwaqala umqondo ukudala umshini ukufunda noma wengeze yonke izinombolo zamadijithi. I indaba emfushane lokuqala idivayisi 13-bit yasungulwa ngo-1500 Da Vinci. Njengomkhulumeli idivayisi Summing kwadalwa Pascal e 1642. Lezi abaqambi abadumile kwangenisa ngenkathi amakhompyutha.

ezishintshayo

Ukuze uthole inombolo enkulu ukuthengiselana lokukhokha hhayi kuphela ijubane ukukhishwa ngamunye wabo, kodwa yokuntuleka isikhala esasiphakathi kwabo, lapho ukuzibandakanya womuntu liyadingeka. Abaningi abaqambi abadumile baye bazama ukuxazulula le nkinga. Kwakudingekile, ukuthi imisebenzi babe ngokulandelana enye ngemva kwenye ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.

Uhlelo Isingeniso "usohambeni"

umlando Ikhompyutha uyazi ososayensi eziningi ezivelele ngubani nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni ezishintshayo. Ngakho, in the 80s ekuseni. Ngekhulu le-19, kwahlongozwa ukusebenzisa amakhadi Lwezinhlelo eseliqoshiwe nokokufaka kube idivayisi. umklami yabo kwaba Herman Hollerith. Ngo computer science, usosayensi wenza revolution yangempela. Ake sicabangele indlela yakhe.

Herman Hollerith: Biography

isazi Born Februwari 29, 1860 ku Buffalo. WayeyiZwi ingane lwesikhombisa. Uyise e 1848, yena bathutha eJalimane e-United States. Ngemva kokuthutha Hollerith engena esikoleni, okuyindawo waxoshwa esikhundleni ngokushesha. Njengomthetho, uHerman kwesokunxele abafundi ekilasini ngaphambi kokuthi isipelingi. Master kanye yavala umnyango, ngabe umfana agxume esuka esitezi sesibili. Ngemva kwalokho-ke futhi uma ngixoshwa esikoleni. imfundo ephakeme Herman Hollerith etholakele uthisha-Lutheran. Wathatha izifundo esikoleni esiphakathi futhi high naye. Ngezinye 16 wabhalisa College of lunye "izimayini '. Nokho, le nsizwa yayinesithakazelo okungaka by mkhakha njengoba zikagesi. Ngesikhathi ngisafunda at Columbia College, wahlangana Trowbridge, okuyinto emva kwesikhashana wamenza umsizi wakhe. Ngakho Herman Hollerith efika Statistical Office US labantu yokubala abantu.

umsebenzi

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-19, uHerman Hollerith waya Washington, lapho eqala umsebenzi wakhe. Waba okhuthele emibuthanweni social eGeorgetown. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, Hollerith ihlangabezana Billings. Lesi sakamuva uchwepheshe ogunyaziwe ku ukuhlaziya imininingwane yezibalo, ngakho wasebenza njengendlela umqondisi ukuphathwa kwabantu. Billings uthe Hollerith ngomcabango wakhe ukwakha umshini, eyayizoba Punch amakhadi ukwakha etafuleni idatha etholwe. Nabanye abalobi ukhombe ezimbili izinguqulo yethonya umqondisi ukuphathwa ku nokuqhubeka esebenza kuleso ukuklama idivayisi. Ngokusho ngowokuqala, Billings aphakanyisiwe ukusetshenziswa Punch amakhadi kwachazwa umuntu usebenzisa izimpawu ku imiphetho zabo futhi kudivayisi ukuhlunga. Ngokusho version yesibili, wanikela beveza uhlobo oluthile kudivayisi.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwami kokuqala

Ngo 1882 Herman Hollerith wamenywa ukuba eMassachusetts Institute njengoba uthisha. Wayesebenza ngonyaka esikoleni. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, Hollerith athuthukile imibono yakhe futhi behileleke nakwezamabhizinisi ukuthuthukiswa imishini lokuqala ukuqopha ulwazi ukubalwa kwabantu kanye ukubala. Ngo-1883 wabuyela e-Washington, lapho sengiqala ukusebenza ehhovisi lobunikazi. Lwati lolutfolakele lapho kwaba usizo kuye njengoba umsunguli, futhi abayisebenzisa amashumi eminyaka. Ngo-1884, wabeka phambili ngenjongo yokuthuthukisa uhlelo ujantshi ukuthuthwa amabhuleki. Kumele wathi ngesimo sezimali, owawungumnyaka Herman Hollerith. Tabulator wayengathi ukwakha ekuqaleni '80s, kodwa imali, kwakudingeka cha. Kulokhu, ngizomnika, akekho owakwazi.

patent

Ngo-St Louis, uHerman Hollerith ababehlangene wazihlephula kagesi for esitimeleni futhi waba nengxenye mncintiswano. Emcimbini banikezwe ohlelweni, ezisebenza isimiso cleaner kanye nokusebenzisa umoya onomfutho. Electro-wabonwa njengoba best of the ezinhlanu. Nokho, kwakukhona ukungabaza mayelana usizo ukusetshenziswa kwalo ngenxa usongo isiphepho. Kulo mongo, kunqatshiwe uhlelo kanye namalungelo obunikazi phezu amabhuleki lisekhona kwesikhathi sokungenzi lutho. Ngakusasa okusungulile corrugation apharathasi kwaba amashubhu metal. Akazange futhi ekuqaleni wathola isicelo salo, kodwa kamuva wathatha inkampani "Motors Jikelele" enkulu ekwakhekeni uxhumano nezimo.

Herman Hollerith: tabulator

I-patent elisha, bhalisiwe Septhemba 23, 1884, laba indawo ebaluleke kakhulu kuzo zonke. umshini Herman Hollerith elasetshenziselwa Ukubala idatha lwezibalo nokushona Baltimore ngo-1887. Idatha 1889, e-New York nazo ukucubungulwa usebenzisa kule divayisi. Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe yayo, uHerman Hollerith wafakazela ukuthi amakhadi Punch - liyisici esiyinhloko inqubo ukwakheka amatafula. Ngo-1887 wenza wokulungisa lobunikazi. Ngenxa yalokhu, osozimboni abaningi kwadingeka isivumelwano ne ilayisensi Hollerith kudivayisi yakhe. Lapho ukubalwa kwabantu 1890 Imininingwane idluliselwe zonke amakhadi isakhamuzi 73/8 × 33/4 amayintshi. Okulandelayo thina senziwe emaphethelweni ngezimbobo isici ngasinye. Ngokuphambeneyo yonkana eyodwa ekhoneni zigundiwe kube lula inqubo nokubalwa ekuhlungeni. Ukusebenza sokugcina kwenziwe zibukeke, njengoba ezinye izindlela Kwabe sekwenzekani kwakungafanele. umshini Hollerith ukuba ngokuzimela afeze perforation ngokuvumelana imodeli. Idivayisi lula opharetha futhi kunciphisa inani amaphutha.

Ingqikithi yalo apharathasi

Ukuze idivayisi yayo Herman Hollerith esakhiwe ipuleti cindezela akhiwe ngerabha kanzima kanti guide focus. I ipuleti yahanjelwa ekhosombeni. Bona zivumelana indawo ngezimbobo kumephu. Ngokwengxenye, bagcwala mercury futhi axhunyiwe ezikhumulweni at the ezingemuva izindlu. Ibhokisi engaphezulu ungcwecwe ngengxube amaphuzu contact projection. Bakhandwa eziqhutshwa iziphethu. Lapho ithebhu ikhadi iphuzu cindezela lokuxhumana mercury kanye wesifunda zenzeka. Lokhu, isebenze counter. ubuso bakhe ungase ubhalise inamba 10,000. Wathuthela nge uzibuthe, ithola isignali nge division mercury ikhefu 1. Ngezikhathi ezithile idatha ukufunda kwikhawunta, futhi umphumela Imininingwane yokugcina udluliselwa ikhadi ngesandla.

ukunemba isheke

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uthatha izinyathelo:

1. Lapho efingqa izinto kwenziwa ngesikhathi esifanayo izici eziningana, shayela ukubhalisa ikhadi ngalinye edlulayo. Ngakho kungenzeka ukuba uhlole umphumela kwalokho ngokusebenzisa nemingcele Lesisemkhatsini.
2. Lapho iyunithi lesifanele ishicilele yokubhalisa ucingo. Uma esahambile, kwakudingekile ukuba uthole futhi ukulungisa inkinga.
3. Cindezela amakhadi kusetshenzwe ngekhodi ethize kuphela, lapho kwathiwa zahlelwa.
4. amakhadi Punch, elalingelamaFilisti iqembu elifanayo abe ukuvulwa ezivamile. Ngosizo induku wire ukuthola ubukhona amakhadi "izihambi".

udumo emhlabeni wonke

Hollerith ukwazi uquqaba, kodwa 1890 wasifinyelela yimpumelelo nhlobo. Wakwazi isivumelwano ekusetshenzwa 11 yokubala abantu ngemuva kokuwina umncintiswano 4 nezifunda St Louis, okuyinto abantu abangaphezu kuka-10 eziyinkulungwane. Man. Indlela, eye yathuthuka Herman Hollerith, zazihlukile hhayi kuphela ijubane eliphezulu kakhulu, kodwa futhi ukunemba eliphakeme. Kulinganiselwa we umklami lukusindisile isimo ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 600 zamaRandi. Ngo-1890, usosayensi waphenduka 30. Yena waklonyeliswa degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Hollerith kwaba nomthelela omkhulu ne US Census Bureau. Maphakathi no-September ka-1890, washada indodakazi udokotela wakhe e-Washington. Cishe ngokushesha nje ngemva komshado Hollerith wangena isivumelwano ne Uhulumeni Austria I-ukusetshenziswa kwamadivaysi yayo eCentral Bureau of Statistics. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi waqala usosayensi umsebenzi komhlaba jikelele. Ngu 1895 th iyunithi umsebenzi walo hhayi kuphela e-Austria kodwa futhi e-Canada. Ngesikhathi esifanayo izingxoxo yayiqhutshelwa ku uhlinzeke amathuluzi eRussia nase-Italy.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Herman Hollerith bathandile ukuchitha isikhathi nomndeni, ukwenza imisebenzi yezolimo, ukuthenga izimoto ukwakha izindlu. Emshadweni wayezele amadodakazi amathathu namadodana amaningi. Lo muntu omangalisayo, wenza umnikelo omkhulu izibalo, washona ekhaya lakhe, ngemuva kokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo: 17 Novemba 1929. ukuphila kwakhe, wathola iziqu ezinengi, sizungezwe othanda abantu, injabulo, hhayi uma ezisola mayelana nanoma yimaphi amathuba aphuthelwe. Kuze kube yilapho owokugcina yezinsuku zakhe ngawuzonda wonke nemithetho isipelingi kanye wavuma ukubhala njengoba efuna.